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i 



H 1001. 7 6.(a 




THE 

TABLET OF MEMORY. 



TUB 

... 



TABLET OF MEMORY; 

SHBWINS STJBRY 

MEMORABLE ^VENT IN HISTORY, 

FROM THB 

Earliest Period to the Year 1809. 

CLASSED UNDER DISTINCT HEADS, WITH THEIR DATES* 
COMPRSHSNDINO 

AN EPITOME OF ENGLISH HISTORY, 

WITH 

AN EXACT CHRONOLOGY 
PAINTERS, EMINENT MEN, &c- 



THE TWELFTH EDmON, 

WITR CORRECTIONS, ALTERATIONS, AND IMPROfEMJBNTS. 



LON DON: 

PlINTEP TOR J. JOHNSO^I . J. WALKBRjs WIARU AND 
ROBIMSON, G. ROBINSON, SCATCUERD AKD LfTTER- 
MAN^ DARTON AND HARVEY, J. BOOKER, LACKING- 
TOW, ALLEN AND CO. LONGMAN, HVE8T, REBf 
AN» €failE> AND h ASPERNE. 

1809* 



^ Bowie Ooiiertlnn 
JeV ' Mrt. £. a Brantfegod 






KniND APK 2;il itfl4 



7. .1 






TO THE PUBLIC. 



1 HE uacommon succeu that has attended the former 
impressioas of this CompeRdium has enabled the Propri- 
etors very considerably to improve the present edition. 
Through the whole of the following pages, the Editor has 
selected his articles from historians of the first rank» as 
well as the most authentic annalists; which will render this 
work useful to every class, from the throne to the homely 
cot. It will save the learned the trouble of turning over 
voluttinous authors to refresh their memories ; to the ea- 
quiring mind it will give information ; and to the. ignorant it 
will convey instruction. It will be a remembrance to thoss 
who have' forgotten what they have read, and may serve 
18 la Epitome of English History* Care has beeQ 
taken to reconcile the groundless jars of annalists and 
historians, who often conceal truth, and mangle proba* 
hility. To obviate the confusion occasioned by blending 
all transactions, &g. together, the Editor has classed the 
different satjects under separate heads. And notwith stand- 
ing the smaltbess of this volume, he flatters himself it will 
be found to conuin every material occurrence taken notice 
of by authentic writers. - , 



CO}f TENTS. 



Retttorlabk Occurrenca^ Phinommat fffc* : • 1 
Memorable Events • • • • • • # 

jiccideatff Earthquakes^ Famines^ Firest Frosts^ Jn* 

unJaftonSf Storms^ Tempests^ Hc» • • • 45 
Imprtyoements, Inventions^ Discoveries in ArtSt tSfc. . 7S 
Diseoveries and settling of Countries • • # 101 
LawSf Courts of Justice^ Oaths ^ Taxes^ l^c* • • 105 
Kingdoms 9 States , Cities f Towns, &(r« founded • .120 
RemarkahU Buildings • • • • • 141 

Utnversities fouhded '.155 

Aeademies instituted on the Continent • • • 160 
Companies^ Societies^ Offices, ^c* incorporated • 16? 
Reagious Institutions, Councils, Sacred Writings, (fc» 167 
ReUgions of European States . • • • VlS 
Religious Orders, Sects, tic* < • • « • 175 
Military and Religious Knights, and Titles of Honour 1 78 
English Sovereigns • • • • • .184 
Ktngs of Scotland • ^ 206 

of France » tOT 

of Spain 208 

Emperors of Germany » » • • • ibid. 

' Russia ...♦•. 20§ 

IGngs of Poland • ibid. 

^—^ of Sweden .••••• 210 

'•"^'-.m^ of Denmark • » » . • • .ibid* 
■' - ■■ of Portugal • • • ~ • • • ibid. 

-— .- of Pruisia » • . • .^ • ibid. 

Emissent and remarkable Persons • • • , ibid. 
Eminent Painters, Engravers, ^c. . . . 259 

^cah of MMt, tfc* of Painters of the Old School . 274 



CONTENTS. 

Lord Lieutenants of Ireland 

— Chancellors • • • 

Chancellors of Oxford • 

■ ' ■ of Cambridge 

Lord Mayors of London 

Battles, Sea Fi^kit, Sieges, tfc . • 



.276 
. ibid. 

• ibid. 
'.277 

• ibid. 
. ibid. 



TUS 



TABLET OF MSSMORY. 



ttEMARKABLE OCGUAR£NCfi8, PHSNOMENA, Ai^ 



Abstinence, r«markable instance of, in Ann Moor of Tut- 
bury, Stefibrdshire, who has lived 30 months without food, 
Nov. 1809. 

Ball of fire, fell during a thunder storm upon a public-house in 
Wapping, which instantaneously set fice to it and the house 
adj oining:, ^^^y 4> 1 903 . 

Bog of Castle»uard or Povlenard, in the county of Louth, ia 
Ireland, Dec. S0» 1793, moved in a body from its original si* 
tuation to the distance of some miles, crossing the high road 
towards Doon, covering every tb4n^ in its way, at least twenty 
feet in many parts, and throwing down several bridgas, 
houses. Sec. 

Borge, a seat near Frederickstadt, in Norway, sunk into an 
abyss }t)0 fathoms deep, which instantly became a lake, and 
drowned 14 persons, with 34(} head of cattle, 1703. 

Bosia, the village of, at Piedmont, near Turin, suddenly sunk, 
together with above 300 of its inhabitantf!, April 8, 1679. 

Briaton in Norfolk, the ground at, for a very considerable extent, 
sunk near 20 feet, June, 1788. ^ 

Bulkeley, a hill at, near Chester, which h4d trees on it of a 
considerable height, sunk down, on July 8, l€57> into m pit 
of water so very deep, that the tops of the trees were* not t^ 
be seen. 

Column of fire appeared in the air at Rome, 80 days, 390. 

Comets, the prindpal, have appeared in England, in 1680, 
1683, 1758, 1808. 

Coijunetion of the sun and moon and alt the planets took place* 
118€. 

Darkness, an unaccountable, at noon day, in England, so that 
no f>emon could see to read, Jan. 13, 1679. A simiUMr dark- 
ness «t jjuebec in North America, Sept. 1$, I7d5» , 

B 



S REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, PHENOMENA^, *c. 

Eclipses, the most remarkable, of the sun, observed at Sardi^, 
and predicteii by Thales, 583 B. C. At Athens, 424 B. C 
At Romo, caused a total darkness at noon day, A. D. 291- 
At Consraiitiuople, 968. In France, 1033, June 29, dark 
at noan-diiv. In £n<;l<in(], March 21, 1I40« occa&i- 
sioned a total, darkness. Another ort the 22d of June, 2 Hi- 
chard J, 1191, entire darkness, and the stars very visible at 
ten in the morning. In the same ye^r, t^e true sun and the 
appearance i6f anoth^, 80 that astrunomei^ ahme cuuld dis- 
tinguish the difference by their glasses. Another, 1331. A 
total ecli]ise of the sun in England, when the darkness was so 
great, that the stars faintly appeared, and the birds went to 
roost in the morning ^bou U t w i y Ap«l 22, 8 George I, 1715. 

Eclipses of the moon, total, observed by the Chaldean-s at Baby- 
lon, 721 B. C At Syracuse, 413 B. C. In Asia Minor, 219 

' B. C. At Rome, predicted by Q. Sulpitius Gall us, 1G8 B. C. 
- Aijotl)uir, which i^ifiwl tl^ Romitn tioap?^. and preycated 
their rerolt, A. D. 14. 

Egyptian goose shot near Stamford in Lincolnshire, Feb. \B06^ 

KlJiii Ellis, at Beaumaris in Anglesey, ag^d 7^» washjroM^^kttoJbrci, 
May 10, 1776; she had been married ,48 years, an^^er eldest 
child was 45 years old. She had not hail a child fov 25 years 
betWe. , .. . - 

Ficiiria, shower of, at Landshut^ in Sileria, 1805. 

Fog, so remarkable, in London, that se>er;d chairmen miftuok 
their way in St. J^aaes's park, and Icll with their fares intu 
the canal ; many persons fell iut<) Fleet-ditch, and consider- 

: able damage w:is done on tlie Thames, Jan. 1, 1729» in the 

, cvenin|f. 

Globe of fire passed over the island of Funen, in Deixinark, in 
open day, Sept. 180T. A similar phenumtjion was observed, 
ai the sjjime tiu>ein Jutland. 

C round, a ^pat of, at Ca plow wood in the parish of Fawtthope^ 
near Hereford, removed for the extent of four acres, .filling 
iip-the adjoining ro^d 12 feet high : and a yew tree was .<re* 
moved 40 yards without being thrown from the oiprigbt, or 
receiving any injui y, tliough several larg^ apertures were made 
near it, April 4, 1793* 

Giileariviir in. No; ivay, bvHed itself underground, 1344, but 
bur^t(Out soon '^vfter, and deiO^vt^yed 250pf!rsous, with several 
churtU«s,.Ju>uac;<, ^c* * • • • ' 

Hackney, Alice, who h\d he^n buried 175 yearsi was accidentally 
dug up tn the clni! rU of St. Mary.HiU^ 't'MuI^^n ;> tbc skin Has 
whole,, and lljc jciint* of the arms^plinlde, 1494. , 

Halo, a remarkable, rtund the moon, obserA>()^ AugusI iC, 

. i8b7.- . .. : V . . . • . .1 , 

H<*arr, a human, found at Waverley, in Surry, preserveji 700 
y^iarft inr«piwt?> W3l. ', . . . . i . 

I-'Mi»'9»''>'^>»Hb*>W, a^lunnr, fi])jfc(pa;vd near Wakefield, in y^fk- 
"^ije, froyi half past .nine (ill hj^;fj)^,.twi;^t .nighty ilfiii. 17, 



R^MAmCAbLIC OtCUFJRlSiNCES, PHEXOMEXA,' &c. 3 

Iake»fHafantoreeh, in the contity of Kerry, Trelaix^ a mile 
in dreuit, Mink'iiito the ground i^ith all* its fish, March S5> 
1792. 
Lund, a piet*e of; in Finlflnr!, 4000 square clh in extent, sunk 

lofiithoms, but most 6f the inhabitviuts escape^l, Feb. 179-^. 
Li^hr, a body of, appeared in the north-past, which formed »«- 
vera! trolumns or prllar*, and threw the people into great rou- 
sternation; it lasted from the evening of March 6*, till three > 
tbe next mortiing-, 171 S. 
Locusts, the ^jountry of Palestine infested with such swarms of, 
that they dirkened the air, and after devouring the fruits of 
the earth they diec', and their intolerable stench raitsed n 
pestilential fever, 406. A similar circumsiance occurred in 
France, 873. 
Longevity, remarkable instanpes uf. In the British empire, with- 
in tbe year^ 1807, 180a, and 1609. 
Vear. Age. 

. 18?7. John MirehoiTse, Ireland, . . • 103 

Tlioma* Hagjerty, Do, ' , 107 

Michael M^Namara, Limerick, . . 110 

4©hn itamsay, Collercoatv, near N. ShleldS| US 

A poor woman of Belfast, " . . . 123 

IWI. Mrs. Jane Orean, Newcastle, . . 1^1 

Mr. John Lance, Truro, « . . lOS 

Mr. Ptcl, Norwich, . .102 

Mrs. M.Graham, Newcastle, . . 104 

* Mm.'M. Porter, Liverpool, . 104 

Mrs. Duke, Cork, . . . 105 

MrT. Alic» Leadb, Tewk«butT, . . 107 

Valeiifine Walsh, Glrncwllen', Irehnd, . 109 

Mi's. Ann Pickup, Bl^xckburn, Lancashire, 111 

Manha Hannab, Cuflyfcacky, Ireland, • ISS 

1809. IVTw. M. Oakley, Cradky, HMefonlshire, 100 

Mrs. CLirke, Benjjcworth, Worcestershire, 101 

Mrs, Perry, Harrow, Warwickshiiv, . 103 

1 homas Ijlee, gardener, Mitchain, Surry, . 104 

Mr. T. Watson, Windgate Grange, Nortb«m« 

berUnd, . . .106 

Mr». M. Leatherbrirrow, H«lm, Lancashire, IC6 

Mr. Wilson, Lytlbuiy North, Salop, . 107 

J^nn Addy, ncnr Rotbeiham, YorkshUe, • . 101 

Mary Airton, Horsforth, Yorkshire, . 105 

Mary Owthcrp, Hessle, Yoi ksbire, . 106 

Elizabeth Haywood, a free black woman, or 

J^imaica, • . . 130 

Lotea, a city of Murciain Spain, destroyed by tht bursting of a 

reservoir, which inundiiten more than 20 leagues, and killed 

1000 persons besides cattle, April 30, 1H02. 

Man! mottt, a complete, discc rared on tbe borders of the Froaea 

Ocean, 1799- 



4 REMARKABLE OCtUAREKCGS, PI|EK<MHtSN4»Ai-. 

Marcley HiU, near Herefotdy was mevMl from iU satoation on 
Saturday eveiiinpy .Feb. 17f 1.571 ; continued in motion till 
Monday following^; carried along with it the trees, hedfei, 
and cattle on its surface ; overthrew . a chajp^l in its way ; 
formed a large hill 12 fathoms high, where it settled, and left 
• chasm 40 feet deep and 30 long, where it stood bdore. In 
158S, a similar pi odi^y happened in Dorsetshire; afield of 
three acres, with the trees and fenceF, at Black-moor, moved 
from thence, passed over another field, and settled in the high* 
. way to Heain. 

Mercuiy passed over the sun's disk, visihle to the naked eye, 
from IS to 2 o'clock, at London, Nov. 25, 176^» 
' Meteor, an astonishingly bright on9« whi^ h lighted the atmo- 
sphere for almost a minute, so as. to lender legible the writings 
on the signs in London, at hall past eight in theevening of t& 
ISth NoV. 1803.' 

Oxe^ihall, near Darlington, the earth here suddenly rose to an 
eminence resembling a mountain ; remained so yevferal hoHn \ 
Uien sunk in as suddenly with a horrible noise, leaving a deep 
chasm, A. D. 1179. 

Farrot, an extraordinary one, belonging to CoL Kelly, ^ied at 
the age of 30, at his house in Picc^iUy, Oct. 9, 180% Thia^ 
Vird appeared to possess in some degree the faculty of reason, 
#op when it made a mistake in either words or tune of the 
numberless songs it was master of, it would correct itself and 
Iragin the song again. 

partridge, a cream coloured, shot -at Rufford, Lancashire, Feb. 
1, 1809. 

Pever, the river, in Gloucestershire, sudden^ altered i^ course, 
find ten acres of land,, ^ith every thing upon its surfaoe, were 

. removed with the current,' 1773. 

Pilling bog destroyed 60 acres ot land, Aj>ril 1745. 

Plantation, a laf ge, with all the buildings, destroyed, by the land 

• removing from its former site to another, and covering every 
Jhing ii\ his way, Oct. 16, 1784, in St. Joseph's parish, Bar- 

. .{)adoe8. 

Pleurs, the iown of, in Italy, was buried by a fragment of the 
Alps falling, and all the inhabitants (about 2200 in number) 

• prished, 1618. A ^wn iii the same, -neighbourhood, was 
buried in a similar manner in the 13th century. 

Portland Isle ha4 100 yards of its north end sink into the sea, 

which did 40001. damage to the pier, Dec. 20, 1735. 
Scarborough clifif sunk, and the Spa removed, Dec. 19, 1737* 
Sea at Teignmo^th, and other places on the coa^t of Devonshire, 
rose and fell to the height of two feet, several times in the 
space of ten miniites, Aug. 10, 1802. 

leton of a large animal, supposed to be of the mammoth 
kind, discovered by the falling of Malton cliif, near Harwich, 
1803. One oi thy teeth is said to have weighed 1 2lbs, 



REMARKABLE OCCUitR£)fCES, Pil8N0M£KA» &e. S 

! Sketeton, » bottum, du^ up m tfce f sle of Wi^lit,' after haiteg 
been buried aoconiini^ to oonjecturey £00 years, 1807. 
Snakes, a prodi^ous quantity of, formed themselves into tw 
bands, on a plain noar Toumay, i« Flattders, and fought with 
such fury, that one band was almost destroyed, and the pea- 
(;ants killed the other by sticks and fire, 1059. 
Sjlway Mi)si«;, bordering on Ssothind, ten miles from Carlisle, 
began to ^well/ owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 
acres of It rose to such a height above the level of the ground, 
I that at last it rolled forward like a torrent, |^nd continued iti 
course above a mile, sweeping along with it house*, tree?, 
Hod every thing in its way ; it then divided into ishindn of dif- 
ferent extent, from one to ten feet deep, upon which were 
found hares, witd fowl, ftc. It has covered near 600 a9res at 
Netberby, to which it removed, and de««:ro)«d! about 30 small 
villages ; it eontioued in motion from Saturday to Wednesday, 
Dec. 31, 1771. 
Thames was so low between the Tower and the Bridge, that wo- 
men and children waded over it, owing to so great'nn ebb in 
the ocean, that laid the sands bare several miles from the 
shore, which continued a whole day, IS 14; roae^o high a( 
Westminster, that the Lawyers were brought out of the hall 
in boats, 1235; and 1703; agsiin 1736; its channel was so 
filiallow in. the summer, that a man might ride over it near 
Loodoii bridge, 1599 ; made navigable to Oxford, 1624; ebbed 
anddowed twice tH throe 'Kauim 1659-^. I^ain three times iu 
four hours, March 23, 1682; dry above and below bridge. 
Slept. 14, 1716; tide flowed eight hours instead of. four^ aaid 
ebbed five hours instead of ei^ht, Sept. 16, 1782 ; the fide 
exceeded its bounds, 18 inches, Feb, 18, 1734; Jfreatly' ex- 
ceeded its usual bound*) aind did great damage to the Wnre- 
houses and cellars on its banks, Dee. 94, 17^ i Feb, 9, 1T62; 
. Feb. 8, lT91i 1808i ' 

Tide ebbed and, flowed three times m one hour,, bt' Lyme, in 
Dorsetshire', May 31, 15192 ;,' th« tide was suddenly and vib- 
lently ^tafed on the south ^Bbas^ ofEfigland, sb as to -rise 
a!hd fall above twoft^ei in a few mTmite^t;^ several times, Nov. 
1, 1755r, idliring the earthquake at Lisbon ; four times in an 
faourt at WhUby, July 17^ 1761 ; damages 6¥k tfke toa^ of 
JSsfex,, and destroyed the sea walls on its eastcrff cbast^, Ffel». V, 
- 1791 ;*at PI^6liAtb, where the tide r<i'H?twolfeet>^i'pe«die^»<kr 
in nine minutes, and retired as ra'pidly.;. and this it did tbic9 
times in less than one houis Oct. 30, 1^93 ; the tide' did great 
daipajp in ^v^ral parts of £nglatid; 11^08, 
Toad, a^iive,'f(dnd maUbete of'stotie at Newark, April H, 

Vesnvfus; 'Mourt(),tbrewE'6i!it 4qch a quantity of fiaibtfknd itriofce, 
thit the 9^it was" darkenc<i, ^nd the cities of Pompi^ia and Iftr- 
eulahi^um Here overwbeloi'eilby tbe btttinng lava, A. D. 79> 
[Hticttlaneum was dIscoVevcd in t73K and Several «uriokitiet 



.MBMQ9A0LE SyfNT). 



^ave b«ea dusf out of it ever «ii%ce $ but every. tbj<)g^ii»lHMlible 

had the marks of being burnt by fire J 
Another fatal eruption, when 4000 persons were 4ettroyed, and 

great pa>t of^^be neighbouring country, 1633» 
The most dreadful eruptions that bad been known for a century 

past, happened in 1767» and 1 795. 
yoicano, in the isle of J'erro, broke out Sept. 13» 17779 which 
^ threw out an immense quantity of red water^ that disouloufedL 

the sea for several leagues. A new volcano appeared in one 

of the Azore islands. May ly 1808. 
Whale driven ashore in ike Humber, 1570. 

' on the coast of Norfolk, 1751. 

1! — ■ ' ■ ■■ N neat Berwick, 1753 j thirteen driven ashore 

in Englands Feb. 24, 1162, A yonng whale 75 feet in length, 
^ exhibited between London and Blackfriars bridge* Mareb, 1 i09. 
Whitby had the tide rise and fall four times in a quarter of an 

fiour, July 17, 1761. 
Woggis, near Lucerne;, was swallowed up by an internal cuig* 

rent, and totally lost, Aug«4, 1795. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

ABBEV% and mpnasteries pillaged of their plate and jeweU by 
.. Williapa the Conqueror^ 106j)) obliged to change their te- 
nure^, 1070; one hundred suppressed by order of couQcil, 
1414; diasolved by Henry VIII. to the value of 3,853,0001. 
1540; suppressed in Germany, 1785;.in Franee, 1790 j ona 
built in Dorsetfshice, .1796. ^ 
.Abbpts of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. John's Colehcster, 
hapged for denying the King's supremacy, 1539. , . 

Admiral, ^he first, in Fra?^ 12864 the^rst in England, 1997 • 
The first High-Admiraj, 1386. Admiralty Court erceted, 
1337, incoinporated, June S8, 1768. . , 

•Aldecmt^n first appointed, 882. 

Ale invented, 1404, ILC. ; Ale-b«oths set up in England^ ,788, 
and laws passed lor their regulatipn. 

Alien Prk>ri«s seized by the If^ipg, 1337, 

Almanac first printed at Constantinople^ ,1B0$., 

Altars first u^ 135; coweciated* 9JU ^^ ^n^ iii.;Brita^, 

* 634. 

Altar, aUpman, dug up in the vicinity, of Carlisle^ April 1803. 

Ambassadoc, th^ first sent by the Czar of Russia, to England, 
1556; tl^e first sent W Turkey from England,. 1 606;, t^e 
Pbrtugpeze, ai^rested fer debt, 1653 > ^he Russian, afrpt^d 
%y ft bee merchant^ wh^a, a law passed for their prvt^* 



MEMOE^BLW: EVENTS. t 

tioiif t:ro9— !>the first thu anived in Corope from Aidia was 
firomTippo Saib to France, 177 3^ — the first from the Ottoman 
Eno^ieror arrived in London, Dec. 1793. 

America declared an Independent Sute by Congrass, July 4, 1 776 ; 
allowedby Fhmce, Feb. 0, 1778 ; by Holland, I78i ; by Eng- 
laodyJaa. 90, 1783. 

American Congress first met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1775. Re* 
moved to the federal city of Washington, 1801. 

Anabaptist meeting-house, first in England, established, 1680. 

Anathema first used by the church, 387. 

Andover, Lord, killed while delivering his fowling-piece to his ser- 
vant, Jan. 8, I8M. .. 

Animal magnetism made its appearance in Fiance, 1788 ^was in« 
~ troduced into England, 1769; exploded, 1791. 

Annuities, or tensions,, first granted, )5ia, wh^n 3oK was given 
to a lady ofihe court for services done ; and 61. I3t. 4d. for the 
maintenance of a gentlewoman, 1336; and 1 si. 6«. 8d. a com- 
petent snm to support a gentleman in the study of the law, 

1554. 

Anointing fiist \xsed at the coronations in England^ 879 ; in Scot- 
land, 1097. 

Anson's, Adm. expedition to the South Seas, i74o. 

Anthems first used, 386." 

AntigalHcan prise detained at OmKe, 1757* 

Antwerp made a free port, 1 784. 

Apothecaries first memioaed in history, Hi>; eiEempted from 
lories, &c. 1709» 

Appeals first made to Rome from Eaglaiid, iias; abo]isbed» 

1533. 

Aqoitsine'made a prindpality, 1309, annexed to Prance, 1730. 

ArtD»« Count, brother to Louis KVf. o<^ Fkmnce, landed at Leith, 
in Scotland, Jan. 0, 1796; visited London, Nfay 17, 1790. 

Arehd«acon, the first appointed In Englakid, 1075."' 

Arms Af England and v France were first quaitcsed by Edward III. 
185% ; the French arms discontinued by the English Kings,' Jan. 
1, isoi. 

Army, the first standing one in modem timcs^ established tnFiance 
in 1445, byChaiHsVU. 

Array, the first oommiSiion of, to raist a militia, 14%»» 

Arundelian tables, containing the chronology of ancient ^liis^ry, 
hmtk 1589 to »S5 Mbfo Cbristi said to hmre be^tk sculpmrcd 964 
before Christ; tbufld In the Isle of Faroi,. about I610; pur* 
chased by Lord Aruadel, and given to the uaiversity of Ox- 
ford, 1^7. The ohamcieia aye Greek, of which there are two 
translations. 

Assassination plot, Feb. 6, 1699* 

Asaying gold and siver legally esadblished in England, 1999. 

Asoi^-master first appohitedtt ShsAeldand Binsiingham, 17X3. 

Assignats first onkied ij the HaDonil Aisemby ' df Fkanee, April 



8 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Assize of biead first appointed, 1528; every alteration of a far- 
thing, in iricr ase ot decrease of the price for a quartern toaf, 
. makes the difference of 2,^ol. in the sura expended for bread 
within the bills of naortdlity of London (exclusive of Westmih- 
ster) in One week, 
AtSwinson, Mr. Cliristophcr, an expelled mchiber of parliament, 

stood in the pillory for perjury, Oct. 25, 1785. 
Atmosphere average stare of the, for the last seven years m t!i^ 
vicinity of Lon:ion. N. B. The obiervati )hs were made at Cam- 
den town, about 2 miles north-west of St. Paul's Cathedral. 
Average height of Average height of Dcpf h of rain 
the baromeltf. the thermometer. in inche«« 



1802 ^ 29,706 


5o,a9 


id>35 


1903 50 778 


f0,31 


2(6,39 


1804 .20,873 


io,65 


M»«o. 


1805 99,664 


48,0O : 


r 25,00 


1 06 29,815 


31,77. 


. 4i»00 


1807 29,746 


51,66 


26,00 


lS08 99)7»4 
Average for ^ 


30,^ 


90,5> 






seven Years 29,; s 6 


. »0,48 


80,613 



Auction^ the first in Britain, Was about 1700, by EUsha.Yalc, a 
governor of Fort George, in the East Jnciiet, of the ^^^ds be 

' brought home wilb him.. ... 

Austria annexed to Germany,^ 1042 ; erected into a duchy, 
11 56, granted toUrataaa of seas, and* abplisbed toiaiie, '1276* 
erected into an empire 1 806. 

Paliol, K Jng of Scotland,- sptieaied toa summona^ and pleaded bis 
' cause in Westmmster-liQlty Oct. 14, l«9d« 

Ballast Of the Thames monopoUced by Charles K.l 63a* ' 

Banks first began in Italy, by.. Lombard Jewft, 8O8-; of whom, 
some settled in • Lombard-stfeet, where bankers still reside ; 
■ the name Bank is derived fiooa Amca* a bench, which was 
erected in the market for the exchange of money, H^c. ; the 
' bank of Venice estabiithed^ Ikf^ ; ef Qeiioa* i^Vi ^£ Am- 
sterdam, 1609 ; of Hamburgh, 17 m; of .Hottefdam, 1(^36 ; 
of England I60i'; in the 'East Indies, 1787 1 Amecica in 

'. 1701. • - .....' 

Buik, of England was originally pi^ieqtMl. by A merchant off 
the name of Patlenoo, and csraWlshed A.,D. 1694. The 
foHowing year it ' was incor|K>mte<i by King .V^ Uliam andl the 
fariiament, in consM^fUionttf i^OQ^omWlont to governmenr, 
which was then its capital. 1 his capital has, . hitweve'T, gone 
on gradually increasing to the .present p^iod,, w.lien it amounts to 
1 i,«Bi6;8oo1. stcrlngl Tbe taint. iMn the .Tower of J^ondon was 
' anciently the /deftotit for ttmehaiits* oafth» till Charley 1 . in the 
. year I64b, laid hia. taAnds. lipoid fitfi J9on^y« and destroyed Uie 
ercdit of the mint. This circnmsiance drove the traders to some 



MEMORABLE BVEKHi. $ 

oibc^ pbee of secati^ fi»r their e»l4, which their apprcnticei iid 
not fail to rob them of when at bomc^ and to run off with it to 
the army. In 104», therefore, they coonented to lodge it with the 
f oldsniiths in Lombard-street, who were otherwise obliged to pre- 
pare strong dieaCs for the depositor their own valuable wares, an4 
this hecume the origin of banking in England. In 1737 tfie in- 
terest of money was reduced by . parliam ^lu. Und the Bank of 
Ettgland instead of six per cent, paid a dividend of five. The 
capital of the Bank had been previously increased in 1097 for the 
first time, 'and this augmentation has been allowed from- on? pe- 
riod to another as the^ wisdom of parliament thought fit i the' 
same authority also at di£Berent intervals prolooging their privi- 
viieges and renewing theii contract. The stile of theii firm is, 
«( Th^ Governors and Company of the Bank of England." 
Discontinued paying in cash, Feb. 35, 1797* Issued ^. notes, 
March 9, V99* Issued five shilling tokens, 1798. 
fiaokrupts, 9td\fftttni periods, from the year 1700 to 1 808: in 
1 700' 3 8 1 778 ^*6a 

1701— 38 1774 800 

170a— -«8 J778— — — 674 

]713_.. aOO 1779—^.^ 544 . 

J 7 14 — >■ ■ 178 1780 ■' ■■■ 44a 

I7aa 415 J78I ■ 438 

1.727 >— --440 1782' -1 ■ ■ iay 

17.4 4 ' >■■ — 197 1783. -! 5;i8 

1745^ SIOO 1784 ■ ■ ■ 51;^ ^ 

1745 159 1791' '■ ■ — 004 

17^* 2. aoft 1793 6J8 

1763 233 1793 j3o4 

177a 525 1808 1058 

Bantam* eight Ambassadors of, ai rived in England, 1682. 

HaroQs first summoned tp parliament, 1 305 . 
fiist created in England, 1388. 

Baronets first-instituted, 1611 ; nf Nova Scotia, l(H25« 

Barristers first appointed by Edward 1. l^oi. 

Bastille at Paiirdesiroycdy July 14, 1789. 

Bartholemew fair restrained, owing to the falling of a booth, which 
killed And-wounded several persons, 1750; toll abolished, 1755. 

Beanis were worn by the Greeks till 340, by the Romans till .299 
before Christ, were not fashionable in England after the Coiu 
quest till the 13th century, discontinued at the Restoration. 

Beer first introduced into England, 1493 ; in Scotland, as early as 
1483. By the statute of James I. one full quart ot the best 
beer or ale was-to be sold for one penny, and two quart:i of small 
beer for one penny. The duties on beer for the years 1783, 84, 
85, and 86, produced 7,308,655l. On malt for the same years 
yielded 0>l56,030l. In 1788 iht duties on beer were I,663,i53l. 

Beheading of noblemen first Introduced into England, 1074. 

Bellmen first af^inted in London, 1550. 

Berkeley^ Judge, arrested on his seat in the Qourt of King's Tench, 




10 MCMC^UBLE EVfiNTS. 

«iid sent to prison for giving his opinion in fiivour of sllf{» taotKff 
Ftb. 10, i«4o. 

BilHn«gate made ai free fishmarkrt, iCog. 

iJifson, boy of , amused the public, 1620; 

Bills of exchange first mentioned, 1160 ; used in England> 1S07. 
the oily mode of sending money from Rnilland by law, 1381. 

Bills of mortal I y for London began, 153S.- 

The general bill of all th^^christenings and burials wllliin thelitis of 
mortality from Dec. 1 5, 1 807 to Dec. 1 3, i«08, is as follows :;— 
Christened in the ninety seven parishes within the walls, io»6 ; 
buried 1372— christened in the seventeen jfeiiihcs without 
the walls 4503; buried 39^9— christened in the twenty thnac 
out.p.irishcs in Middlesex and Surry, io,lt>5; buri<><l 9737' — 
fchristcncd in the ten parishes in the city and liberties of West- 
minster, 4210; buried 4«7 6, 

Christened j*^"^,^. l , 

'-" ' l^r,e, :• : ,:• 

Increased in the hartals this year, 1 ,0iio. 

Birmingham rioters destroyed several houses and meetings, July !♦, 
I79i» on some persons commemorating the French Revolution 
there. 

Bi<hops banfshed Enr;land, 1909; consented to be tributary to 
Rome, 1245 ; seven sent to the tower June 9f 1O80. 

Bishop, the first that suffered death 'in England by sentence of the 
civil power, 1405. 

of Nova Scotia 'first appointed, Aug. 11, 1787. 

--~, in America, the first was Dr. Scabury, consecrated Nor. 
14, 1784. 

Eishopricks in Germany first founded by Gharlemagn*, 800- 

— — — — r-rcirovcd from villages to great towns in Englnndj 
1076. 

B(ackwell-ball first appointed for a repository for woollen cloth 
1515. , . ' . 

filandford assizes fiial to the judge, sheriflf^ ftc. who <Iied of the 
jail distemper, 1730. 

Blood, Col. stole the Crown from fhc Tower, Vay 1671 . 

Hoard wages first commenced wi:h the Kinsfs servants, in 7029. 

Bohemia, Queen of, visited England, May 17, 1761, and died 
there, Feb. 1062. ^ ^ 

Buonaparte, the Corsican T'^surper, attempted to be destroyed by an 
explosion of combustibles, Dec. 24, 1800; offers terms to 
T-ouis XVIII. if he will relinqnish the crown of France in his 

■ ' favour, Feb. 26, 1-803 ; crowned Eraj>cror of the French, Dec. 2, 
1 804. 

Books, to the number of 200,000, burnt at Constantinople, by the 
ordtT of Leo I. 476 ; above 4,194,412 volumes were in the sup- 
pressed monasteries of France, in 1790 ; 2,000,000 w^re on The- 
ology, the manuscripts were 26,000 ; io the citv of Ptris alone 
•re 808,120 volume*. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. U 

fiosten pFosciibed, and the port removed by the English parliament, 
April 4, 177 i, as a punishment fur a riot. 

Bottle conjuror imjiosed on the credulous at the Haymarkt t theatre, 
Jan. 16, l74ft-9. 

Bottle, that held two hogshea(!s, blown at Leith, in Scotland, Jan. 
7, 1747-8. 

Bounties first legally granted in England for raising naval stores in 
America, 170a. For exporting corn, IGSO. 

Bourbon family compact tpok pUce, 17 61. ^KpcHed Fiance, 1791. 

Bread — In the year 17-54, the <iuartern loaf was sold for four- 
pence: three years afterwards, in the year 17 37, it rose to ten- 
pexK:e, and in March iSQO, to the enormous pric-.r of 17 pence, 
when new bread was /forbid, under ihe penalty <of bs, per loaf, if 
the baker sold it until 24 hours old. In Marcii 1800, the qtiar. 
tern loaf Wds sold for fifteen pence. 

Bfoad. seal of 1 ngland first used* )030. — Stolen from the Lord! 
Chaucelor's house in Ormond street, Marph -14, 1 7B4. — A new 
one brought into use; i;y)un the union of Ireland with Great Bri- 
tain, Jan. 1, I801. 

Buckingham housu settled on the (^ucen, in Ueu of Somerse^bouse^ 
May 10, i7J*. 

Bull-baiting, f^st at Stamfordi X.UiCQlns]Mfe i2-9; at Tutbury^ 
Staffordshire, 1374. 

Bu]l4i hts in Spain, first used 1 aao. 

Bull-running, at Tutbury, in S-J^ffordshire, insdtjted IS74. 

Burgesses were first constitut- d.in ScotUnd, 133(>« . 

Burial place, the first Christian one ip Brkain, 5e(>. 

Buria's fiistipcKnitted in cooseciated places 7^0; in church-yards> 

758. 

Burning alive on account of reli^ivus piinciflesy the first was Sir 

William Sawtree, Feb. 19, 1401. 
Burying in woollen first began, \&a6. 
Butter annually sent to London from Yorkshire} Cambridge, and 

■Suffolk, amounts to 'iio 000 firkins. 
Byn^, Admiral, shot at Spithead, March 14| 1757. • - 

Cabmet-council first instituted, AprU, a 07o, 
C:ilcutt3, 123 perished in the black' hole, at, June lOth, 1756; 
Canadii had ita fysi bishop at«poinifad by England, Rev. Jacob 

Mountain, with a salary of -ioool. per annum. 
Caruonization first used by Papal cauibority, 903. 
Canteibi^ry palace robbed, Ocu litb. 1778. 

— T reii«auea Seiied by tJieiCiog, 109<I> 

Castles, 1,100 buih.io i^nglwidby the nobles, by the permission of 

king Stephen, ii95, &c. to 1 15^ ; most of them demolished by 

Hetiry X..ii55^. 
Cautionary towns of the Dutch pawned to Qufen Elizabeth, ]9«5 : 

restored, aAl6« . , v . 

Cavendish'^ fisst ,f oya^^ to «if cumnavigatct the glob.', 1 M^. 
Chaffity»»ch9ol# . fi^st > 'began , in . . hd^s to^ » Msvch: 3«, 1 Oas t oao% 

children met at St. Paul's, May 2, I7»2i ico schools within 



ft ftffiMORABL£ EVENTS. 

tondon, Wettmimterr and th6 biUs of mortolityy established 
between 1688 and 1707) inclasiye. 

Charters were first granted todifiefent cities in England, 1 1 79* ' 

Cberokee chiefii, seven brought to England, 1730 $ ditto May 
1700 ; three mure, 179O ; one in 1794* 

Chest at Chatham, instituted for the relief of seamen^ 1568« 

Chivalry begandn Europe, 912. 

-, a court of, held for a trial by combat, between Lord Rea 
and David Ramsay, 1693, though it d'd not end in an actual en- 
gagement : it was alwajrs after the lie direct given ; another, 
1631. 

Cinnamon trade first begun by the Dutch, 1506; but had been 
known in the time of Augustus Caesar, and long before. 

Cinque ports began, 1067 3 first received their privileges, 1316. 

Circuits of the Judges first appointed, 1176. 

Circumnavigators of England were Drake^ undertaken in 1577; 
Cavendish, 1586; Cowley, 1683; Dampier, 1689; Cooke, 
1708; Clipperton and Shelooek, 1719; Anson, 1740; Byron, 
1764; Wallis, 1766^ Carteret, 1766; Cooke, 1769; 1772; 
1776; contioufd by King, 1780; and since by Portlocke, &c. 
in 1788. First that entered the Pacific Ocean was Magellan, a 
Spaniard, 15-20^ Other Spanish etfcumnavigatoiB were Groalva, 
1537; Avalradi, 1337; Mendana, 156;; Quires, 1635. The 
Dutch circumnavigators were Le Maire, 1015 ; Tasman, 1649 ; 
Roggcwin, i7*ii* M! Bougainville the Flenchmaa's voyage waa 
in 1776, and several others since. 

Cities first incorporated, 1 901* • 

Cities and borovghs first represented in parliament, 1966.; 

Civil law revived in Italy, Germany* &c. 1137* 

Chusical book, first published in Russia was Cbradius Nepos^ in 
1760. 

Clarke's murder by Eugene Aram, discovered Aug. 175^. 

Clergy of France renounced their privileges. May 90th, I7fl9« 

— ' ' ~— l^ad all their property seized upon by the National 
Assembly, 1790.— -Recalled by Buonaparte, 1891. 

Clergy of England resigned the powtr of taxing themsdves in theif 
Convocation, j664. 

Cock-fighting instituted by the Romans, after a victory ovir the 
Persians, 476 before Christ. 

Cock-lane ghost, imposition of the, detected, March 1769. j 

Cbfiee-house, the fir>t in England was kept by Jacob, a Jew, at the , 
sign of the Angel in Oxford, in 1650 ; Mr. Edwaids,- an English I 
Turkey merchant, broogbt home with him a Greek servant, who j 
kept the first house for making and selling ooAe in London, 1652 J 
The Rainbow coffee house, near Temple-bar, waa, in i0$7»fepre-| 
scnted as k nuisance lo the neighbourhood. - ' 

Coif, the Serjeant's, was originally an iron icull«cap, worn by I 
knights under thetr helmets. Blackstdme says, it was introduced j 

% before 19»9» to hide the toosure of such raoegado dcrks at chose 



MEMOR/^BLE. EVENTS. la 

(<y mnain as advocates to the secular courts, notwithstanding 
their prohihition b^ canon. 

Common bullion first legnlly permitted to be exported, 1603. 

Collars of S. S. in honour of St. Simplicius, the fashion of wearin|; 
began, 1407. 

Colossus of Rhodes thrown down, a94 before Christ. It weighed 
713 000 lbs. 

Comedy, the first acted in Athens, on a scafibM, by Susarian and 
Dalon, 56-2 before Chitst; those of Terence fimt acted, 15« be* 
fore Christ; the first in England, 1551. 

Common council of London first appointed, 120S. 

Concert, the first subscription one was at Oxford, 1005 ; the first 
in London was 1678. 

Conspiracies and insurrections, the most remarkible in ancient 
or modern history.-— A conspiracy was .^med against the in- 
font republic of Rome, to restore Che banished Sextns Tarquia 
and the regal government, in which the two sons of Junius Bru- 
tus, the first Consul, being concerned, were publicly condemned 
and put to death by their fether, 507.-^Another by the Tarquin 
faction against the Roman senators ; Publius and Marcus discp^ 
rer it ; the other conspirators are put to d^th, 4^.— Of Cat!-' 
line and his associates^ to murder the consuls and senate, and to 
bum the city of Rome, discovered by Qcero> consul for the 
year, 6-2. — ^ insurrection in Spain cost the lives of 30,ootf 
Spaniards, and double that number of Moors, 1 5Co.— ^t Malta, 
to destroy the whole order, for which 125 slaves suffered death, 
June 26th, 1749. — At Lisbon, by several of the nobMity, who 
shot the King, 1758-— At Madrid, when they obliged the King to 
banish the Marquis Squillaci, 1700, — At Brazil, which threatened 
its loss to the Portuguese, ]77»*~At Palermo, Oct. 30th, 1773.-^ 
At St. Domingo, and the other French West-India islands, where 
near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 whites, and 550 plan- 
tations destroyed, 1794.— In Dublin, 1803.—- O the prince of 
Asturias ag^ainst his father, I807. — Of the inhabitants of Madrid 
against Che French, in which many persons were killed, I6O8. 
^At Algiers, 1806. 

Conspimcies and insoriections in England. Against Williim II. 
108B and 1Q93.— Against Henry II. by his queen and children, 
H73. — Insurrection of Foulk de Brent against Henry III. ]*i34» 
A conspiiacy ugainst the same King for cancelling Magna 
Charta, 1237«— Of th« barons agaiiuc Henry lU. 1358.— Of the 
duke of Exeter, and others, against the life of Henry IV. disco* 
vered by dropping a paper accidentally, 1400.— Against Henry V» 
by the earl of Cambridge and others, 1415. — Of Richard, duke of 
Gloucester, against his nephews Edward V. and his brother, 

I whom fae caused to bemordeied, 1483.— Of the earl of Suffolk 

i and others against Henry VII. isoO. — Insurrection >}f the Lon* 

don apprentices, 7 Henry VIII. 1597*— Against Queen Elizabeth 

by Dr. Stoty, 1»7M by Anthony Babington and others, i586 ; 

1^ Lopes, a Jew> and ocbois, 159a $ by fatnck Yo(k» an h\A 

c 



14 ' MEMORABLE EVENTS.. 

fencing toaster, employed by the ^pmiftrds to kill the Qiieem^ 
1504 ; af Walpole, a Jesuit, who engaged one Squire to poison 
the Queen's saddle, 1599 ; all these conspicators were executed.— ^ 
Against James I. by the march ioncssde Verneuil, his mistress, and 
others, id05.— The Gunpowder plot discovered, Nov. 5, 16p5.-— 
Of Sindercomb and others to assassinate Oliver Ciomwell ; dis- 
covered by his asscciates. Sindercomb was condemned, and poi- - 
soned himself the day before he was to have been executed, 1656. 
An insurrection of the Puritans, 1657. — An insurrection of the 
fifth monarchy ra$n against Charles II. I660,— A conspiracy of 
Blood and his associates, who seized the duke of Ormond, wound- 
ed him, and would have hanged him if he bad not escaped ; they 
afterwards stole the crown, 1 670 and 71* — Of the French, Spa- 
nish, and English Jesuits, countenanced tky the Pope, to assassinate 

• Charles II. discovered by Dr. Tongue and Titus Oates, i6«8 ; 
another to assassinate him at the Rye-house farm^ near Hoddcs- 
don, HertCbcdshiire, in bis way from Newmarket, called the Rye 
house Plot, 1689. -^Of lord Preston, the bishop of Ely« and 
otherSf to restore King James, 1691. -^Of Granvil, a French 
Chevalier and his sssociates, to assassinate King William in 
Flanders, 1693.-—A conspiracy by the oarl of Aylesbary, and 
others, to kill the King near Richmond, as he came from iiundng, 
discovered by Pendergiass, called The Assassination Plot, 1605.-— 
Of Simon Frazer, Lord ! ovat, in favour of the Pretender, against 
Queen Anne, 1703. — Of the marquis Guiscard, i7iO.-~Toassas- 
.flinate George I. by James Sheppard, an enthusia<^ic youth, who. 
had been taugl;it to consider the king as an usurper, 1718. — Of 
counsellor Layer and others to bring in the Pretender, I73a»— « 
Of Col. Despard and his associates to assassinate his present Ma- 
jesty, George III. and to overturn the exiting government, ieo3. 
See RiGts^ 

Consul, the English, first one by that name in Italy, 1485 ; in 
Portugal, i63a. . ' 

Contiihutibns, voluntary, for the sopi^prt of die Btiti^ Govern- 
ment to oppose the French innovation, amounted to upwards- of 
s millv^ns and a half, 1708 (16,000 of which was given by Ro- 
bert Peel e Esq of Bury, Lancashire), besides 13 9,332L 15S. sd. 
lemitted from t^engal. - ' • 

Contributions to relieve the widows and orphans of those that fell^ 
at the victory of the Nile* amounted to fi5,!l60l. ds. 6d« 1805. 

Cook first circumnHvigated the globe, 1776. 

Convicts first sent to Botany Bay, 1787. 

Gvrn 'first exported from Britain, 1347. 

Coronation chdirand stone brought from Scotland, iao6« 

Coroiiation fe tst in England, the first, 1278. 

Coronets ^or Aarls were fiist allowed by Henry 11^. fat viscottntg by 
; jcnry VHI. for baronsby.ChailesJI. - 

Corsica put itself under the protecdon of Enghuid, Junt 179«s 
ifll&aia Nov,. I7i>8 ; x^iiiquisbod it^ 179a. . 



MEMORABLE EVENTS, 15 

Counties,, first division of in England, tfoo. 

— — - firet sent members to parliament, la'ss. 

Ciimp Houses, in London, destroyed by mobs, Sept. 1794, and 

1795. 
Crown, the first Roman that wore one was Tarquin, G16 before 
Christ ; first used in England, 872 ; the first tiara, or triple one, 
used by the Popes, 1304 ; the first single one used by them' was 
m55d; the firit double orte, 1303. ■ ^ 
Crown lands iti- Efiglknd valued at 10^,^201. 14s. id. ordered t>y 
Parliament to be sold, whose leases were between a and 31 yevs 
unexpired, 1786. 
Croyland, the monk, murdered at Peterborough, 8flS. . 
Custom House, London, fint in England, 1559) burdtMowna&d 

rebuilt, 1718. 
CottesB hanged for rioting, Dec. 17^9. 
Daieles' was the first person crowned at the Olympic games, 75d 

before Christ. 
Daihien attempted to assassinate the French King, Jan. 5, 1757* ' 
Dancing by cinque paces introduced into England, froni Italy^ 

1541 5 incorporated in France in I659. * 

Danegelt first paid,' 909 ; remitted, lOSO. 
Danes first arrived in England, 787 ; in Ireland and Scotland, 795 ; 

established the toll in passing the Sound, 1348. 
Dauphin of France murdered the duke ot Burgundy, and ^as disin- 
herited the crown, 1419. * ^ ^ 
De Courcy had the privilege of standing covered before the Kings of 

England, granted by John, 1203. , 

Dedications to books introduced to get money, I600. 
Deeds in Old EnglisJi, in IVytner's Poedra, 1385. 
Degrees, academical, first inttoduced at P^ris, about 1213. 
Dey of Algiers assassinated by a soldier, Dec. 11, 1754* '• 

Dieu et mon droit first used as a motto by Richard L on a victocy 

overtbe French, 1194. 
Dispensations first granted by the Pope, 1200. 
Divorce, the first at Rome^ 229 before Christ. 
Docks, London, the first stone of, laid June 20, 1802; opened^ 
Jan. 30, 1805.^ 

, West India, in the Isle of Dogs, opened Aug. 21^ 1802. 

, East India, opened Aug. 4, I80O. 

Doomsdaybook be^an, 900 ; completed 108O. 

Dragoons first raised in England, 1681 ; sent to Oxford to awe the 

people, Oct. 7, 1715. ' 
Brake, Sir Francis, ^circumnavigated the Globe, 1 580. 
Druids destroyed by command of Nero, 00. 
Drury-lane and St. Giles's first paved by Act of Parliament, 1605. 
Duelling, the first public one, 10964 with small swords intro- 

ducedy 1588. 
Duke d'Enghien shot at^Paris, 1804. 

Duke of York, tharges preferred against, in the House of Com- 
mons by Mi:. Wardle, member for Oakhampton^ Jan* as, I6O99 
C 2 - 



16 "MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

resigned his situation as Crmmander in Chief, March is, 1809. 
Pumourier, the French General, seized the Comraissioners from 

the National Convention, and quitted the army, April a, 1793. 
Dunkirk sold to France, 1662, for <iOO,OOOl. 
Dying and dijeping their own clothes, the English so lit;tle skilled 

In, that they were usually sent white to Holland, and returned 

to England for sale, j6o8. 
East Grinstead, in S(K8ez» had the tower of its pburcU lall down> 

Nov. 12, 1785. 
Ea«t India voyage, the first from England, 1591. 
fgabte (Philip) duke of Orleans, guillotined wiihoal pity, 1793. . 
. Etizabethj sister to Louis XVL guillotined. May rs, 1704. 
Eleusinian mysteries first introdpced at Athens by Eumolpus, 1350 

before Chiist. 
Ell or )ard, in measure, fixed by the length of Henry the Krst's 

arm iioi. 
Emigrants, French, resident in Great Britain^ including Laity and 

Ckrgy^ made from the registers of the Alien- Cfiice, Feb. 29, 

1800: . 

Xaity, (including 530 domestic servants) 4,153 
Clergy - - - - 5,621 

9,774 

Emperor of Germany made elective, 996, renounced that title and 
assumed that of Emperor of Austria, Aug. 11, 1804. 

Era, that of Nabonasar, was J 47 before ChriKt ; FhiUppiC, or 
death of Alexander, 324 before Christ ; oi Contractus or Sc- 
leucidsc, 812 before Christ; the Christians made their era the 
birth of Christ, which was A. M. 3962, but did not use this 
reckoning till the year Coo, using in the meantime the civil 

' account of the empire ; the Mahometans began their hegira (for 
so they term their computation) from the flight of their prophet 
from Mecca, when he was driven thence by the Fhilarchae, 

. A. D. <yi7a the Grecians reckon bV Olympiads, the first of 
which is placed in the yeai of the world 3187 i but this account 
perishing under ^be Constantinopolrtan Emperors, they reckoned 
by indie ticnf, every indiciion containing J 5 years, and the first 
beginning A. D. 313 , which among chronologers are still used ; 
.the. Romans reckoned first from the building of tlieir city, which 
was A. M. 3113, and afterwards from the 16th year of the 
Emperor Augustus, A. M. 3936, which reckoning was used 
among the Spaniards till the reign of Ferdinand, the ( atholic ; 
the Jews had divers epocha; as 1, from the creation of the 
world in. the beginning of time; 3. from the universal deluge, 
ann. 2G!>6 ; 3. from the' confusion of tongues, ann. 2786; 4. 
from Abrcrham's journey out of Chaldea into Canaan, ann. 
:i02i ; 5. from the dej)anurc of the children of Israel out af 
Egypt, ann. 1451 ; 6. from the year of the jubilee, ann. 24sjo ; 
7. from the building of Solomon's Temple, ann. 2932 ; and 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 17 

t. from Che captivity of Babylon, A. M. 3357 » bat in historical 
computation of time, are used only the two most ordinary epochs, 
the world's creation, and Christ's appearance in the flesh ; th« 
Christian era began to be used in Italy, &c. in 525, and in £lig« 
land in 6^0. 

^xthequer Office robbed, 1303. 

Experiment against the Boulognevflotilla,. Oct. 4, 1864. 

Feudal system first introduced into England, ioQ6; into Scotland|^ 

1090. 

Fire-works for the peace, played off in the Green-park, April 2J, 

1748-9. 

Fksh, the increase of, is said to be in the following proportion :•— 
A flounder of two ounces contains 183,407 eggs or spawn -, one 
of 34 ounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, weighing from foui 
ounces to 5!|, from 21,283 to 3f>j960. lobsters, from 14 fo 30 
ounces, contain 21,699' Mackarel, 20 ounces, 454,06i« 
Prawn, about 3,806. Shrimps from 2,8^9 to 6,8p7* Smelts, , 
from 14,411 to 38,278. Soal of 5 ounces, 38,772 ; one of 14* 
ounces and a half contains 100,363. To which may be added 
4he cod, which produces 3,686,760, and a ling 19,34.8,625. 
Flag, the honoOr of, given by the Dutch to En^and, 1674. 
Forest, New, in Hampshire, made, I08I. • 
Fo(feit(*d estates in Scotland of 39,694l. 68. 8d. annual value $ and 
in England to the annual value of 47,6261. I8s. 5d', were seijied 
by government, 1716; those in Scotland restored by Jl^arliament 
in Aug. 1784. 
Formosa, in the Chinese seas, shook off the Chinese yoke, ^nd 
massacred 10,000 Chinese, driving the remainder into the woods 
and rocks of the island, i768. 
Fox, Rt. Hon. C. J. public funeral of, Oct. 10, 1806. 
France allowed the American independency, Feb. 16, 1778; 1% 
1759 they stopped payment of the interest of their funds, when 
England raised subscriptions to clothe upwards of 20,000 Fr^ench 
prisoners; The National Revolution ppmmenced July 14, J789 ; 
commemorated July 14, 170O1 The title of Citizen only allow** 
ed in France, 179'^*. I^eclared itself. a Repvbjic. 1792. .Abo-, 
lished the vulgar «ra, and established a new divisiQn, 1793.. 
The King, Queen, and Roya} family^ atteinpted to escape opt- 
of the kingdom,* but were detained by force, June 21, 1791, and 
were brought backfprisoners to Paris. The kings auctioned the Ka-* 
tional Constitution on Sept. 15, 17 91. Attended on the National 
Assembly, and renounced the sovereignty, Aug. 10, 1792, when 
}ie vras compelled to claim their protection,, and they sent bini to • 
the Teniple» wh'ae he was confined as'a prisoner^, distinct from 
the ^neen, &c. Brought to pri^) Jan. 19, and con(^emned 01^ t 
Jan. 20, 1793, and put to death' Jan. 21 following* His 'Que$a 
was beheaded Oct. a 6, 17 93 ; loas XVIIT their only son, died y^ r 
prisun, June 8, '1795, and the Princess Maria Theresa Chariotte, 
their daughter, was delivered up in exchange fpr Deputies Dec..» 
^0, 17^^ fiaiiGe:ifas kmned i^to an £fnpMe Vay'^,>8<K»^ 
c 8 



18 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

x 

and Baonaparte a Cbrsican'of mean extiaction^ crowned' Empe- 
ror the ad of December following. 

Trsmking letters first claimed iGdo; commenced 1734; lestrained 
1764, 1775, and 1793. * 

French language and customs first introduced into England 106o. . 

French Protestants expelled their country, 1685; 

Friars and nuns, 10,000 turned out of the monasteries in £)ngland» 

• 1535 ; in Germany in 1795, in France, 1790. 

Genoa bank failed, 1750. 

George 111. had the glass of his chair broke by a mad woman as he 
vras conveying to the opera- housct. June 2i, 1777; was thrown 
fjtim his horse in Windsor park, Oct. 3, 1785 ; attempted ti be 
assassinated by Marg. Nicholson, a mad woman, Aug. 2. 176a ; 
had a stone thrown at his state coach when going to the House 
of Veers, by John Frith, a maniac, on Jan. 21, 1700; visited 
Cheltenham in 1789, and became deranged in his mind from Oct. 
9 1789 to March 17^9, when he visited St. Paul's in procession to 
return public thanks to the Almighty for his recovery. Assaulted 

■ by a mob in his Way to and from the House of Lords, Oct: ao, 
1795, when his state coach was nearly destroyed. Had a stone 
thrown at bis coach, the glasses broke,, and the Queen received 
, a blow in the face, Feb. l, 179^> Made a grand procession 
to St. Paul*Sj to return thanks for the victories obtained by his 
ficets, Dec. 19, 1797. Shot at in the play-house by a maniac 

• of the name of Hatfield, May le, 1 800. 
Ginshops in London amounted to 7000, in 1785. 

Gipsies quitted Egypt when attacked by the Turks in 1515, and 
' 'wandered over almost all Europe ; in Engl,)nd an act was made 

against their itineiancy, in 158O ; they were expelled France. 

1560^ and most countries of Europe soon after. 
G}obe of the earthy first voyage rounfd it was by Sir Francis Drake, 

t5S0 ; the second by MageHui, 1591 ; the tliird by Sir Thomas 

Caveiidish, 1580 ; by Lord AnsOO, 1740^ and by Capt. Cook |n 

1768. See Circumnavigators. 
Crddwin sands occasioned by an inundatibn, 1 100. 
Golden Bull of the Empire commenced, ia50. 
Government, annual expence was 62,000 h in 1652; i,Soo,opo1. 

in 1^59 ; 4,200,5001. in 1Q59 ; i,200,oooi. in i6do; 6,ooo,oogl. 

•in 1694; 7>O00,00Ol. in 17764 75,670,6411. 8s, 2d. in 1808.* 
G^mmarians, the first regular one flourished, 276 before Christ* 
"Greek, a, was in 1800 appointed Charge dies Affairs from the Porte to 
' the Court uf London ; a circumstance unknown in history. His 

name is Arginople, only S2 years of age, apd arrived in England 

as first dragoman 10 the Turkish ambassador in 1798. 
Grosvenor-squaie centre house raffled for, by guinea tickets, Valued 

at 10,0001. Jane 10, y39. 
Guards for the King*6 person first instituted, 148^5^ had their 

• pay advanced, 1797., 
Ckielphs and Ghibelins be^n 1140. 

■UBt^ thetet-slav^ tnule o«^ this toast* by t1i« Eit^li^ was 



MEMORABLE EVENTS; 19 

opened by Jojin Hawkins, assisted by a subscription of sundry 

£ii<fluib guntleuien : he bailed Iroui England with thrt/e ships, 

purchased oeCToes, sold theai at nispaniola, and retuiued 

Lome, richly laden with hides, sugar and ginger^ 5 Eliz. 1563. 
Gunpowder-plot discovered, Nov. 5, 16*05. / 

Gustavus III. King of Sweden, a<;>?as^inated by an officer, March 

10, 1792.— -Gustavus Adolphus IV. deposed and ai'resced, March 

IdGD. 
Hair-powder in use 1590 i a guinea per year tax on thos« who 

wear it, 1795. 
Hammersmith ghost, affair ofy 1804. 
Hammct, Sir BeuJ. fined 10001. by tlie Court of Common Council, 

for refusing to serve the oihce oi'LiOid Mayor of London, Oct. 

13, 1797. 
Handel's first commemoration at West mi aster-abbey, in 1784 f 

600 performers, yielded 12,74ul. 
Hanged, drawn, and quartered, the first puitisbment of the kind, 

1341. 
Hastings Warren, Gov. Gen. of India, tried by the Peers of Gr«at 

Britain for high crimes and misdemeanois, which trial lasted 

SfcVPik years and three months, and was ac(|uitted on April i^3, 

1795, with only six dissenting voices. The East India Com- 
pany, in June following, proposed an annuity uf 50001* per 

annum on him, for his -services. 
H^etic republic, establishment of the, 1803, 
Hengist murdered 300 English noblemen, May 1 , 475., 
Henry, William [Duke of Clarence] third $on of KlngGeorgie III. 

was the first Prince of the Blood Royal that ever landed iu 

NorthAmerica, 17B1; or Ireland, 1788. 
Henry l)4UieUl the stirrup for Pope Alexander to mount his horsc^ 

1161, and the same to jfecicket, 1170. 
Heptarchy of England began 454, ended 824. 
Heritable jurisdictions in Scotland abohkhed, 1747> valued at 

164,2331. 
Holland allowed the American indcpenttency, Oct. 8, 1782; ami 

lost ita offrn in 1795 ; Louis Buunaparte ai*poiuted king, 1806. 
Hollanders made money Of pasteboard, 1574. 
Hulstein ceded to Denmark by Russia, 1773. 
Horse 'j^uards instituted, 1550. 
Hot4.eutots, upwards of 6*00 raecinated by the Missionaries Iq 

Africa, 1808. 
Houghton colleciign of paintings sold to the Empress of Ru»ia, 

1779. 
Houses, 1681 urere erected in St. George's Fields between tlie 

years 1782 and 1792. • 

Hugonots murdered at Paris, Aug. 84, 1572. 
Ich Dten, the Bohemian motto, first used by the Prince of WttleSy 

after the battle of Cressy, 1346. 
IlhimifMiion, the mo8t general ever known ij^ London, on the 

restordUon of tfa^e^tb uf fieor^^ lUm ou March lO, lT8d* * 



so MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Impeachment, the first of a chanceUoc, and the fiist by the Com- 
mons, 1386. 
India ships, a fleet of, under the comm'smd of Capt. Dance, beat 

off a squadron of French men of war, F«b. 15, 1804. 
Kidulgencies first granted by Rome, 1190. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities of Europe, at the distance o£ 
a century, from the most approved authors : — 

In 1688. ' In 1788. 

London ,696,000 — l,10d,Q00 

Paris 438,000 — 800,0eO 

Madrid 400,000 — 160,000 

Marseilles 200,000 — 180,000 

Lyons 250,000 — 150,000 

Naples 200,000 — 354,000 

Rome 200,000 — 157,000 

Amsterdam 187,000 • — 185,900 

Venice 134,000 «— 100,000 

Bourdeaux 100,000 — 200,000 

Inquisition of Naples abolished, 1782 
Inscriptions first collfcted for publications, 1505, 
Installation of knights of the Bath at Westminster abbey, 'May 
'1% 1803. ^ 

Institution, Royal, of London, founded, 1799. 
Insurance on ships and merchandise, Suetonius conjectures that 

Claudius was the first contriver of, 43. 
Insurance on shipping bej^an in England, 1560. ^ 

Iiisurance offices first set op in London, as follows:—* 

1803: 
1803 

*. Taos 

1807 
1307 
^ — 1807 

Insurance /policies were first used in Florence in 1523; first so« 
ciety established at Hanover lo36'j that at Paris 1740. 
■ - first mentioned for the word usury, 1624. 
Interest first mentioned as legal, i \99, at 10 per cent.— in 130t^, 
at 20 per cent.— in 15'^8, at 12 per cent.— in 1571, at 10 per 
.cent.— in 1635, at 8 per cent,— in 1749, the fund^ were reduced . 
from 4 to 3| and 3 per cent. 

of money reduced from 10 to 8 per cejit. in l^cotland^ 

'1633. ' '.''•••, 

Ireland admitted to a free trade by the British parliament, 1779 j , 
lis liber^ of the press restrainetl,' May 1784; visited by a 
British Prince, William Benry [now Duke of Clarence], Dec. 
6,14^7; invaded by the Fi'emh, 1797} Onion with Great 
Britain debated, f800. ' Carried into execution* Jan. 1, 1801. 

Isthmian gaipes instituted ;hjj Sysiplius, l^ing of Cwjutb, 15 



Hand in Hand 


1696 


Globe 


Sun Fire 


1710 


Imperial 


Union 


1714 


British 


Westminster 


1717 


Albion 


London 


1719 


County7 


Royal Exchange 


1719 


Eagle 


Phcenix 


1782 


Hope 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. «I 

JTericlio, walls of, fell, 1454 before Christ. 

Jewels were first worn in England by At^nf^ Sorrel, in T434» 

•* pawned by Challfs I. to Holland, and redeemed by the 

sale of iron ordnance, 1629. Those of France were seized' by 
the National Cunventiun in 1792< 

Jens, the seventy years cantivity of, began 606 before Christ ; 
they about Cyreue, headed by one Andree, murdered near 
100,000 Greeks and Romans ; they ate their entrails, and co- 
vered tliemselves with the skins of those they assa^Mnated^ 
115 after Christ; above 580,000 destroyed by the Ktnztani, 
135 { first arrived in England, lOTS; tbinkinf; to invoke tlie 
• l>ivine clemency at the soleinnizatiun of the Passover, sacri- 
ficed a younp lad of twelve years old, the son of a rich tr<ide9- 
man at Paris, by first whipping his flesh from his bones, and 
then crucifyin<^ him ; for which cruelty the criminals we«e 
executed, and tlie re&t banished France, 1180; from this cir- 
cumstance the Jews have ever since been held in detestation ; 
mai^acred Sept. 3, 1189; seven were condemned to pay the 
King 20,000 marks, or suffer perpetual imprisonment, fur 
circumcising a Christian child at Norwich, and aitempting to 
crucify hiin^ 1235; ttvo hundred and upward wer^ appre* 
hendeid for crucifying a child at Lincoln, eighteen of wbiom 
were hanged> and the rest heavily fined, 1255 % seven hundred 
were slain in London, because a Jew would have forced a 
Christian to pay him more than two shilUjigs per week tor the 
loan of twenty, 1262 ; every Jew, who l*'Ut money on usury, 
was couiuianded to wear a plate upon his breast, si^uifying 
that be was an usurer, or to quit the realm, liiT4; two hun- 
dred and sixty-seven were banged and quartered tur cUppinj, 
1^77 ; the same year the Jews crucified a child at NorthauJj)- 
ton, for which fifty were drawn on horses tails, and hanged ; 
all the synagogues were ordered to be destroyed, 1282; all the 
Jews in England were apprehended in one day, their goods 
and chattels confiscated to the King, and they, to the uuuiber 
of 15,6'0'0, banished the realm, havirg only sustenance money 
allowed, i287 ; they remained bauisijcd 36'4 years, till Oliver 
Cromwell restored them; a general massacre of then) at Ver- 
dun by tlie peasants, who, from a pret»'nded prophecy, con- 
ceived the Holy Land was to be recovered from the intidcls by 
them; 500 of these Jews took shelter in a castle, and ileiended 
themselves to the last extremity, when, for want of weapon*:, 
tlu:y threw their children at the enemy, and then killed each 
other, 1317; driven out of France, 1394; driven out of Spain, 
to the number of one hundred and fifty thousand, 1492; they 
retired to Africa, Portugal, and France. It vas agamst them 
that the Inquisition was there first established.—- There was not 
a Jew in this island from l6l0 to lG24.— Act passed hereto 
naturalize; them, 1753 ; repealed on the petition of all the 
cities in England, 1754. Four eiecutud for murdering Wfs, 
HUtchins and servant, Dec. 9, 1771. 



22 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Joan of Arc inijusUy condemned for a .witcb, and burnt at Or*' 
leans. May 30, 1431. 

Journals of the Moine of Peers, the first taken, 1550. 

Juries were first instituted in England in 970. 

King Charles I. . erected his standard at Nottinsfham, Aug% 26, 
1642, and it was blown down the same night by a violent 
tempest. ^ 

King of the Romans in Germany first instituted^ 1096. 

Kingdoms, origin of, by Nimrod, at Babylon, ^233 lefore 
Christ. 

King's speech, the first delivered, 1107, by Henry I. 

King^s Bench in Ireland, Lord Chief Justice of, murdered b^ tb» 
mob in Dublin, July 23, 1803. 

Kings, four, entertained by a Lord Mayor of London, at one 
table, 1364. 

Kingston, Duchess of, tried for bigamy, convicted, and degraded, 
April 22, 17765 allowed to be Count es? of Bristol, May 18, 
1779. 

Knighthood, by the King, forbidden by the parliament, 1640. 

Lab6ur> price of— Anno Dom. 1359, 25 EdW; III. wages paid to 
hay-makers was but one penny a day. A mower of naeadbws 
5d. per day, or 5d. an acre. Reapers of corn, in the first week 
of August, 2d. in the second, 3d. per day, and so till the end 
of August, without meat, drink, or other allowance, finding 
their own tools. For thi esbing a quarter of wheat or rye 2Jd. 5 
a quarter of barley, beans, peas, and oats, l|d, A master car*- 
penter 3d. a day, other carpenters 2d. per day. A master 
mason 4d. per day, other masons 3d. per day, and their servants 
1^. per day. Tilers 3d. and their knaves .1^6, Thatchers, 
3d. per day, their knaves l|d. Plaisterers, and othejr workers 
of mud walls, and their knaves in the like manner, without meat 
or drink, and this from Ea«5ter to Michaelmas; and from that 
time less, according to the direction of the Justices. 

By the 34th of Edward III. 136 i, chieif masters of carpenters and 

' masons 4d. a day, and the others 3d. or 2d. as they are worth. 

I3th Richard 11. 1389, the wages of a bailiff of husbaudry 13s. 4d. 
per year, and l^s clothing once a year at most; the master 
htnd 10s. the carter 10s. shepherd 10s. oxherd 6s. 8d. cowherd 
6s. 8d. swineherd 6s. a woman labourer 6$. a day ditto 6s, a 
vdriverof plough* 7s. From this time up to the time of 23d of 
Henry VI. the price of labour was fixed by the justices by pro- 
clamation.— 1445, 23d Henry VI. the wages of a bailiff of 
husbandry was 23s. 4d. per annum, and clothing of the price 
of 5s. with meat and drink ; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 
20s. clothing 4s. coihnioji servant of husbandry 1 5s. cloth> 
ing40d, woman servant lOs. clothing 4s. infant under 14 
years 68. clothing 3s. Freemason or master carpenter 4d. 
per day; without meat or drink 55d. Master tiler or slater, 
niason'or mean carpenter, and other artificers concerned in 
bidldingi 3d. per day 3 without meat and drink 4^d. every 



- MEMORABLE EVENTS. 23 

other laboai«r 2dw a day; without meat and drink 3}d. after 
Michaelraas to abate- in praportloR* In time of harvest, a 
mower 4d« % day ; without meat and drink 6d. reaper or carttr 
3d. ailay | without meat and drink 5d. woman labourer^ snd 
other labourers^ 2d« a day; without aueatt and drink 4^d. per ' 
day, 
By the 11th Henry VII. 1496, there was a like rate of wages, 
only with a little advance; as, for instance, a freemason, roas- 
ter carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, roaster tiler, plumber, ' 
glazier, carver, joiner, was allowed from Easter to Michael* 
mas to take 6d. a day, without meat and drink, or with meat 
and drink 4d. from Michaelmas to Easter to abati? Id. A mas- 
ter having under him six men, was allowed Id. a day extra. 
By ihe 6th of Henry VIU. 1-515, the wages of shipwrights were 
fixed as follows : a master ship-carpenter, taking the charge 
of the work, having men under him, 5d. a day in the summer 
season, with meat and drink ; other ship-carpenter, called an 
bQwer, 4d. an able clincher 3d. holder 2d. master ealker 4d* 
a mean ealker 3d. f^ day labourer by the tide 4d. 
Lare, Flanders, more valuable tlian gold-— one ounce of fltte 
Flanders thread has been sold in London fur 41.— Such an 
ounce made into lace may be here sold for 401. which is tea 
times the price of standard gold, weight for weight. 
Leo IX. the first Pope that kept up an army, 1054. 
lictters of Marque were issued by the Americans against Great 

Britain, March 22, 177^. 
Liberty of the pfess granted in Denmark, 1770. 
Library, the first pHvate one, the property of Aristotle, 584 be-* - 
fore Christ; the first public library of which we have any cer- 
tain account in history was founded, at Athens, by Hipparchus, 
526 B. C— The second of any note was fouuded at Alexandria 
by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284. It was burrtt when Julius Cas- 
sar set, fire to Alexandria, 47 B. C. (400,000 valuable books ' 
in MS.-are said to have been lost by this catastrophe.— The first 
library at Rome was established, 1^7— >At Constantmople, 
founded by Constantine the Great, about A.D. 335; destroyed, 
477 — A second library formed from the remains of the first at 
Alexandria, by Ptolemy's successors, and reputed to have con- 
sisted of 700,000 volumes, was totally destroyed by the Sara- 
cens, who heated the water of thi^it baths, for six months, by ' 
burning books instead of wood, by command of Omar, cadiph 
of the Saracens, 642— The Vatican at Rome, by Pope Nichp- 
ias.V. 1446, Rebuilt, and the library oousiderably improved, 
by Sixtui^ V. 1588 — ^The imperial of Vienna, by >laximilian I. 
about 1500— The Royal. of Paris, }•> Francis I, about 1520^* 
The Escurial at Madrid, by Philip U. .1557-^Of Florence, by 
Cosmo de l^Iedicis, 1560— -The Bodleian at Oxford, fii«nded 
40 feliz. 1598-^rhe Cottonlan, formerly kept at Cotton-houlBe, 
VVesminster, founded 'by Sir Robert Cotton, about 1600. 
Appropriated lo the public use and benei^, 13 William lil. 



24 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

1701; partly de«troyed by fire, 1731 ; removed to the Briti^H 
Museum, 1753~The Radcliffcian, at Oxford, founded by the 
will of Dr. RadHifte, who left 40,0001. to the University for 
that imrpos^, 17147~At Cambridsre, 1720, to wllich Geo. I. 
gave 50001. to purchase Dr. Moore*s collection. * 

Life- guards and h»rse-gaards disbanded by government, Mav 96, 
1T88. 

Logwood first cut by the English in the Bay of Campeachy, 

. 1662. 

London-Bridge toll ceased, March 27, 1782. 

London streets n«w paved, and signs removed, 1764. - 

London abandoned to the mei'by of the mob, June 4, 1780. 

London first governed by a Mayor and Cf)mmon -Council, 1208 ; 
and enjoys an annual income of 120,0001. Has above 7000 
•streets, &c. covers upwards of 3000 acres of land, and its cir- 
cumference more than 23 miles, 

Lohdon, the first bridge of, built of stone, 1212. 

Looking-glasses roaile'only at Venic:e, 1300. 

Lord Mayors' shows instituted, 1453; the teast instituted, 1501. 

Lotteries, the first mentioned by historians^ for s*&fns of money, 
1630; estabKsfoed, 1693. 

>' for repairing the fortifications on the coasts of Eng^dind, 
in 1-569, and drawn at the West end of St. Paul's cathedrail^ 
for pieces of pUtc. The first in France was in 1667. 

Lottery for Coxe's Museum, in 1774. ^ 

■ ■ " ' for the Pigot diamond, in 180L 

— — fur Alderman BoydeV^ collection of pictures and prints, 
1805. 

Loiutf XL in Fcorn, wore a greasy hat, and the coar5<est doth ; 
in the chamber of accounts an article is found of his expences ; 
which -mentions two sols for a new p%ir of sleeves to an old 
doublet, and of half a denier for a box of grease for his boots, 
1483. 

Louis XVI. of France guillotined, Jan. 21, 1793. 

Louis XVUI. retired to Petersburgh, and was allowed a pro- 
cess!^ by the Emperor of Russia, April 3, 1738 ; landed at 
Yarmouth, under the title of Count de Lille, Oct. 6, 1807. 

Lucius, the first Christian King of Britain, 180. 

Magna-Cbarta was signed by King John at Runna Mead, June 
15, 1215. 

>Ia]t liquor used in E9:ypt in 450 before Christ; excise on it in 
England, 16*97« The duty is 14s 6d. The duty on malt spirits 
for 17B3, 1784, 1785, and 1786, amounted to 1,451, 9981. Is. 
)d. The duty on malt for 1784 and 1785, was 514,6681. In 
1788 the duties on beer yielded about 1,666,1521. and on malt, 
1,328,1031. and malt spirits the sum of 509,167). In 1807» 
th6 duty on malt amounted to 750,000 1. 

|lan, Isle of, purchased (the Sovereignty of) for 70,1)00 1. of ih% 
Duke of Athol^ to prevent smu^Ung, 1765. 



, I. 

MEMORABLE EVEMtS. . 9$ 

Mannfactitres of E^^land, at the close of the last oentuiy, were 
computed at 89 millions ; and uf Great Britain and Ireland, 
at 8^ niillioDS. 

Nfarch's, Lord, wheel-carriage wager at Newmarket, Aug. 39, 
1750. 

Maria-Antoinetta, Queeq of France, guillotined Oct. 16, 1793. 

Marriages in England in 1760 were 50,000, tn 1800 were 73,000, 
besides Jews and Quakers. 

Massacres — OF all the Carthaginians in SicUr, 3^7 before Christ. 
—2000 Tyrians ciiicified, and 8000 put to tlie swoixl for not 
surrendering Tyre to Alexander, 331 before Christ— The Jews 
of Antioch fall upon the otlier iMiabitants and massacre lOOyOOO, 
for refusing to surrender their arms to Demetrhid Nicanor, 
tyrant of Syria^ 154— A dreadful slaughter of the TeUtonea 
and Amforones, near Aix, by "Marios the Roman general, 
200,000 bein^ left dead on the spot, 103— -niiie Roilians 
throughout Asia, women and children not excepted, cruelly 
massacred in one day, by order of Mtthridhtes^ king of Pon- 
tMS, 89— A great number of Roman senators massacred by 
Cinna, MariUs, andSertorius, and several of the Patrictaits 
dispatched themselves to avoid theii- horrid butcheries, 8S— 
Again,' under Sylla, and Cataline his minister of Vengeance, 
82, and 79— At Prsneste, Octavianus Caiisar ordered 300 Ro' 
man senators, and other persons of distinction, to be sacrificed 
to the manes of Jutiiis Caesar, 41— At the destniction of Jeru- 
salem, 1,000,000 Jews were put to the sword, A. D. 70— Cis- 
sjus, a Roman general, under the emperor M'. Aurelius, put 
to death 37,000 of the inhabitants of Seleucia, 197<~At Alex- 
andria, of many thousand citizens, by order of Antoninus, 
213— ^The emperor Probus put to death 700,000 of the inha- 
bitants upon his reduction of Gaul, 377— ^f 80 Christian fa- 
thers, by order of the emperor Oratiao, atNicomedia; they 
were put into a ship, which was set on lire and driven out t« 
sea, 370— Of Thessalonica, when upwards of .7000 'persons, in- 
vited into the cireu^, were put to' the sword by order of Theofl» 
dosius, 39Q«-"Belisarius put |o death above io,QQO citittns of 
Constantinople for a revolt, on accoorit of two rapaciod mi- 
nisters set-flver them by Justinian, 533— Of the Latins, 1l>y 
Andronicus, 1184 (at CdnstantinopJe) — The Sicilians massacre 
the I^rench throughout the whole island, without distinction 
of sex or age, on Easter-day, the first bell for veepers being 
the signal; this horrid affair is known In history by the name 
of the Sicilian Vespers, 1235— At ftiris, 1418— Of the Swe4ifeh 
nability, at a feast, b;^ order Oi Christian II. 1520— ^f 70,000 
Uiigonots, or French Prote^antsi throughout the kingdom ^f 
France, attended with circum^taoces of the- most horrid trea- 
chery and cruelty • it began at Paris in the night of the fe^^val 
of St, Bartboiomew, August 25, 1 572),* by secret orders from 
Charles IX* King of France, at the instigatton of the Qoeeii 
dowagerj CatheriDe de Medicis^ his mother ; it is stUed i% 

9 ■ 



2^ MEMOHABLte EVENTS. 

history, the Massacre of St. Bartbolomew-^Of tbe Christians 
in Croatia, by the Turks, when 65,000 were slain, 1592— ^f a 
^reat number of Protestants at Thorn, who were put tu death 
under § pretended legal sentence of the chancellor of Poland* 
for beiojpr er>acerued in a tumult occasioned by a popish pro- 
cession^ 17^4<«— At. Batavia, where 12,000 Chinese were killed 
by the natives, Oct. 1740— In England, 300 English nobles, 
hy Hengist, A. D. 475-*Of the monks of Bangor, 1300— By 
Ethelfrid, King of Northumberland, 580 — Of the Danes, in 
the southern counties of England, in the nig^ht of Nov. 13, 
\00?, and the 23d Ethelred IL at London, it was the most 
.bloody, the churches being no sanctuary; amongst the rest, 
Gunilda, sister of Swein, king of Denmark^ left in hostage fur 
. the performance of a treaty but newlyconclufled— Ofihe Jews, 
(some fev^ipressing into Westminster Hall, at Richard Ist.'s 
coronation, were put to death by the people, and a false 
alarm be4n^ given, that the king had ordered a general mas« 
&acre of them, the people in many parts of England, from an 
^aversion* to them, slew all they met; in York, 500, who had 
taken shelter in the castle, killed themselves, rather than fall 
into the hands of the people), 11^9— Of the English, by the 
Hutch at Amboyna, 1624 — Of the Proteitants in Ireland, 
when 40,000 were killed, 1641— Of the Macdonalds at Glen- 
coe, in Scotland, for not surrendering in. time according to 
King William's pru«ilaination, though without the King*s 
knqwledge,'l()J)5. Several dEeadful massacres in France during 
the Revolution, from 1789 to. 1794. 

Massacre ot 600 negroes by the French at^t. Mark's, 1802. 

r at Algiers, March 10, 1806. 

Masquerade, the tirst in Scotland, Jan. 15* 1773. 

Meal Tub Plot,, a forged conspiracy against James 11.; so called 
: from thft place where the pretended correspondence lay con- 
cealedy 1^79. . I 

Mechanical Arts in Britciiu in greater perfection tHan in- Gaul, 
298;^ ^ 

MelviUe, Lord, impeached by the Commons, April 39 ; acquitted 
^ne 12, 1806. ... 

Military uniforms first used in Frawce by" Louis XXV, 

Militia, ope established in Ireland by King Cbirmac O'Con, 
about i2r)4; in England, Alfred the Great first enroll«»d a 
militia> which continued till the reign of James I.; revived 
under Charles II. $ the present militia act passed, 1757; al- 
tered 1764, 1781,. and for Scotland 1797 i supplementary 
militia embodied^ 1797; the whole number was 104^000 in 
1800. 

Ministry, in tho minority in the House of Commons oh the Laifd« 
Jax Bill for 1767: this is the first instance of the kind oa^ a 
money, hill since tlie Revolution. ... 

Mississippi bubble, jn France, ceased June 27, 1720, when its 
amount was 100,000,0001. sterling. 



MEMOBABLE EVENTS, 37 

» 

Afithri^ates ordered all the Romans that were in Asia to be put 
tb'deatliy 88 years before Christ. 

Moderiv^istot^y, Professorship founded in the two English iini* 
verslties, by George I; 1734. 

Mohocks', a set of ' disorderly people, who went about London 
streets at night, and took pleasure in wountltli* antl disfiguring 
tbe'nipQt and indecently expo«ng the women, I7il; ^one 
hundred pounds reward was pi&red by royal proclamation, 
'for apprehending any one of. them. ' • 

Monarch, the first sole, in England, ||^. 

Monastery, the first founded, to which the sisterof St, Anthony 
retirecf, 370; the firit in Britain, 596. 

Money first mentioned as a medi0iil of cotmneree in the 234 
cliapter of Genesis, when Abraham purch^^ed a field as a se- 
pulchre for Sarah, in the year of the world $1S9; first made 
at Argos, 894 before Ciirist ; has increasftd 1^ times its valiie 
from 1290 to 1640; and twelve times its value from 15SD to 
1800. Silver has increased 30 times its valUe since the Nor- 
man conquest, viz. a pound in that a^ was three times the 
quantity what it is at present, and ten times in value in pur- 
chasing any commodity. 

Monk, the first was Paul of Thebais, about 250. 

Months first received their natncs from Charlemagne^ 790; al- 
tered by the French in 1792. 

Mourning, white, used in Spain for the last time, 1495. 

Museum, British, purchased by parliament, and vested in the 
public, 1753. 

■■ of Sit Ashton Lever, disposed of by lottety, 1785, to Mr.. 

Parkinson , sold by auction, 1806. 

Mutiny on board the fleet at Portsmouth for advance of wages, 
&C April It, subsided by a promise from the * Admiralty 
Board, which being delayed, occasioned a re-commencement 
on board the London man of war. Admiral CfdpoyS, who With 
his Captain w^re put into ^nfinement Jot ordering the Mar 
Tineft to fire, whereby tnfee Trves were lost. The mutiny sub- 
sided May 10, 179'/, when an Act passed to raisp their wafges, 
and the Kfng pslrdoned the mutineers. A more considerable 
one, at the Nore, which blocked up. the trade of the Thames, 
but subsided June l6, '1797> when the principal' mutineers 
were nut in irons, and $eyer<il were executed. 

National Confederation at Paris com'memoratedi July 14, 1790, 
in {he Field of Mars. 

Naval salute to the English flag began in Alfred's reign, ^nd has 
continued ever since. • • 

Navy of France first mentioned in history in 728, when they 
v&nqnished the p'ri^ons at sea. ' ' * 

of England, at the time of the Spanish Armada, was only 

S8 vessels, none larger than frigates. James I. increased tern 
ships of 1400 ions^ of 64 ^uns, the largest then ever built. 
P2 



^8 MEMORABLE EVENTS, 

In the year 1808, the list of the Royal Navy of England was as 
lbUows:%- 

Klng's ship* in ordinary . . • . 17€ 

■I in commission . 627 

— — — building at dilVerent places 66 

Total . .869 
^ Neg;ro adventure, the first to America^ by the Spaniards, 1508 ; 
tiie first from England, 1562. 
Nelson, Lord,, funeral of, Jan. 9, 1806. 

Nelson's, wife, a journeyman taylor, of Oxford Market, had five 
' children at a birth, OcU 1800. 
New Dock Company expended from May 31, 1801, to May 31, 

1803, the sum of 441,3611. 17s. 9d. 
Newfoundland fisheiry began, 1517. 

Newspapers were first published at Constantinople in 1797- The 
fellomriDg were circulated in France, as the expences ef govern- 
ment in paying different journalists, in 1796: — ^To the Editor, 
150,000 ^v^es; to Real, for the Journal des Patriots de 1789, 
500,000; to Louvet, for La Sentinelle, 500,000; for Bon 
Homme Richard, 500,000; for another Journal, 500>0O0; 
and in the country for the following: — at Rouseville, for 
rOrateur Plebein, 540,000 livres; at Imber la Platiere, for 
the Courier de Paris, 400,000 ; at Sibuee, for. I'Ami des Loix, 
1,000,000; in all 5,440^000 livres per. month, which makes 
65,280,000 livres per annum. ' 
Newspaper, first published in England by order of Queen Eli2a- 
betii, and was titled the English Mercury, one of which is re- 
maiNing in the British Museum, dated July 28, ISotS. 
A private newspaper, called^the Weekly Qourant, was printed in 

Loudon in l622. 
A newsfaper was printed by Robert Barker, at Newcastle, in 

1639. 
The Gasette was first published at Oxford, Aug. S3, , 1642. 
After the Revolution, the first daily paper was called the 
Orange Tntelligencer j and from ^t time to 1692, th«rc 
were 26 newspj^pers. 
In 1709, there were 18 weekly and ©ne daily paper, the Lon« 

don Courant. 
In 1795, there were 38 published in London, 72 in the ooua- 
try, 13 in Scotland, and 35 in Ireland ; in all, 158 papara. 
At present (l809), there are 63 published in London, 93 in 
the country, 24 in Scotland, and 37 in Ireland; making a 
total of 217 newspapers in the United Kingdom. 
Nobility of Franca renounced their pecuniary privileges. May 23 » 
1789. 
i Nonjurors began to pray for George III. and his family. May 
25, 1788. 
Normans murdered at Durham, 1060. 

North-West passage atUmpted by Captain Phipps, now Lord 
Mulgrave, 177^. 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 



25 



Notary Pablic, began in the first century. 

Naiiueiy, the first in England at Kolkrtone, 630. 

Old Bailey Sesston-hoiise^ the lord mayor, one alderman, two 
judges, the greatest part of the jury, and nambers of specta- 
tors, caught the gaol distemper, and >died, May 1750 ; again 
fatal to several, 1773. 

Olympiads, first in 776 ; 8d in 77S ; 3d in 76B ; 4th in 7^4; Sth 
in 760; 7th in T5^; lOCh in 740; 13thin7iS3: 15th in 720$ 
I6thin7l6; 17th in 712; 3lst in 696; 23d in 688; 34th in 
684; 35th in 680 ; 37 tb in 673 ; 38th in 668 ; 39th in 664 ; 
39th in 634; 43d in 608; 46th in 590 ; 55th in 560; 56th in 
556; 60tli in 540; Slit in 586 before Christ. 

Opera, the first in London, was in York-lmildings, in 1693. The 
first at Drury-Hme Was in 170S; by Handel, in 1735. 

Oratorio, the first in' London, was performt d in LineolnVina 
piay-house, Portb^-street, in 1733. 

Orkney and Shetland Isles tionveyed by Denmark t« Scotland, 
1426. ' 

Orphan^ fund in London began about 1391* 

Oxford assizes, made memorable by the death of the sheriffs and 
300 persons. Who died by the ini'ection from the prisonen, in < 
1577. 

Picket to Ireland by Milford Haven began 1787. 

Palermo insurrection, 177. 

Pantheon in Oxford-street, opened as an opera-house, Marck 
1791 ; burnt down Jan. 14, 1793; rebuilt Ui 1795.' 

Paper currency established in America, May )&, 1775. 

Pardons, first granted at coronation*, 1387. 

Parliament, the first in England, 1316; trieimial, ISBl ; the fitft 
septennial one, 17 16 ; the first imperial, Jan, 1801. 
Table of FarliamenU since 1715. 



Geo. I. 
Geo.U. 



CSeo. III. 



Began. 



17 Mar. 
10 May 
S» Not. 
IS June 
95 Jane 

31 May 
19 May 

10 May 
99^ Nov. ^ 
SI Oct. 

18 May 

•J5 Nbr» 

19 July 
Atig. 

UDee. 



....-.>! 



1715 
1733 
1737 
1734 
4t4i 
174T 
1754 
1761 
1768 
1774 
1780 

m4 

1790 
1796, 

MD6^ 



Ended. 
JO Mar. 

5 A«ri 
18 April 
28 Apra. 
18 ^une 

8 April 
80 Mar. 
18 Maf. 
30 Sept* 

I Sept. 
85 Mar. 
^ JuQ«. 

30 '.'May 

I^Jone 

87 April 



M7«! 
1731 . 
1784 ^ 
1741 > 
1747 •. 
1754 

1761: 

1768 • 
1774 ' • 
1780^ 

itae 

1790* 

i79e 



30 MEMORABLE E\T£NT5. 

Correct statement of the Incre^Lse of Representatives in Par- 
liament, from the reign of Henry Vlll, to James K 
Henry VIII. added . . 38 

Edward VI. . . .44 

Mary . . .25 

- ' Elizabeth ... . 62 

James I. ; ... 27 

Total id6 

The following remark fihews the disproportiojfi between the re- 
p.resentlition of Middlesex and Surreyi with London and 
Westmioster j and six buroughsj who elect an ei^ual number 
. of representatives : ... 

Places. ^lector?. Membersw 

' •... . Ijondon .. . . 7,000 send 4 

Westminster . . 10,000 2 

Middlesex ' • . . 3,500 9 

V : . Sunrey . ... , 4,500 2 . 

Southwark ... . 2,000 ^ 8 

27,000 12 



N«wk>n 




.1 send 2 


Old a-vrjim 




1 2 


>fidbiirst 




1 2 


Castle Rising 




2 2 


MarlhoroHch • 




2 2 


Downtou • 




4 2 



. ; 12 12 

— • . -T 

Parochial assessment for the poor bepox 1572. 
Partfaenian gam^s tirst instituted, )2t;2.^fore Cl^st, 
Parties,. Count and Country, first, diMin^uished, 1621. 
Fateiit {^ranted fc^ titles, d'i«t useii|i; 1344; first granted fbr the 

e:felU3ive phvik^re of publishing bpoks, 1591. 
Pat Amage of .chhrcfacs commenced, 402f. 
Pawnbrokers j&rst l)egan« a457. . ' ■ 4*7 

Peers eldest «onsiitBl permitted to sit in parliament, 1550. 
Penny-pieces n£ co]>per fir^t issued in England, June ^6, 1797. 
Pensidtt of 2(HL^rakited a lady for ngtio^^al services, 1514* Ano«- 

tbcr;61. 18s. 4d. per Mill. 1536. . Aqptber, 131. 6s. 8d. for th^ 

ih<ilntenance of a gentleman in stU(^ng Uie laws of the king*^ 

^mutii 1558. \ [. :. 
PentlMers, band ^ SnOltiLited 1590. 
Peflit* aroi)r«^lBariiig thi^ shouldr'bticut off by the Romans, 

threw themselves ittpu^ £uy||yGS^^|ywhere upw^rda of 10,00» 

of them perished, 424. 
Persian trade began I569C tpcned through Russia 1741. 



MEi\fORABLE EVENTS. 31 

Peroke, the first worn in Trance, 1630 ; introduced into England 

\6S0 • . • 

Peter, C/ar of MascoTy, visited England, ]€9^. 
Peter's pence first paid Rome by England, 7d0. 
Pharaoh ordered all the male children of the Hebrews to be d^' 
stroyedy 1573 ; drowned with his host in the Red Se^, • May 11 « 
1491 before Christ. 
Pbysie, the practice ofj was confined to eeclesiastics, from aboOt 

1205 to about 1500. 
Pillage in Italy, by Buonaparte, and sent to Paris, consist's «f BS 
pieces of sculpture, and 47 capital paintings^—Among the 
former are the following celebrated chefs d'oeuvre :— -Tlie 
Apollo, tbe Antinoasy the Adonis, the Dying Gladiators, ther 
jjiocoon, the Two Sphinxes, and the Tomb of tbe MuseK : 
among the latter are tlie principal paintings of Raphael* Peru- 
gino, Guerchino, Anuibal Carrache, Guido, I'liian, and Cor- 
regio. In the catalogue of the articles sent to the National 
Ikibrary, are a maauscript of the antiquities of Josephus oA pa* 
yyrus ; a manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, with notes in his hand- 
writing, and^500 of the most cutious manuscripts which were 
in the library of the Vatican. 
— of the rhames annually on each branch of trade, used to 
be as under; to prevent which was the chief cause for erecting 
the new Docks at Wapping and in the Isle of Dogs ; viz. 
East Indies . . . /.95,000 

West Indies . . . 232,000 

British American Colonies 10,000 

Africa and Cape of Good Hope 2,500 

North and South Fisheries . 2,000 ' 

United States of America . 30,000 ' 

Mediterranean and Turkey , 7f00O 

^ Spain and Canaries . . ',10,000 

France and Netherlands . 10,000 

Portugal and Madeira ' . 8>000 

Holland . . . 10,000 

Germany . ... 25,000 

Prussia . . ... 10,000 

Poland' . . ' '. 5,000 

Sweden . , ' . .3,000 

Denmark . '• . 5,000 • 

Russia . . . 20,000 ' 

Guernsey, Jersey> Alderney, Isle of Man 2,000 ' I 
Ireland . . . 5,000 

Coasting Trade . . 20,000 '^ 

Cpal Ttadfj ... 20^000 '' 



Total 461,000 



-^ 



Pitt, 'ifcttic funiiril of the %ht Horr. Williim, P6b. «/ 180^. 
Kate, silver, (except spoons) prohibited in publick houses by 
parUamejaty 1696. 



^9 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Plate-glais manufactory e&tablished in Lancashire, in 1773 ; first 
in France, 1688. 

Pla}'8 first performed in England, 1378; that by tbe Parish- 
clerks, iH 1390. Suppressed by parliament in 1647 ; restored 
1659. 

Pleading^s in courts of judicature fij-st permitted, 78^; first used 
in the English tongue, 1362; 

Poet Laureat, the first, 1487. 

Poland dismantled of several of its provinces by Russia, Prussia, 
and the Emperor of Germany, 1772. The crown was made 
hereditary, and it admitted citizens to civil, military, and ec- 
clesiastical employments, Mays, 1791* Totally abolished as 
a kingdom, in 1795. 

. Policy of insurance in writing first used at Florence, 1569. 

Politicians, the term first used in France, 1569. 

Poor Rites in England began in 1573. (Besides the country 
rates for their support, they have 258,7 lOl. perann. in cha- 
ritable donations.) 

Poor Rates in 1580 amounted to £.188,911 
1680 — e65,563 

1698 — 819,000 

1760 — - 1,556,804 

1783 — . 2,r3l,436 

1784 — 2,185,889 

1785 — 2,184,904 

In 1804 it was estimated that the whole amount, including 

donations, was near 4 millions. 
The reduction in the expence of supporting the poor in Shrews- 
< bury, since the first opening of the House of Industry at that 
place, is 10,0001. At the House of Industry, situated at 
Bulcamp in Suffolk, a debt of 1 2,0001. has been pakl off, 
and in 1798 there remained lOOOl. in hand. At another 
House of Industry, situated at Semer, a debt of bOO(>1. has 
been reduced to i80l. and an annuity of 201. At Wangford, 
40001. of the debt contracted for the buildings, &c. has been 
paid off. In the hundreds of Bosmere and Claydon, 7594K 
has been paid off, in part of the sum of 99941. borrowed. 
Pope Stephen III. was the first who was carried to the Lateran 
on men's shoulders, 758; Pope Celestine III. kicked the Em- 
peror's (Henry IV.) crown off his head, while kneeling, to 
shew his prerogative of making and unmaking kings, 1191. 
Pope's legate caught in bed with a prostitute, Ii25. 
Pope, the, visited Vienna to solicit the Emperor in flavour o£-the 
church, March 1782; suppressed several mbnasteries and nun- 
neries, 1782; took shelter in Naples, 1796; quitted Rome 
when the French took ppssession of the dty, Feb. 86^ 1798 ; 
and his Holiness died their prisoner, in Sept. 1799> 
Pepulatioh.^— The following has been given as an esttniatt of £a- 
-^»p<» ia order to b«ing fionWas^« %itb t^ po||ttU^Vi(Ui of 



MEMORABLE EVENTd. '9S 

ClTina, which WM estimated by the suite of Lord Macartney 

at ohe hundred aad fifty millions. 

Russia in Europe . - . 95,000,000 

Denmark ,- 4,800,000 

Sweden - - 2,500,000 

Poland - 9,000,000 

Gcfinany - 22,000,000 

Hungary - , 8,000.000 

England . - ll,«00,000 

Holland - 3,000,000 

Turkey iu Europe - 9,000,000 

Italy . - - 13,000,000 

Swiuerland • 2,000,000 

France, . - 28,000,000 

, Spain - - - . 8,000,000 . - 

• ' Portugal - - 2, 000,000 

• • 145,300,000 

Porcelain and tea from Chin?, first spoke of in history, 1 590^. 
Porter, raised 3d. per gallon, Jan. 10, 1762} a^'^^".^^^'- ^.^ 

.„, , quantities of, brewed by th« twelve prmcipai brewers 

Utween thq 5th of July, 1^07, and the 5th of July, 1808. . 
. • ' Barrels. 

Mw^andCo, . - " J^'J^^ 

Barclay And Perkins ; . - - '!^i.?S 

Brown and Parry - - - '^i'^ll 

HanburyandCo., . T " '. ,""'512 

WbitbreadandCo. '.:_ - . .^iMS? • 

, CoombeandCo. ,; - - - ' lA% 

GoodwynandCo,. - - - ^^'nS 

F.Calvert and Co. - - ^8»2** 

Elliot and Co. ^ - - - 48,669 , 

. BiVw and Co. - - - 38,0^ 

P. Calvert and Co. - - 3«,00S 

Taylor and Co. - - ^32,800 

, ., quantities of, brewed by the first twelve houses in Lob- 

don, from the 5th of July, 1808, to the 5tk ^^ «^^^^:^^^^^ • 

Barclay - -. - «4i36l 

Brown and Parry - - 2,'«1 

Hanbury - - - 4l,554 

Whitbread . - - - f^^'% r 

Meux - - • 39,293 

F Culvert - - - 32,628 

TaylSr - • - - ^8,095 

Goodwyn - - • ;^'«J^ 

J.Calvert - . - - I1'°2; 



i^Uiot 
Clowes 



14,877 
14,693 



34 MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

A.porter cask, at Messrs, Meux and Co*s, Liquor-pond-street, 
' IS 65§ feet in diameter, 25| hi^h, and ha? 56 hoojM from 

one ton to three tons each. Contains $0,000 barrels of porter ^ 

eonsistsof 314 staves of Eng;Ush oak, 2§ inches thick; has 

been 4 years building, and cost 10,0001. 
Portugese Court, removal of the, from Lisboq to the Brasils, 

NoY. 1807. 
Post office in Scotland in 1728 yielded nothing to the revenue ; 
, in 180<2, it yielded 35,T9tl. Us. 3d. At the forhier epoch it 

took ten^days to travel the distance which Is now performed \fi 

three. 
Post, twopenny, erected 1683 ; improved 1794. 
Powdering the hair lirst introduced, 1*590 ; a tax of a fj^uinea per 

year laid on those who wear hair powder, 1795. 
Powell, a lawyer, walked from London to York and back again 

in six days, Nov. S7> 171[3 ; above 403 miles; again June 20, 

1788, when aged 57. 
Presbyterian meeting: house, the first in En^iand at Wandsworth, 

\]i 6uf ley, Nov. 20, 1>72. 
Pressing se. men commenced, in 1355. 
(Pkince of Wales, the .title of, ^st given to the Kjng's eldest son, 

1286. 

Printing first practised ia Coi»tantinop1e, 1730 ; ahofishcd, i7'40 ; 
rcHMtablUhed, 17.84. 

Prisoners of war, all the persons who (lapp^ned tb he in France at 
the breaking out of war, detained/ contrarjr to the usage of 
nations. May, 1803. 

iVivileged places in London^ the following suppressed— Mtnories, 
Sali^bury-oouft, White Friars, Kam-alley, Mitre-court, Fal- 
wood's rents, Baldwiir's-gardens, the Savoy, Montagjce-close, 
Dea<|maQ'a-place, the Clink, and the Mint, 1690. Thislaat was 
not wholly suppressed till the reign of 'George I. 

Privy Council instituted by Alfretl, 896. 

Prize money is by Government divided intaeigh.t equal parts, and 
distributed in the following proportions. — Captain' to have three 

. . eighths, unless under the direction of a Flag Officer, who ha that 
case is to have one of the said three eighths *, Captains of marines 
^ and land forces, rea Lieutenants, &c. one eighth ; Lieutenants of 
Marines, Gunners, AdAiirals* Secretaries, &c. one eighth ; 
Midshipmen, Captain's Cleric, &c. one eighth ; Ordinary and 
able Seamen) Marines, &c. two eighths. Given at St. James's, 
thei7thday of April, I7g3. 

Promotheus struck fire from flints, about 1715 before Christ 5 he 
being the first person, is said to have stolen it from Heayen. 

Protectorate. That of the Earl of Pembroke began Qct. jaie ; 
ended by his death the same year— Of the Duke of Bedford, 
began I4ii ; ended by his death, Sept. 1435— Of the Duke 
of Gloucester, bfgan April, 1483; ended by his assuming the 
royal dignity, June, i483«*-Of Somerset, began 1547 } ended, by 
his resigoation, 1549— Of Oliver Cromwell, began Dec. 16/3 ; 



MEMORABLE EVIKNTS^ 3^ 

ended by hTs death* idss-^f Richard Crdmwell^ begfta 1651 ; 
ended by his resignation, April, '16>0« 

Protestants first began, 15 so*; a congregation of Spanich Protestants 
established in London, 1549- 

— permitted to have churches in Hungary, 1784, and 

'were protected in Germany. In France, 1701* 

Pirovisionsy London prices of, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
The following items are extracted from an old household account^ 
for the years 1594 and 1^05 :— 

Paid, 36th March, for 1 04lb. of butter received ont of Glou- 
cestershire, whereof lOlb. at 8} and the rest at ad. the I, s. dL 

lb. ... ' 1 6 t 

Salt for the said Butter . . . « . 

Carriage cf jihe said Butter from Bristol to London . 4 6 

P^id 29th March, for a fore quarter of lamb, with the 

head 9 3 

For a capon 13 

Nine stone of beef, at i8 pence the stone . • O 13 

A quart of malmsey 8 

For 4lb. uf soap , . • • . . o • o 10 

P&id, April 3, for a lamb • • • , r 5 

A dAzen of pigeons 0.24 

For 38 eggs O O 8 

Paid, April 0, for three pecks of fine fldur . • 3 

For a side of veal 8 

For a calf s head ... . • • . O 10 
For a pmt of daret wine • • . .- • 3 
A peck of oysters, July 31 • • i . . . O o 4 
Halfapeckof fiiberds, Aug. 19 .... 006 
Half a hundred of oranges, Feb. 9, 1595 . o o ^Q 

Public houses, a power of licensing them first granted to Sir Giles 
Montpesson and Sir Francis Michel, for their own emolument^ 
1620. ITidr number in Great Britain in 1790, was 76,000. 
The public-houses within the bills of mortality amount to 5,304, 
of which 943 are in >arry ; — the averaged annual consump. 
tion of ale and porter in these houses is 1,133,147 barrels, 
which at 4d. per quart, exceeds 2,495,9611.— -Three millioii 
gallons of gin and compounds are likewise consuAicd> costing 
nearly l,000,oool: in all aboolC three millions and a lialfa yeal. 
Of this money three' millions is expended by the labouring peo* 
pie only, and estimated to amount to about 28l. for each family 
perann. 

Gloakers, sixty were transported to AmericSi by order of council, 
1664 ; their afBrm^ion taken as an oath in the courts below, 
1096 ; one Johh Archdale, his election to a seat in parliament 
made void, on his refusing to take oath, 1698. 

Reay, Miss, killed in Covent-Garden, April 7t 1779. 

Records, the public, began to be reguhirly preserved and kept, 1100 ; 
by order of Edward I. ; the earliest, in English, bear date. 



9^ MEMORABLE EVENTS/ 

1415 ; ihou of Scodsnd, going ^m Landon, wtrelost.byihip 
wreck, 1^98. 
Bebellton in Ireland, , 1 808. 

Reformation began in England, by John WicktifTe, 1370 ; ih Ger- 
. inai>y, bjr Jerome of Prague, Lather and others^ about 1602 ; la 
Hune;ary, by Zirka, 1518; in- Swisserland, by ZuingUus, 1519 ; 
..in Denmark, I5ii ; in Sweden, 1523; completed in England, 
[ by Henry VIII. 3534 j ditto, in Scotland, 1547 ; in Hol]<ind, 

V 1552. 

Regatta on the Thames, June 23, 1775. « . 

Registers of births, marriages and burials, began in 153 3. 

Regimental clothing for the army introduced into France by Louis 
XIV. 

Hegnant Queen, the first in England, 1553. 

Religious houses suppressed in England, by Henry VIII. 1540 ; 
amounted to 1041.-— By the National Assembfy in France, in 
I7i)0, amounted te 4,500— By ^he Emperot c£ Germany, in 
17.05, near 200. 

Rent in England first made payable in money^ 1135," instead of 
kind. 

Reprisals at sea first granted, 1295. 

ijLevolutions remarkable, in ancient history.— The Assyrian em- 
pire destroyed, and that of the Medes and Persians founded by 
. Cyrus. the G;eat, 540 B. C. The Macedonian empire founded 
on the destruction of the Persian, on the defeat of Darius Codo- 

- fii^nus, by Alexander the Great, 331 B. C. The Roman em- 
. pire established on the' ruins of the Macedonian, or ■ Greek, ok)- 

I narchy, by Julius Caesar, 47. B. C. The Ea^lc»u empire founded 
by Constantine the Great, on the final overthroi«rof the Romans, 
A, D..30«. The empire of the Western Franks began under Charle- 
magne, A. D. 3o2. 1 his empire underwe;[ita new revolution, 
and became the German empire, under Hodolpb of Augsburg, 
: tlie head of the house of Austria^ A. D. 2 273, from whom it is 

, . ^Uo CiUled The Monarc^iy of the Aostrians. The Eastem'empire 
. parsed into the hands of the Turks, A.' D. 1300. 

Revolution in -England, in 1688— Poland, in 1704, and l7og, and 

\ 17^5— ^Turkey, in 1730 and 1808— Peisia, in 1748 and 1753 — 
Russia, in 16R2~, 1740, and i762*^Sweden, in .1772) and 
3809 — America, in "177.5 — France in 1799, Holland, 1795-— 
Venice,.May 17, 1797-~Rome^ Feb. 26, .1797.. 

Rhetor ick> R^ius Professor, established at Edinburgh^ April. 20, 
1762. 

{tiots in' British Histofy-— Some rioters^ Citizens of Ixmdon,' do- 
molisbcd the convent beloriging to Westminster A.bbey (. the ring- 
leaders wexe hanged) and Sie rest hid their hands and feet cut 
off, Henry III. A. D. 1221.. The goldsniiths' and taylors* 
Company fought in the streets of London $ several were killed oa 
each side: the shieriffs quelled iti and thirteen were hanged, 
2 2(32 — A riot at Norwich ; the rioters burnt the cathedral and 
monastery i the king went thither^ and saw the liogleaders ex« 



eevtedy 197 1— A riot in London in June i9*iS» tnd Df. limb 
Wlltd by the mol>— Another, under |>retence of pttHifi|^ dowm 
bawdy-houses ; four of the ringleaders hanged, 1688"— Another 
at Guildhall, at the election of sheriffs, 1082 ; several const4eiw 
able persons were concerned; they seized the lord-mayor ; but 
ihe city-lieutenancy raised the militia and released him $ the ri* 
oters were fined— At Edinburgh and Dumfries, on account 
of the union, I707^1n London on account of Dr. SacheveieTs 
trial; several dissenting meeting-houses brolce open, the pulph of 
one pulled down, and with the pews burnt in Lircoln's-tnn Fields, 
1709 — Riots of the Whig and Tory mohs, called Ormcnd and 
Newcastle mobs, s Georce L 171 5. The riot act paaed thb 
same year, great mischief having been done by both parties ia 
London.— The Mug-house riot in Salisbury-court, between th^ 
Whigs and Tories, one person shot dead by the master of the 
house; qudled by the guards, 17 10— Rioters in Herefordshire 
dcmolithed the turaptke ; quelled after a smart engagement wHh 
the posse eomitatus, 1735— Of the Spitalfields weavers, on ac- 
count of employing worktnen come over from Ireland ; the mi- 
litary and civil power joined to qtiell them, and some lives were 
lost, George II. 1780*-Between Irish, Welsh, and English 
haymalceri, 1730— At Edinburgh the mob rose, set fire to the 
prison-door, , took out Captain Porteos (v^o had been pardoned 
for letting his soldiers fire and kill one of the mob at a former 
riot) and hanged him upon a sign-post, and then dispersed, 
97a0M.Rjot of the Cotnisb tin-tntncrs, on account of the dear- 
neU of corn, 1737— Of the naiiors in Worcestershire ; ihe^ 
marched to Birminghanl, and obliged a!l the ironmongers to 
•sign a paper allowing them an advanced price on nails, 1787— 
Of some sailors, who Were robbed arid ill-used at a bawdy-house 
ia the Strand, and being assisted by a laige body, thev polled 
down the house and destroyed the fuinimre of several others, 
turning the bnl women naked into the streets, 1749 ; again in 
Southampton-street in the Strand, on the same occasion, I75f. 
Of the Spitalfield weavers : the Duke of Bedford narrowly es- 
caped being kilted, 17 05 — ^Of the people in all parts of England, 
on account of the dearae«p of piovislons, 17 06 and 1707— Al* 
mob in St. Georges fields, to see Mr. Wilkes in the King's 
Bench prison i the military aid indiscreetly called for by the 
justices of the peace, and several innocent persons, particularfy 
young Allen, fired upon and killed by the soldiers, 17O8— 
20,000 1, damage done to the public prisons and private buildtnis 
in London, June 0, 1780, &c. for which many were hanged— 
At Glasgow, amongst the cotton-manufiicturers, wheA several 
were killed by the soldiers, Sept. 4, i787-^At Btrming^m, on 
occasion of commemorating the Frenob Rtvolution, July 14, 
1791, when several houses were destroyed— In various pasta of 
Scotland, on account of the Militia Act, Aug. and Sept. 1797» 
when seveial were killed— A riot tit Maidstone, at the trial of A. 
OXonnor, anijoiheis, May S9, i79», at wbichihe Eulof Thnctf 



38 MEMORABLE feVEm^.' 

,,Mr.iFcM;u30fti'WJA.Otbc!s, .were active in cn4e%Vflfur^g l6 jes- 
'\jffie;4);yoiin9r,»A^d,£pV whjcix'tjicx Vcre tried aJD4;cQn viewed, 
.'. Apul 3^^. P^7o'^* - ^^ different parts.of .EbgLaad^ :^wuig^ to. the 
\l hi^t pnce;Qrbtfiid^Sej>t..i^a.'.., ' '„ ' . . . ?- .^ .. ,; 
Biizn^n £mp«ror, t)bo 6fst that prope^y'liad that title was Au|^as- 
,*.4U8 0ctaviu8, 07 betorc Christ. ., .•*,;*/ '\ „ 
^omajEi ladies poisoned theU "husbands, l^asufieri^ide^th /or it. 
♦ " This wa8.the first example of such a cnmc, 331. V*. ...«•. . 
iBome declared, itself independent at a'!<eyiubnc^.Fci6. iLd*, 1799, 
i when the Pope's authority, was annulled. 'j .^ 

.Boses first coQSfcrated, as ^i;es*ipnt8 from the Pope, X526..'^ 
^oyalNayy pf. England, the first so called. J.5i2, ^, ./ 
laoyal Record^ oi ^njjand first com tnenc^ed, M OU 1_ . * 

Bpyalty.Tfieatrpy ^ y^eU-stc«et». jlosemar^.'l^e| cj^ntd April 

JR')iMnJJp]^Slr George, thje English' mAsies .sx,^ikvn^^i^1d,}^^ 
' E^y f^fhffP^^ Bnd.c,arripd.'fn Pa^is; Oct. 257 180*^ -.^. - ' 
.Russif ^aa thcU , lipw year ixom J^, :( i^l 7 oo. • ' . . "J ' .- - 
|ljf^-ho)}fe plflt pr^enw;;lg^ i^ w that happeiipi} R Kewinarket, 
,; .Maytva^; 4is99r5red Jjili^^^^ './ ,,; V*- : 

.$amp.spa4)uUed do)^n xlie tfra^ of DagQiu.an3. destre^ical. S^oo 
i ;.45!5i^stines,/ Vi]L7 be6>r«:\C^^ . ",',.....,**, . .,*'.. 

SardinljiLn King relinqf^ished T.urin'afid'all Piedniont!|o Uus French, 
» P(:c, 1^, I7,9s'^. when he rctirea to Sardinia.' . .-^.^V.! 
iSwAflfii^t arrived i a Britaiiv 449» froru %einf]g^]iJi'|t^eiQ; ships, 
,^.. -conaoaanded by Hengi^Vand Horsu^ ^ ." .-. % ;...:> .^ 
(Sealing chafters.and.deei^ first use^' m.England, lOQi.-'. y. ' , 
£fials; rnot oipclji lA use with the $axons^ hiit th^y^ signed.parch- 
j».;inei>ts,witt); the crossi, impre^ioi^ olf lead being afi^xed.. -^^bere 
^ , yras'^aj/eal pf Kiijg Jidward'f, at Wtfstpiifister, s^toiiV. |488. 
Coats of Arm? were not lojuroduced into seals. till 121 8^ . Great 
'.,; Vea|/)f i^ngland-fi^stused.tq Crown grai^ts^Ac.;i(X50 *. stolen in 

,•'*;»*• r". .*•>'' ,", .' . ■ •'..'.: •. ;..N ' '* -5., . 

.Jfame.n's Wages ^W0re.adv3nced. by G9vernjp€«t,»Ap^^^ '%^ ^797- 
.I'he purser's .deduction of one*^kt)th of j^rovl^ions taki^ ofi^ 

'Seasy the .^^vercignty .of^riglai^d^pver ifie Brit\sh,!,.pwintained 
■•..by S^defij and ;fneMv»fe^ vakcn bytlieGoveTOitiipnt in conse- 

- .;.qupncpj 8 Chs^rlps.^, 163jl. », , \,^-.> . •.. / 

vS^mger Eadeoa ^^tjijuid, as* thcinpt^o for the. arms' of r&n§Iand, 

j. .,D^C.l^,.'i;P'2,.'; 'Arr.!!-. ^ J r.'^: ': ./ . r^sV- • 
Sfeeq). ftqs:v.E»»5l*^4. fitsf {wroutted, td be^eent ^$p«iil, which 
J [.ba&iiiin^e i^aj^ed^ui.nfijuiu^caire, iji67.^; lije-numbftt in Eng- 

♦. jiftjid .i&ifrorji a'g.^la, ^^jiniltionsl i J he! ..^alke pi i||e» wool, 

,frtl^%S'*^nRHa,^)yH«ftW^^ 9f; 5,QOO,i)pol,M,Kuitajpr. of persons 
>; 2|5SRfteyp4.,>"n|25^"^*^S*''*J^*PS »t,,are.^above.O|ie m^Ulion.. From 
.'•()f5?e.^S<>j ^HV^S^ ^^ copsumcr^^jf ^ij^^c ot^^P^b passes through 
/. «rH*i^!*^^ii&Cttt>^nf^.,l^ ,' ^.'^^ ;,. /-' *, ..; 

■ first appointed m Lbnaop, ir89« 



M|:fiip^];L^. EVENTS. ^ 

Shcn'fiof Londjopj fifty. apgoimcd Ip one day,, thirty- five of whona 
paid their fines,* July i, 17.34. ' * * ' ' 

Shrewsbury, the church of St. Chad at, was (!6stroyed b^t its toYver 
felling, July lly 1788. 

Silver Plate, or vessels, first made use of in Ehejand, byWelfred, 
a Northumbriaa bis|iop, a^ofty and ambitious ihan, 70.9.; silvei 
knives and forks, spooos, 4nd cups, a very great Juxuiy'j laoo.- 

Silver Penny the lar^e^Jt cpia in England, laci. 

Silver falsea from three shlUings and nine -pence to four shillings 
per ounce, 1544. 

Siraames introduced into England by the Normans^ and* .adopted 
by the Nobility, 1200. 

Slave-Trade firomCpngoJ^sv^ 4Agola« began by The Portuguese ii^ 
uaa,., ■ • '.; . * ■ 

-i—- — ^ began wiib lEftglancV 1563 ; In SSuth America, ,1 559*'; 
abolished by the Quakers, 1784. Their, inipoilatioh by Abb^ 
Raynal is saJi4tpJ|^ve^fpQ9jPop^oO0L.of staves^ of which it it 
said to ^e ^y^0,(> kan\i^y,'_A^iak ^aynal s^y? there 'aVeiijj 

' Atit<?i(^,and tKe*WestIhdV^V^lW>4ii6iboo. * ' '' 

ia/fGSX5rcStBifitafnparctia's6ir '"' ba^loo ' ■'' 

. • ; ^HoW^ni:, ,. ...^ ... 'ii,3ot> •' ^ 
^^ 'FoTtugat ^ ■ •• ' ' ; - V &,ro(> * ' *• 

, .-.,.. -. '. . 104,100 at. aWut ^ 
^^£3p]^,iEbipha9iQunta'&J^?82^(K^^ sterling, bpt bdughtb^ba/- 
ter.. , tnTlp3> ^ey soLd.'jpdjUi' average for 3ol. oj^35K each/*TA 
17S4 tiiq.$ivcp in tlae^' Wjppt ljf4j* Islands, Ipelprigirig. to Great Ur|- 

^sk» mie !*, •; . ;. :^ -,- /;. ". \ ■ ;.^ : .\, ■ 

Ihlknjaica . ^^t^ ^'.^ \' .^^jW \] ,' . T 
fiarBadoes "* .'' ' ^ * , * * 8p,ooo.' 
Antigua . -•,,%■' 3^000 

; ,j. ^pccaadaiyDKl-^tlvsGrpnadin^ ' 4.0,090 
. j*36 Chri^tppfiijr'^ . •/' ^.27,000 . 

St. Vincent's ' ' , •" "•' 15,000. 
Dominica . . ... 1 &,oqa 

Anguilla, Tortola^^p. ... ,' i4,doo,. 
:. tjkvis. -7 * ..' . ^ • * 1.9,009* 
Mpnt^ieirij^ ' * \'i . ' '. 9»oob. 



\ 



. ....: .,^ . /.'.*.*.-"/•' . '."' ^^ I o^bpo staves V 
In 1768, Uwre wpre ;o4,'qo6 bought in tli© W^sf Indies all 51, 
each, amouxktln^ to 1^582,900!. sterling, cTiiefiy by bar(er. The 
trade abolished by the Fi-encn Convention, 1794. By the, Bri- 
tish jwjlia^ment^ ,1 8|pZ# . . ' . 

South-^ea'schcrafr in tn^land vanished* 17 2o, which rujiied se- 
veral hundred families. » . 

^thwvk iaU lesliratified ^1-1743 ; abolished U62« ^ ^ 



^ire contained ia one 
solid inch. 



40 IVfEMORABLE EVENTS. 

SpaceSi many determined by the following calculation of Jedediah 
fiuzton» of filmtoo, neai Chesterfield^ in Deibyshlre, wfio 
proved, in 1751, 
aoo Barley corns 
300 Wheat coxes 
513 Rye corns 
180 Oats 
40 Peas 
35 Beans 
80 Vetches 
100 Lintels 
3304 Hairs one inch long 
Speaker of the House of Commons first chosen, 1840. 
Spot or Macula of the sun, more than thrice the bigncst of oui^ 

earth, passed tiie sun's centre>, April 3l> ' 1706. 
Spurs in use before 1400. 

Standing armies began in France, by Charles VII. ia 1445. 
Stadtholder and family obliged to quit Holland* on the French 
aking possession of the United States* Jan. 21* 1795* vid re- 
tired to England. 
Steel may be made three handled times dearer than standard gold* 
weight for weight ; six steel wire springs lor watch pendulums . 
weigh «ne grain* to the artist 7s. dd. cadi* equal to iL 58. ^ one 
grain of gold only ad. 
Stone cured hy a medicint* for which government paid Mri. Sue* 

▼ens a premium* June 1739. 
Stone bullets in use in England so late as 1 514. 
Stonehenge, near Salisbury, had some of its massy uprights* with 
a trihilion or top stone, thrown down by the thaw, Jan. i* 1797. 
Store cask for a brewery was made by Mr. Lsytoo* In Soutliwarkf 
which would contain 8000 casks of lO gallons each. Its dia^ 
meter 55 feet 6 inches, audits depth SO feet* all of £ngUshoaIb 
Finished, Jan. 1792. 
Strand* London, first built on* 1358. 

Strangfofd, Lord, of Ireland, suspended from voting la the Irish 
House of Lords* for soliciting a bribe in the cause of Rochfort 
and Ely, 1784. 
Stratford Jubilee, Sept. 6, 1769. 
Straw used for the king's bed, 1234. 

Style altered* by Aug. Csfesai's ordering Leap Year to be but once 
in lour yean, and the month Sextilis to be called August* eight 
years before Christ ; again it was altered by Pope Gr^ory* who 
took twelve da^ off the calendar in 1583 ; the Gregorian stjrle 
received at Pans by taking off ten days, Dec. is, 1583 ; re* 
Ceived at London* by taking 1 1 days off the calendar, Sept. 3, 
1752. 

Subscription Loan to GoTemment for 18 millions to carry on the 
war sgainst France was filled in i5 hours 30 minutes, pec. 5^ 
1796. » 

Subsidies raised upon the subjects of England for the last time hy 
James I. 16? 4. 



Saprfsmacy of thf - Pp|^ i^veribe fimperor. mtiodiiced, ^ao^T " 
- The first j>fim:e\hat'al*aok off the yoke of Rome; 

and seeded the suprem^cf ia iii«isdf» was Henry VIII. 1533. 

Sofffey cjifial Uufik opened at JlotJferbithe, 1807 . 

Survey of England made, at first by order of Alfred, 900 ;. bv 
William the CoDq]ier«r» ^)080 ; •by/Cbftrlcs li. 1068.: . 

SwcMing) the v'icft;of, intfodaoedy 1^73. ' . : -. . 

Sw¥d«|i fesigq[edHl^irpreiQg»ti^ to the crowt,, ^y Tit. 

Swojd of State carried at an English king's coronation by % king of 
Scotland, 119*. • • •'.. • • • > .. 

Talmud made 117 beforeiClimti. . . . . ^ . -> 

Tar- water firat recooiiBended iiy .Bishop fierkel^, 1744. ' 

Tea destroyed ac Bostim by the inhabitants^ 177 8 > in abbprrendb 
of English' taxes ; foi^ whiefa they weie sevefelgr penislied by :the 
faglisb parliftment, inApjll, 1774..- " - 

Tedbury churchy in Gloucesteul^re, idldowny Nov. i;f, it7o. 

Theatre ; that of Bacchus, at i.th<ens, the fiiac ever erected, : bttiR 
by Pbiios, 4ta.bcfote Chriat. The ruins atiUcxistF^T he firil 
royal licence for oqe in England nt^s in 16/4, to James Bbiba^e 
and , four others, A^utvantt SoAo fiarl of Leioestef , : twviGt piays at 
the Globe. Kankside, or in any part of England ; but longbiefore 
their rti me 'miniclet: wfre. .xepesiented m <he opdn jfields, '#hefie 
the^vil Appeared in peii9qn on tiaeatage, shearing tttebffistln of 
liagB^ heneei.the oki psoiierb,.::** Grcaticryaiitf little£wooi.V*^ 
Plays were opposed by the Puritans, 1633, and suspendeA^'till 
I6ap«# wtven^ .C;iuirk8.dL . bceased cvvd ! eoapanks, KitlS^T^!s 
and 0avenant's$ the first at the Bull, Vere-strnet, Chire-fdar- 
kety which in a year orrtewsf^wm «emovedto DriirT^lane; .s& 
now; the othnr in J^oistttrgardens. Till thae time boys .p«i^ 

. itdBtd'. yrotaex^s. pwta*.. .B'v'. WiUiaih Oavcnant- intmduoell 
operas, and both companies united, 1.684, and joontioned tt%e' 
tber till 1694 ; when, from the reduced saktrijes given tut' the 
p^^teoMC^ ilie?prinia»le«f.tbtm^ under Beueiton,. idbtsmed k 
licence, and withdrew to Portugal-street, 'Li»coki's<ian-fialds^ 

• in 1(195. ... -; ,,i. .■.,' . . '■' .^.' •.;•■■ >; - 

Theatrical representations iatfodnddd inCd fnglandt m l^W^-^ 
iG«^Reiy,; pdof ofiiSt &wiChi&W; W|»c]leBler. 

Tbkf-l»]FBfs.iQ9ndenQ9Kl»hd.4i)llQi«edinSrnfthficid, iMiieh 17A5. 

Xhimhflly JfC' of Sfeihrn/. rbde %i.& miles in 12 hw^ 17 mbnites, 
Apmi ap,}^Ui^ '•*' -4 b. .. . . til ' '. < * 

Tithes were first established in England in 894, ' « ■ 

Titkfl^ /first cresAooi to,?fay tpalmits;! xsm, TiclM- Myal-T-^^TtM 
^o^ing ^Ab^naeceaskm in (which' tke «oy3tl f ities 8#eUe«^ in 
Bn^ttaA'. Htmf IV.^tad tbetntle of ><.:Grace" confarr«K)n 
Un ; tteoff Vi^ tkat of ««t^arilent iGMce ;** Bdwiffd I VL that 
«f « High.MidAliBh^>«Fii«ce;'MfienPy'VIi.'** HighneiHi" 
Hcn^ VUfes^ioMaiKtyi^!-! (kod^^as etoe fi«s&and last that t^as 
Btiled '< Dread Sovereign ;*') and James I.^«lNit«f:*:* SaCY^i," 
or «• Most ExccttotI M^»flSl)r.V ..TbiMo»^ilii«eity*' wl««»ii 
fivcn to Xxtuis XI* of France ; before, it was the title only of 
X a 



4? MEMORABLE EVENTS. 

Emperors ; the Kingt of Airagoa, Cntile, and ^rtngftl, btd 
the title only off ** Highness }" those of England, *• Your 
Graoe;" those of Fiance, ** Your Despotism.** 

Titles of honour abolished in France by the National Assembly, 
1700. 

Tilts and tournaments institutiwl in Germany, 919* 

Time first computed from the Christian seia, 510; in hiacmy, 
7S4 ; in Spain, 19M ; in Arragon and Castile^ I39S } in Por- 
tugal, 14 Id. 

Toll first demanded by the Danes of vessels passing the Sound, 
1341 ; first paid by vessels passing Suden on the Elb^ 11 90. 

Toll gates, or turnpikes, first in England, I69d. 

Tolls gathered in I^ndon, first for repairing the highways of Hoi- 
born, Gray*s*irm-lane, and St. Martin's -lane, IS40* 

Tombs of the kings of France, in the Abbey of St. Dennis, were 
ordered to be destroyed by authority, Oct. 14, 1793. ^ 

Tontines first established at Paris, 1658. 

Torture abolished in Sweden by ordc; of the king, i;60 ; in Po- 
land, 1770-— abolished in Prance by edict, Aug. 95, 17 so. 

Touching for the King's evil introduced by Sdwaid the Confessor, 
1040. 

Tourlone, Cardinal, high inquisitor at Rome, dragged out e# his 
carriage by a mob, and hung on a gibbet 50 feet high, 1790. 

Tournaments began in 170; instttuted by Henry, Rmpenir of 
Germany, 919. 

Tiagedy, the first acted «t Athens, on a waggon by Thespia, *85 
before Christ. 

Treaties with any foreign nation began 1317. 

Tfoy, destruction uf, June 11, 11 84 before Christ 

Tnimpets first sounded before the Kings of England, by older of 
Ofl^, Kin^ of Mercia, 790. 

Turkey trade began, 1330. 

Turkey ships navigated by Greek saiWrs, the first arrived at Lou- 
don April 5, 1797« 

Turnpikes fust legsilly erected in England, 1668. 

IQcraise, the, colcmized with Russians, 1758. 

Pnion o{ the crowns of England and Scotiand, 1608 ; of the tsro 

. :kingdoms.attempted, 1004, but failed; again ditto, I67»; car- 
ried into cfiect, May 1, 1707* and thence the islindis calU^A 
Great Briuin ^ union of Britain and Irehmd took place Jan. 
i» 1801. 

Venerea] diieaie was brought into Europe inthefirst\roy8geof 
Columbus, and broke out in the French army in Naples 1494 ; 
whence the French term, nud de NapUti in the Ketheilands 
-and England it obtained the appellation of mtd de Frmmce, 
though in the latter country it was known so early as th^ lath 
century; about the same period, too, at Ploien^i onTofttie 
Itfedici fiimily d^ed of it.H 

Vcnttf > hex uwHit ovcc the luni ^nac 8} i6oo» 



MEMORABLE EVENTS. 4^ 

Vestal Virgin, one who broke the vow, bttrted«1iv« at Rotncy 
337, Bet. Ch. agreeable to the institutes of Numa Pompilius. 

Volantarf ^ontribations for the support of government againu 
French measures, amoanted to a milKofls and a half, I796» 
and 3oo»oool. were transmitted to England from India, in 1799* 

Votes of the House of Commons first piinted, 108J • 

Voyi^ round the wortd, the first, 1515. 

I ...i-. bf Sir Francis Drake, 1580. 

' ■ by the Dmch^ first in I5y8 ; secondly in 

1614. 

Wales, Prince of, committed to prison, for assaulting a Judge oil 
the bench, 1419. 

Ward, John, of Hackney, expelled the House of Commons for 
forgery. May lO, i7a6. 

Warren Hastings, after a seven years litigious trial, was acquilSted, 
ApfUaa, 170». 

Wars <Htb Spain, between 1589 and 1593, cost Queen Elizabetll 
1,300,0001. besides the double subsidy of iso.oool. graufed by 
parijansent. In the Iritb lebellion she spent d,4oo,oool. in 
ten ycaiB, The expences of the war of 17^0 cose England 

90,000,0001. 

Warsaw constituted a Duchy, and annexed to the House of 
Saxony, Aug. 1807. 

Waste^lands, 3,837*000 acr^of, reclaimed in England betwcea 
the years 1700 uid I8OO. 

■ in Great liritain, by examinatioii in 1704, were found 
to be 99,851,000 acres ; which if cultivated and inclosed reck- 
oning an annual inciease of es. per acre^ the annual rent would 
amount to \(»/>sl ,9iO\. ; and on aaopposition that the yearly 
produce would be iL 7s. per acre,, or three rents, it would be 
worth se,o|3,85ol. per annum to tkie community. 

Watch, there waa no night-watch in London, 1 180. 

Water mixed With wine in the Sacrament, fir^t introdoeed, 129* 

sold in the 'West Indies lot is. a.pail-liill,- 1781. ^ 

Weekly bills of mortality round London began I0o3. 

Weighing engineer beam, a public one set up in Loiidon, and all 
eommodities ordered to be weighed by the city ofiloer, called 
the wesgh-master, who was to do justice between buyer and 
seller, atat. 8 Hdw. il. laoo; 

West India Docks completely opened, July 19, ]4O0« 

Wet Docks in Wapping, called the London Docks, the first stonl^ 
of, laid June 90, 1809 ; opened ao Jan. 1805. 

Wet Dock opened: at Lcitfa,. lio6. 

Weymontb, &-c.' visited by the King and Royal Family, July 
lyso. 

Whsle Sthttf, the fiiat by the Dfil6h,'i596 ^ by the English at 
SpttsbeigcD, 1 S98« 



Whales kitted At Nenrfc^ndland and Iceland for their <A\ onty^ 
1S70 ; the it» of their bones and fins not yet knovift, conse- 
,fMBil^-«0 flHirt nom by Jwiiea* V 



Wbalds, siv w^rc driven aabmeiaa stoiWy WR .tlie-.o^ast .of 
England, Feb. 9,. 176^ ; one kUl«d above itoodon-liridge^ in 
Sept. 178i; one 19 feet lon|^,iva5kiUedat£x«cutipfi Dock, 

' Aug. 32, 1796 i onekiUedat HuU« Nov. 17^7; another in 
in the Thames, Sep^ 17^ ; and aAolbier at;X49itb . the same 
mcnth; eighteen driven on sbpra ,at St. Fergus in ^ootland^ 
Oct. 1800; one taken in th^ JDowBf , and another, Qame oa 
shore near Arklow» in; Ireland, in Oct. ia02f the..laUer lauis 

, 80 ieet long;. One exhibited to the populace. Jiaar..Liondoii 
bWdge, March, 1809. The blubber was valued at l&QK 

)S^ieat produced annually in, England, and Wales--amauiHa to 
a(*,000,006 bushels ; 20,000 sacks are consumed- woelcly in 
Z^oudpn. It waft near ^HQs. per sack in 17^ whenhiHradiwa^ 

* 5s. a peck loaf. A single grain of Tartarian oat was ^liuAted 
at Beverley in Yockshire, in 1795^ from the root 18 stalka 
sprung, and produced 8,280 grains. 

y '■■ ' ■ sold for ^Os. per quarter, equal to.61. now» 1193* 1194, 

. and 1195 ; beans for ISd. a quarter, and oats for 4d« 1216 ; 
wheat sold in some places for 12d. a quaister, and Jiot. uany 

I year^ ailer for. ^..a. bushel .as jasuob m 4\. naw, 1286 ; 
sold for 40s. a quarter, as much as 81. now, 13i$ ; sold for 
31. a • bushel, IBl^j.fioJd for 40s. a quart^r^ •as.mueh as flOs. 
a bushel now, 1335; sold in London for 4s* aquarter, M93, 

^ J(9 the oeig^n of. ..:.>.. . , j. 

fc... , ' Mary I. ttjoUf^ri; - . 

,EMzaboth ......; ^ 

. , .- , J^mes L ' . • • • k, ' 

£<Charlesl. 4 » . 

, , .. J. CbarlealL .# ,- 1 u . '- 
James II. •''«}<« *■ * 

William and Macy a* t.» ' 
. ,. ^ne -'v • 

George I, . #4 - . • - 
George II. ' • .. ■ J . . 
, Cf^^XKellh (1809) 
Whig and Tiory-foctions took their rifiembowt I049> atfid were>at 

their gfeatest height about 1T04. " ^a > v' : a .- 
Whitehall preachers first appointed by tha two saavenities, 
April5, 17«4. -.^ v . ,• ) : .. :. / ' 

S^iteTQSM^ s^viend knocked down for wcarin;^e|D| 4tHie 10» 

1716. ' ■•••.. -f r- •• .5 *'.:• ,'•. 

Wigs, full bottom, were first wora fcytiie J«d|cg la MMi * \ 
WJJ4mshwii><yM^d,..i(y4(l{.> '. t .> . .i*.;...- .. 

Wills to devise lands were first permitted under restrictiwft'by 
uH^xy ViU: UniversaU^-^ATreal prdpeity at Uttr itetuirft* 

tion. .-*•»• ,.'••-•;•. ?t' w"- 

WlHs <Sf sQiwteigii<:, the first m Mcord^ mdk: H, l»^. ^-m: : \ 
i¥it«hrrift ivas pretty mucb JbeUevod .«ia theMt 6ilv ventaryqi ia 
the reign of Henry VII. a wcnutfli ^m^MoMIMi «irtiii^«pp- 



L 


6. • 


d. 


.0^ 


£ 


•8 


K0. 


9 


^ 0^ V.-. 


M ii£ 


ik ' 


Q 


14. 


iO- . 


: 1 





Q.'.: 


1 


4 


41 jr- 


i 


11 


0- , - 


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'jO- :•• 



ACcrt>£NTS» E.\kTHQXJAfC£S, PAAflNCS, ice. 4S 

|M>5ed crime by the sheriff of D^v^n ; €(Kf were executed for' 
it in France, 1609 ; Gr^ndiere, a priest of London, burnt 
foe bewitching a wboW convent of nuns, 1634 ; twenty wo* 
men were executed in Bretagne, 1654'; and nine more were 
burnt ia Poland, 1775. 
Wood's halfpence sent to- 1 relknd, 173^ 
Wool. One pound oi* wool has been span to the lien^ih as fol* 
laws: 

A tee of woollen yarn measures Sa len^h 80 yards. 
A bank of ditto, by the custom of Norwich, consists of seven 

lees. 
Twenty>four hanks in the pound is esteemed ^od spinning 

in the schools, 13,440 yards. 
Seventy hanks in the pound is esteemed saperfine spinning at 

Norwich, 3d,200 y^^d^, or 2 1 miles. 
^iie hundred and fifty hanks in the pound were spnn'in 1754, 
by Mary Powyle, of East ip>ereton, in Norfolk; and this 
was thought so extraordinary, thac an account of it is re* 
gistered at the Royal Soeiety, 85,000 yards, or 48 miles. 
Woollen goods first exported from Ireland to a foreign market^ 

Jan. 15, 1780. 
Tear, the Julian, regulated by Jolius Casa«*, 45, B. C. 
Yellow fever made great ravages in the West fta^ islands, 

1794. 
Yeomen of the Guards were the ftrst military establishment, 

1485. 
Yoke, the ceremony of making prisoners pass nnder it, wat 
us^ hy the Samnites tows^'ds the Romans, 39 1> B. C. 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, FIRES, 
FROSnrS; INUNDATIONS, STORMS, TEMPESIS, &c. 

ABBEVILLE, in France, nearly destroyed liy an explosion of 
gunpowder, when ISO of the inhabitants perished, and 100 
bouses were destroyed ; the loss susuined was estimated at 
472,^17 livws, Nov. 1773. 

Abhotflbttfy had S2 houses destroyed by fire, Oct. 1784. 

At3ietbiii7had 30 houses burnt, May 6, 1773. 

Aldbeum, in Wilts, had 200 bouses burnt, Aug. S3, 1777. 

Alexandria library destroyed by fire 47 years before Christ, 
whieh containcKl 400,000 manuscripts. The second lihrary 
of Alexandria, oonsisting of 700,000 volumes, was totally de- 
stroyed by t^ Saracens, who heated the water for their baths 
for six months, by burning books instead of wood, at the 
command of the caliph Omar, €40, 



46^ ACCIDENTS, J^RTHaUAKES^ PAMiy ES, &e» 

4UferiQe xebeC} of 3^ g^y\Sx y^* lost ia MouAt^s ^a^i Cornwall » 
• m Sept. 1760. ' 

Atresford, in Hampshire, totally burnt, 1 160. 
Am^rsbury, in*\ViIt^ire> had 10,0001. damage done by a fire» 

tbat destroyed 32f houses, Jiine 3, t751. '_ . 

Amphion frigate was blown up at Plymouth'^ Sejpt ^^> ^T96^ 

rwhen all the crew penshe^. ^ 

Amphitheatre at Fidonia fell in, and killed' 50,000 people^ 

A. D, 26; the ruins of it now reipajn at Castel Gin>elio.> ,. 
Acnsterdam opera-house, burn.tj 150' persons lost their liiees, 
' 1779f. TTie Admiralty-house, and its valuable stores^ were 

destroyedbyfixe, J«My^, 1791. ' ' 

Andover, Lord, killed while delivering his fowlmg-pieQe to the 
, servant, Jan* 8» 1,801. . i, 

Anson frigate wrecked^on th^ coast of Cornwall, Jan* 1B08. 
A{>oUo's temple. at,Antioch burnt, 363 before Clhdst. . * 
Apollo frigate lost, aHo great pact of the crew perished^ o|f Pbr- 

tugajl, April .3, 1804. ,. , . .. ' *, 

Archangel, in Russia, damaged t>y ,a ^I'^'adfulBre^ 1763.4 had 
.200 houses, destroyed bj^afire, Oct. 16, 17^7 ; its catnedr^ 
' and other public edifices burnt, June S9> 1793, naakijng.^Uo- 

gether ^ONOO dwcUin«?« ^ r ... ,„ **', ,. 

Artjhind8chau>'inX«rk«y^,iilesJj'oyjedJ)y an earthquake, whei^ 

i*2,000 inhabitants were'buried in the i^insj '1784. . . . ' 
Arsenal, the, atXorunna^ in ^S^J^^stiioxs^YArft^ ijfXcxijpj^ 
"persons were killed, arid 50 wounded, March u, l794, ' / 
|^ey*8 theatre and Id houses destro^edlb^c^fire, Ai^g^^^ ^^^ 

' again feept. 2, 1 8Q3, when 40 houses. w«^rc burnt." , . ' ' . ' 
Attaquia, in Syria, was destroyed by an earthquake, Mth 300O 

inhabitants. May 5, 1796. 
Aubern, in Wiltshire, had 72 dwellings, of 20,0001. vahie, de- 
stroyed by a fire, Sept. 18i 4TS0i " -■- 
Aurora frigate lost, and never heard of after, 1771* 
Avelino, a city of Naples, destroyed by an earthquake, Nov, 29, 

m2i-^r • ••■(' "• . ' .^ <••-.. /--v:- '-A 

Bahama Isl^ repe^ved Hntyeose- da^iage ^mqns^ phe r^tfipv^ by 
a storm, in Oct. 1796 ; again from a storm and iouudatiou 

-, July 22, 1801.. . - ' - f , ;- • • - 

Balbec totally obliterated by an earthquaWp, D.ec.^^ 17^9. . - 
, Balow, in Russia, had 458 bouses destroyiid by fir^^j^OS. 

Baltimore, in America, was nearly destroyed *by nre, BecV 4. 
1796. , .. ^ . > . f ,. .' 

Banbury, in Oxfordshire, had Us church and tower f»U.dowu for 
wantofrepair, Oec. 16, I79O. . ';. . . . ,. 

Barton-Stacy, in Hamphire, had 27 houses, h^sides out-hovisea, 
destroyed by iire, May ^, 1792. ; 

Barb^doeb had two 4readfi^l fires,,M&y &ud Dec. ,17962 and Oct. 
16, 1784 ; ,a peregrination of tpe earth de^troy^d several ha> 
bitations, mills, &c. damaged by a storm, Scpt,.^, 17365 and 
an inundation, in Nov. 1795. ., :• 



. Barkway greatly .dami\|?ed by f(re».Aug;. 10^ IT4^. 
Baruwell, near Cambridge, destroyed by a ^re^ Sept. 36,^ i^5l ; 

again Dec, I ^1757. * / 

Bath burnt 1 1 16 ; and ^ain 1137; a fire on the 'South .Parade 

(Hd SOOOI. damage, tfune $4, 1756, - . ' . * 

Bath stage waggon^burnt on, Salisbujfy Plain, with its valuabjf 

lading, by <ibe wheels taking flr«, May 20, 1758. 
Bayonne, in France, the chapel df the new castle at, was blown 

up by gunpowder, aq^ IQO-persqn&lort .their U)|e9»- July lO^ 

1793. '•* ' 

Beccles, ia 3uffo)k, reoeived SQ,OOOU damage by fire, K^v/$2^ 

1588, by §0 houses being destroyed. • 
Bedford had 60 houses destroyed by fire, IVfay.'SS, 180^; . " ,' 
Bellin^ham, in NoHhuihberlaAd, had S5 houses burnt, A^ig. 95, 

irso. ■ ^ '■' ••" • ' •■ ^ "•'■.; ■ . '^'"^ , 

Beiton, in IUit^Qd$hire» bad 27 hou9es,Jbesides barns^ &c. d^ 

sCroyedbyfire,'lS!ray 2;r,'t77f. ■. " ' , . 
BengewbrJ)!,^ near JEvexstaml' had. 12 Rouses burnt, Aug. ^5, 
i75cr. - .- • -^ . •• T ^ • - .-■ - - . 

Bere.R^s»:.in«Dop^tshirp^))%d.42 hou$Q9, besides, put-hous^ 

de.stroyedW'fire., yune 8,. Ii8^. ' '*' .. - 

^ergh^, in Norway, had 1660* families bufnt out of their 

dwellings, 1756. '. ' 

BigglesDvade nearly destroyed by a fire, Jfune 16, 178^5. 
Billing, GreatV in Northamptonshire, had its steeple destroyed 

by lightning, April \l, 175J^. . , 

Billin^gate, a great fire there, 1718, and Jan. 13, 1753 ; agaijn 

May 14, 180^, when the loss was.estiniated.atnear 70,000 1. 
Bingham, Sir John's, .casjtle, in Irelapd, burnt, 50,0001. damage, 

Nov.* 11, 1755. -••.•-•• • • :;• , ; . . ^ /^' 
Birnunghana theatre destroyed^^by fi/e, Aug. 16; 17^2. 
Bhndf6rd,'in Dorset,- buriif, June'4', 173 1; 300 housed"; agaitt 

1775. - ..,;.>.. :.-..- ..■' : ..;,.. 

Btisworth, near. Northampton, haJ50 dw^iin^g-hpdSetf,, Bjtsitles 
out-houses, destroyed by fire, May 28,"" 1793, . . ' ' . ' 
Bois-le-duc, in Languedoc, destroyed Vy § vfol,ent'x;;tiff, 1^70. 
Bonjbay7»^f}X;/^?^WJ5d by fire, an^ ^^^y ^*^*^?, 1^*% Feb'/23^ 

Bon, tW palace of jthe'I^Qcforal Piihce of Col6gli ^HjereJ,\vas 
buriaf, Jan. js.'ip't^, to ijiei va\ue of J2O0/069I. / 

Boston, in New'Eno^and, gustained a loss by fir^ of it's court- 
house and 'records, Dec. ^3,. 1747} agaui^ oTabo^e 100,0001. 
March ^i^'T^O; ag^jiji in 17^i;; 17^3, ana i775;'^g;iirv 
April '20, 1787, lOO housep bjurn^ ;, attain. July ^.3; I7i?^"wlieft 
it received daffi^e,to' tl?e amoiint olf ^OQ,OO01.; agJiin iuUec- 




U ACCIDEKTS, EARTHQUAKE?, FAMINES, &c. 

Boyne man of ynr^ of 96 guns, was'desiroyed by lire at Ports*. 
inoutb, when great misdiief was done by tbe explosion of the 
ftragazine, on May 1, TTffS, 

Bradford, in Wiltshire, damaged by a fire, A]>ril 30, 1740. 

Bradstow-pier, in ICent, was desti^yed by a storm, Jan. 2, 
J767; lebuUtin 1772. 

Bremen greatly damaged by an explosion of gunpowder, when 
1000 houses were destroyed, and 40 persons killed, Sept. 10^ 
4739. 

Brescia, in Italy, netily destroyed by an eitplodon of gnnpow- 
der, Aug. a, 1779. 

Brest magazine, 400 yards long, was destroyed by fire, to the 
value of 7^000,000L in stores, 1>cside& the building, ^an« 19, 
1744; Marine Hospital burnt, with 50 galley-slaves, Dec. 1, 
1766i magazine, &c. destroyed "by fire, July 10, 1784, to the 
value of 1,000,0001. 

Bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, neatCadi^, fell down as soon 
.as finished, while receiving the benediction, send killed se- 
veral hundred persons that were over and under it, F«b. Si?, 
1779. 

Bridge-town, Barbadoes, destroyed by afire, AmtiI 18, 1668; 

. bad 16.0 dwelling-houses destroyed by a fire, Feb. 8, 1756^ 

' again, 130, Feb. 14, 17^8; again. May I4,n66i again. Dee. 
$7. 1767. 

^ij;hthelmstone block -house washed away by the sea, Nov. Ifl, 

,Br«dy, in Gallicia, had 1500 houses burnt. May 5, 1-801. 

Broomsgrove nearly destroyed hfy an inundation from a water- 
spout falling, April 13, 1792. 

jdrussels greatly damaged by a fire, and the ducal palace con- 
sumed, Jan. 3.U 1730. 

Buckingham tower fell down and destroyed the church, March 
26, 1776, 

Bungay, in. Suffolk, bumt^ March I, 1689. 

Burwell, in Cambridgeshire, had a barn with 160 persons in it, 
to see d puf^pet-show, set fire to by earel,essiie&s, and, except^ 
.6, were all bprnt, S«'pt. 8, 1727. 

Pury, iffLancashire, had Its playhouse, containing upwards of 
.^00 persons, fall down, during the perfoi;mance, and buried 

' the audience under its ruins; fivesrere killed on the spot, 
and many had tbeir limbs broken, July 1, I7S7. 

Cairo^ Grand, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 40^000 
inhabitants lost, JiUie 9, 1754. 

Caissarv in Turkey, was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 
6000 inhabitants lost, in April, 1794. 

Caledonia East Indiaman accldently burnt. May 99, 1804. 

Calmar, in Sweden, 150 houses, and many inhabitants o^ burnt 
Aug. 1800. 

Carenton, in Germany, bad 100 houses burnt, in July 1800. 

Carlscrone, in Russia, bad 1087 houses^ two churches, all tbe 



ACCIDENTS, EARTUftUAKES, FAMINES, &£. 43 

merchants' houses, except two, aad all their diagazioes^ ,d^ 

stroyed by fire, Jone 17, 1790. ' 

Casan, a city ofTartary, burnt Ocr. 15, 1752, and 1X65. 
Castor, in Lincolnshire, had its church nearly destroyed by light* 

ning, June 6, 1795. 
Catworth, in Huntingdonshire, greatly damaged by fire, Aug, 

3,. 1753. 
Ceuta, in Barbai^, had 200 houses blown down by a storm, Feb. 

1751-2. • 
Cbamberry, in Sardinia, had IB persons, several houses, and 

walls, destroyed by an explosion of g^m)owder, 1773. 
Chapel at Roscommon, pne of the pillars of the gallery gsiv^ 

way, April 17, when 14 persons were killed, and a muck 

greater number severely Injured, 1 804. 
Clmrlestown, in New Efngland,' greatly danjaged by a storm, 

1761 ; bprnt by the Engrish troops, June 17, 1775. 
Charleston, in South Carolina, infested with worms, June 1751 ; 

destroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15, 1753 ; had 250 dwellings, 

besides out-hoiiscs, burnt, to the amount o! 100,0001. ster- 

fing:, J&n. 15, 1778 ; taken by the British forces. May, 1779; 

300 houses destroyed by fire, June 13, 1796. 
Charlotte, the Royal, of 100 guns, was burnt by accident near 

Leghorn, March 16, 1800« when only 150 persons were 

saved. 
Chatham had 28 houses destroyed by a fire. May 11, 1774. 
Chelm, in Poland, had 268 dwelling-houses and 107 warehouses 

of merehandise destroyed by a fire, May 4,- 1788. 
Chelmsford church,- in Esser, had Us walls and roof fall down, 

Jan- 17, 1800. 
Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, had 40001. damages by a storn^ 

Jtine 1731. 
Chester tiearly destroyed by an accidental fire, 1471; ^ greats 

number of people killed by an explosion of gimpowder at ft 

puppet-show, Nov. 5, 1772. 
Chishall, Great, in Essex, had 100 houses^ to the value of 

10,0001. damaged by fire, Feb. 22, 17&8. 
Christchurch college, Oxford, damaged by fire, to the amount 

of 1S,0001. March 3, 1809. ' 

Christiana, in Denmark, had one quarter of that place destroyed 

by fire, April 9$ 17675 to the value of 100,X)00 rixdoUars, or 

13,0001. 
Chudleigh, Devonshire, nearly destroyed by a fire. May 22i 

1807. 
Chumleigfa, in Devonshire, nearly burnt, Aug. 19, 1803. 
Civita Vecchia greatly damaji;ed by an explosion of ^unpowdei;^ 

1779. 
Clehonger House, ne^r Hereford, tr^s destroyed by fire^ Jan. 3, 

1794. 
CHefden House^as bu>nt. May 14, 1795. 
Clitherow, Mrs. in Crown-court, near Moorfieids, with her fa* 



-90 ACCIDENTS, tlARTHgUAKES, FAMINES^ &c. 

milyand lodgers, consisting of 11 persons, were blown Uf | 
while making fire-works by candle-ligbt, Nov. 3, 1791. 

Clowes Wood, in Ireland, caught fire, Jan. 1, 1805, when 30 
acres of fiirse and heath were consumed. j 

Coal-pit near Renfrew took fire, and continued to burn for ' 
nearly tito days, € men lost, 1804. 

Cologne received i^reat damage, and bad its bridge, with 100 
persons, besides carts, &c. carried away, Dec. I, 1747» by a 
fiood. 
Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an. earthquake, 314 before 
Christ ; it weighed 730,000lb. 

Columbo, the British troops at, murdered in celd blood by the 
Adigaar of Candy, June 6, 1803. 

■ConstantinQple had above 12,000 houses and 7000 inhabitants 
destroy^ by a fire, Sept. 27) 1739; again, which burnt five 
days. May 31, 1745; again, 12,000 houses, Jan. 29, 1749-50; 
again, near 10,000, in June, 1750; again, 4000, and the 
;plague 7000 persons, in' 1751 ; nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, and 3000 inhabitants killed, Sept. 2, 1754 i bad 500 

' houses burnt, 1756; bad 15,000 houses, and 1000 persons 
burnt) July 5, 173b' ; considerable havoomade in 176*1, 1766, 
1767, 1769, 1771} 600 bouses were burnt, Feb. 19, 1782. 
June 10 following, 7000; and Aug. 22 following, there were ' 
10,000 houses, 50 raos«iue9, 100 corn-mills,. &c. destroyed. 
On Aug. 5, 1784, 10,000 houses, &c. were destroyed ; had 
SO'OO houses burnt, Sept. 4, 1778 ; and 7000 houses in July 
1782. Another destroyed 10,000 houses, Aug. 4, 1784; 
32,000 houses were destroyed by fire between March and 
Jul)r. 1791 ; 7000 were destroyed, Sept. 1792 ; and the same 

' number were destroyed, Aug. 1795. The suburb of Pera had 
1300 bouses, and severaJ magnificent buildings, burnt down, 
March 13. 17^9. 

Copenhagen burnt, 172a,Arhen 77 streets were destroyed. Had 
its royal palace, with all its rich furniture, destroyed by fir^, 
Feb. 36, 1794, to the amount of twenty millions of nxdoUars^ 
equal to 4,500,0001. sterling: above 100 persons lost tbeir 
lives. Its arsenal, admiralty, &c with near 50 streets, having 
1363 houses, were destroyed by fire^ on June 5, 1795 : it 
raged 48 bovrs. Bombarded by the English, July 18, 1807. 

Corah, Dathan, and Abiram, swallowed up by the earth, 1480 
before Christ. 

Corfu, a magazine at, was destroyed by a fire, when 72,000lb. of 
powder, and 600 bomb sheila blew up, and killed' 180 men, 
March 11, 1789. . , 

Cotton manufactory at Durham totally cotisumed by fire, Jan. 
7, 1804. 

Cotton's wharf, Loudon, burnt, 40,0001. damage, Auo^, ] q - 
1751. 

Covent-gardcn chtircli burnt, Sept. 17, 1795. 

I. theatre burnt down| Sept. 20, 1808. 



ACaDENTS, EARTHQUAKES* FAMINES, fte. 51 

Cowdrey House, in Kent, the seat of Viscount Montague, de- 
stroked by are, Sept. 85, 1793, with all its valuable paintings 
and furnitore.' 
Crediton, in Devonshire, had 460 houses destroyed by a fire, 
Ab». 14, 1743 ; great part of the town was burnt down, May 
2, 1769 ; and another fire destroyed 39 houses, May 1, 1772. 
Cnmmz, in Hungary, totally destroyed by a fire, 1777- 
Cronstadt, near. Petersburgh, greatly damaged by a fire, 1791. • 
Cuba greatly damaged by an , earthquake and storm of rain, 
June 21, 1791, where 3000 persons, and 11,700 cattle of va* 
rious kinds perished, of which 3,700 were horses. 
Callerne, in M ilts, six miles from Bath, burnt by accident, and 

32 families rendertd destitute, April 1, 1774. 
Culross forest took fire, July 25, 1803. 
Damaf, in Barbary, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, with 

60,000 of the inhabitants, Dee. 3, 1759. . 
Damerham, W iluhire, had 30001. damage by a fire» July 14, 
1)55. ' - , 

Dartford cotton mills were destroyed }iy fire, Dec. 21, 1795, to 

the Ifiss of 10,0001. • ' 

Dearth, 1194 ; so great in England and. FranCBy that a quarter 
of Ttbtat was sold for 20s. almost as much a^ 6K ndw, fol« 
lowed by a pestilential fever, 1193, 1194, llSlS; anothe^ 
1222; another with a murrain, when wheat sold for 40s. a 
quarter, as much as 81. now, 1315; wheat sold for 31. a 
biahsl, ISlSj another gieat one, with a murrain, 1385 j 
twooibers, 1348, and 1353 i again, when bread was made 
10 many places of fern loots and ivy-berries, 1438 ; 2,000,0001. 
was paid for corn imported in a dearth, 1565 j and 
1,200,0001. i« 1T48. ,^ , 

Debenbara, in Sutiolk. had 38 houses burnt, March 1, 1743-4. 
Ml, in Holland, nearly destroyed by a fire, 1536. 
Delphos, temple of, burnt, 548 before Christ. 
Wu^ of Deucalion, in Thessaly, 1529 before Christ , 

— — general threatened, in the year of the world 1536 j. bc^ 
gaii Nov. 35, 1656, i. e. 2348 before Christ. It continued 
377 days. :Noah left the ark oji Friday, Dec. 18, 2347 before 
Christ. ' , 

Dcptford victualling office liurnt, Jan. 16, 1748-9} the st©r^- 
bui se, Sept. 2, 1758 } the Red-house there, Feb. 86, 1761 j 
the King's mill, Dec. 1775. 
Devonshire -house, in Piccadilly, burnt, 1733. 
Diana, temple of, at Ephesus, burnt, 1 148 before Christ. 
iJoUort sea, between Groningen and East Friseland, formed by 

an inundation, 1277. . , ^ ^ 

Domingo, St. Isle of, nearly destroyed, and the town of Port- 
au-Prince nearly burnt down by the f evoking Negroes, Oct. 
Nov. and Dec. 1791 ; given up by Rochambeau, the French 
Governor, to the Black troops, Nov. 19, 1803. 
Don river overflowed iU baoks, and did great damage, Aug. 10, 
1750. ^ 2 



$5 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, &c. 

Dorckester, in Dorsetshire, burnt Aiij?. 7, 1613. 

Dortington, in Warwkkshire, greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 3> 
1753. 

Port, seabrok^in at, drowned 100,000 r'^nple, 1421. 

Dover foot Barracks burnt down, owing to Iht carelessness of a 
plumber, Jaly 30, 1800. 

Doug^las Castle, near Edinburgh, burnt Dec. LI, 1753. 
-Drontheim, in Norway, had sixty-two h«>u<es and twelve ma- 
paziiirs destroyed by a fire, Dec. 3, 17 ^JJ, to the amount o£ 
67,5001. loss. 

Drury-lane theatre, with near sixty bouse?, destroyed by a fire, 
Jan. 15" 1-2. Pulled down and rebuilt in 1791. Burnt a 
se-ondtime, Feb. 24, 180^, 

Dublin house of Ct»iHaions, &c. destroyed by fire, Feb. 27» 
nd^ j Was built, 1731, at the expenec of 40,0001. j since the 
Uniun, converted to a National Bank. The city greatly da» 
tna^ed by an inundation of the LifTey, Dec. 2 and 3, 1602. 

JDuke of Clarence, the ship, lost in the Gulf of St..LawieDcey 
1803. 

Durham bad S5 houses bumt» 691. * 

£arthciuake, one in Asia that ovcrtarned twelve cities', 17 ; 
Herculaneapi buried by one, 79; four cities in Asia, two ia 
<3reece, and tliree in O^atia, overturned, 107 ; Antioch de- 
•stroyed, 115 ; one that swallowed up Nicomedia, and several 
citiefi, 120 ; one in Macedonia, sw.anowed up 150 cities, 357 s 
at NicomecKa, in Bytbinia, 358$ at Jerusalem and Constant 
tinople, 363 ; in Italy, 369; Nire destrnyed, 370; a general 
<*nf, 377; on*** from September to November, swallowed Op 
several cit!e.« in Europe, 39^ i five in different parts of Eu- 
rope, 400 ; one swalUmed up several villages of the Cimbri, 
4 17; one in Palestine, 419^ one at Constantinople, 434; at 
( otititantinof.le, Alexandrir, and Antioch, 44(> ; one that 
destroyed Antioch, Sept. 14, 458 ; one at Cimstantinciple 
that lasted 40 days, 480; one at Antioch, that destroyed 
that and other 'cities, 526 ; another at Antioch, that swal- 
lowed up 4800 inhabitants, 528 ; Pompelopoli^, in Mysia, 
swallowed up, 541 ; one almost universal, 544; one at Con- 
S'antinople, 552 ; one at Roine ^id CoustHUtlnoi le^ 557 ; 
t:itv of Beiitus destrf^yed, the Isle of ('oos shaken, and Tri- 
pofis and Bilbus dA.;jaged, 5S0 ; at Daphne and Antioch, 
58 1 ; six hundred cities destroyed, 742 ; in Palestine and 
'Syria, where thousands lost their lives, 746 ; at Mecca, 
w'here 1500 bouses and ninety towers were thrown down, 
857; Constantinople overthrown, and Greece shaken, 986 ; 
one at Batavia, 1021 ; at Worcester and Derby, 1043 ; one 
on April 8, 1076, in Eni^land ; «nd again in 1081 and 1089; 
one throughout Enijland, followed ny a scarcity, 1090 ; one 
in Shropshire, lllOj one which overwhelmed Liego and Rot- 
' tenhurg, in SwedV.u, 1112; one in December at AntiochU, 
whiefi deptftyed several cities and towns, and overturned the 



ACCIDEm'iS EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, 8k. 59 

c«stle of Trialeth, and the cities of Marisettin iml MamUtrii^ 
1114 ; in Lombardy for forty days, 1117 j one in I>ecembery 
1118 } one in September, 1120 ; in August, in many parts of 
the kingdom, 1 18-3 i one in August, ii34 ; one that swallowed 
up Catania, and 15,000 souls, 1137 ; at Lincoln^ 1143; An- 
tiricb, Tripoli, and Damascus destroyed^ 1 1 50 ; at Ozenhall, 
near Darlington, in Durham, 1178; in Hungary and England, 
1179; one that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 
1185 ; at Calabria, in Sicily, a city, with its inhabitants, lost 
in the Adriatic sea, 1186 ; Verona greatly damaged, 1187; in 
' Somersetshhe, 1199; at Biisa, in JLombardy, where 3000 lives 
were lost, 132a; one in England, Feb. 14, 1348 ; one in So- 
mersetshire, 1349; one at St. Alban's, 1350 ; general one, that 
threw down St. Michael's on the Hill, without Glastonbury, 
1347 ; the greatest ever known in England, Nov. 14, I8I8 ; a 
dreadful one in Germany, 1346; several churches thrown 
down. May 31, 1382 ; a vety dreadful one, accompanied with 
thunder and lightning, Sept. 38, 1430; one in Naples, when 
40,000 persons perished, 1456; in Italy, 1510; in the isle of 
~ Cuba, 1530 ; at Ryegate, Croydon, and Darking, in Surry» 
May, 1551 ; in China, 1556 ; in Herefordshire, which over- 
threw Kingston chapel, &c. Feb. 17 1 1&71 ; in Yorkshire, 
V orcestershire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, &c. Feb. 36, 
1574- ; in London and Westminster, when part of St. Paul's 
and the Temple churches fell ; it was felt at Sandwich, and 
Dover, in Kent, April 0, 15lfO; in Peru, 1581, and 1583 ; in 
Dorsetshire, where it removed a considerable piece of ground^ 
Jan. 13, 1583; in Bohemia, Moravia, and Hungary, 1590$ 
in Japan, where sever^ cities were swallowed up, 1596; in 
Kent, where the hills became vallic^ full of water, 1590; al 
Peru» at Quito, and Arequipa, 1600 ; at Banda, in the East 
Indies, i63i ; at Manilla, 1637 ; in Calabria, in Italy, Maith 
37, 1638 ; at Mechlin, in Germany, 1640; in Nprway, May 
34, 1657; in France, June, 1660 ; at Ragusa, in lllyrium, 
near 6000 inhabitants were lost, and several towns in Dalmatia 
and Albania, April 6, 1667 ; in China, 1668 ; in Staffordshire 
^nd Derbyshire, 1677 8; in Oxfordshiie and Stafibrd<^hite, 
1679; at Oxford, 1683 ; at Naples, wnere a third part of that 
city and much shipping were destroyed, June 6 and 7$ 1668$ 
Smyrna destroyed, July 10, 16(>8; Lime m Dorsetshire, nearly 
destroyed,, 1689 ; Fort-Royal iu Jamaica, destroyed, and dooo 
people lost, Sept. 1693 ; Messina, in Sicily, overturned in a 
raonnent^ 18,000 persons peri&hed, and in the island, 6o,000, 
Jan. 1698 ; a dreadful one in the isle of TeneriflTe, Dec. 34, 
1704 ; one at China, June 19> 17 IS ; Palermo, in Sicily, nearly 
swallowed up, Sept. 1736 ; at Boston, in New England, Oct. 39, 
1727 ; the whole kingdom of Chili swallowed up, with St. Jago, 
July 30, 1730^ at Aynho, in Northamptonshire, Oct. 19, 1731 ; 
one at Naples, 1731 ; anuther in the city of Avclino, which it des- 
troyed, an4 Oziansi in great part, Nov. 39^ 1733 ; is CalabrM»f 

9 9 



64 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, TAWINES, &c. 

where the territory of-Noxa Casa sunk 29 feet without destroy- 
ing a building, April 18, 1733; at Arundel and Shorehaoi, 
Oct. 23, 1734; in Ireland, which destrqycd five churches 
and above lOo houses, Aug. 1734 ; in Hun£;ary, which turned 
round a^ mountain, Oct. 23, 1736; at Smyrna, April, 1-78©; 
at Palermo, which swallowed up a convent, but the monks es* 
cajied, Feb. 4» 1739 — 40; at Leghorn, Jan. 5 and 6, 1742; in 
Somersetshire, June 1&, 1745; a terrible one at Lima, which 
^lestioyed that city, and 5600 persons lost their Uvea ; there 
weriB 74 churches, 14 monasteries, and 15 hospitals thrown 
d&wn, and the loss in effects reckoned imraense, from Oct. 27 
to Nov. 20'^ 1746 ; it extended itself to Calloa, which was de- 
stroyed, with about 5000 of its inhabitants ; in London, F^b. 

'. 8 and March 6, 1750; at Liverpool, Chester and Manchester, 
April 2,* 1750; at riumc, in the Gulph of Venice, Feb. 5, 

^ 1751 ; the greatest part of the city of Adrianof)1e destroyed, 

, Aug. 22, 1752 ; Grand Cairo had two thirds of the houses and 
40,000 inhabitants swallowed up, Sept. 2, 1754 ; the city of 
<^uito in Peru destroyed, April 24^ 1755 ; the island of Mc- 
telinc, in the Archipelago, when 2000 houses; were overthrown, 
May 1755, wliich did considerable danwge at Opi>rto, In Por- 
tugal and' Seville, in Spain, but more particularly at Lisbon^ 
where in about eight m-ftutes, most of the houses and 50,Opo 
inhabitants were destroyed, and whole streets swallo^^ed up ; 
the cities of Coimbra and Brtiga suffered, arid St. Ubcs was 

" swallowed up ; at Karo 3000 inhabitants Wiere buried," 'great 

' part of Malaga was destroyed ; one half ot Fez, in Morocco, and 
12,000 Arabs were swallbwed up, and above half of the island 
of Madeira destroyed ; it extended 5poo miles ; at the Azores 
isles, where 10,000 were buried Tn the ruins, and the island di- 

' videdfn two, July 9, 1757 ; at Bourdeaux, in France^ Aug. 

' 11, 1758; at Tripoli, in Syria, which extended near 10,000 
mlles» when Damas lost 6Q00 inhabitants, ard several other 
cities, with the remains of Balbcc, were destroyed, between 
Oct. and Dec. 17 59; Traxillo, in Peru, was swallowed up in 
Nov. l7^9; in Syria, Oct. 30, .i7f'o; in the ^Iplwcca islands, 
1763; one at Constan$inoplej that buried «90 persons, May 22, 

* 1760 ; 'at Martinico, August, I7<i7, where 1 600 lost their lives ; 
and' at Sr. Pierre, 1767; at Comora and Buiia^ Jure «8, 

' 1768 ;'one in the Brazils, 1772 ; in the Archipelago, 700 houses 

'and 100 inhabitant* were lost, in Pec. 1770; one at Fez, in 

' JMorocco, May 6, 1/63 ; in Kerry, in Ireland, June, 1778 ; 
tJuatimilia, in New Spain, ciitirdy swallowed up, and' many 
thousand inhabitants perished, Dec, 15» 1778; at Radicofani, 

'*ncar Florence, in lidly, great damage was done, Oct. 5, 1777 . 
at Smyrna, June 25, &c. 1778, which destroyed great part of 
that city;, at Tauris, iii Persia; where 15,000 houses wcie 

' thrown down, and great part of the inhabitants perished, March 
3, 178O; at Cslabria, and in the fsle of Sicily, 17«3 ; again, 

' 17'84, Which totally destroyed Messitia/'&c. at Aicbinttechan^ 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, Ac 55 

when it destroyed the town and 13,000 inh^itants, Jtily 
18, I7«4 5 Arequipo destroyed, 1785; in the North of Eng- 
land, Aug. n, 1780 ; at Ice'-and, and some parts of Gertnatiy, 
Nov. 1784; at Barbadoes, Oct. 1784; in Calabria, tn J[taly, 
April lOy 1785; in Scotland, and different parts of the Nofih 
of Eoglaody Aug. 11, 1786 ; in Mexico and other parts of New 
Spain, April 18, 1797; Bcrgo di-San-Sapoloro, in Tuscany, 
had io CBthed/al, bishop's palace, &c. destroyed, Sept. 3o, 
1789, with the adjacent town ot CaiteUo, &c. and Borgo bad 
HO houses destroyed, and 30 houses, &c. swallowed up by an 
opening of the earth ; in Westmoreland, at Arnslde, Ma«ch 0, 
1790; and in Scotland, in Cct. 1791 ; in Sicily and Calabria, 
Oct. 1701, paniculatly at Mileto and Moilte Leone; at Lisbon 
on the •27th of Nov. 1791, when many chimneys were thrown 
down, and much damage done ; at Zant, in the Adriatic sea, 
wbeie many btxfldings were thrown down, and above 60 persons 
perished, Dec. 'i, 179I ; in the counties of i^cdford, Letcetter,. 
Lincoln, Nottingham, &«. March 2, 1792; at I>>mingo, where 
8-2 houses were overthrown at the Cape, April i /9-1 ; at Shaftes- 
bury and Salisbury, on Sept. ^9, i793, hut no \ery mateiial da- 
mage done ; in Turkey, where three towns, containing 10,000 
inhabitants, were lost, July 3, 1794; neir Naples, where the 
city of Toffc dd Creco was nearly de«royr<l, June 13, 1704 ; 
in different parts of the North of Englaiid ; Nov. 18, 1705 ; 
at Sumatra, in the East Indies-, great damage was done, and 
above 900 persons p^crished, Feb. 30, 1797. The whole of the 
Country between Sta Fee and Panama destroyed by -an earth- 
;<)uake, including the citirs of Cuzco and Quita, with 40 000 ' 
inhabitants, in Feb. 1797. I here were several violent shocks in 
the West India folands in the same month. , At Sienna in Italy, 
when 50 persons lost their lives by the fall at buildings, May 
35, 170s. At Constantinople, 0^.39, 18 00, which destroyed 
the Royal, Palace, and an immensity of buildings. It extended 
into^ Romania and Wallachia, to Bucherest an<l Adriiinople. 
June IQ, 1802 ; an earthquake nearly destroyed Crema in Upper 
Italy. Minguin was entirely swallowed up in a lake ; Brescia 
had 3 cfaufches and 1^ houses destroyed. So violent a shock in 
Holland, as to cause the < chandeliers in Maaslin church lo vi- 
brate two or three feet, in Jan. 1804. The chuich of La Tour, 
and most of the houses in Luotrnc, partly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, Aprif, 1808. 

Edinbufgh burnt, 15^4;' great fire there, in the Lawn-market, 
1771 5 ajgain, 1795. 

£ddyttone light house burnt, 1759; rebuilt, 1762; burnt again, 
1770; rebuilt of stone^ 1774. 

£Ibe rtvcr overflowed, and did 90,000 1. damage, August 31, 
1051. 

Eldon, near Thetford, ta Norfolk^ had 50 houses bumt^ .J»me 4, 
17W. 



56 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES^ FAMINES, IM 

Elttree, Cambridgeshire, nearly destroyed, by fire, April 3, 1774. 

Escoc house, near Honiton, destfoyed by fire, Dec. 37, 1808. 

Etna has had eruptions in 1169, i3*io,' 1408, 1444, 1447, 16^0, 
. 1554, i6ao, 1694, when the city of Catanea, vvith the adja- 
ttnt country, were destroyed, and I8,ooo people perished^ 
again, in 1699 and 1787. 

Ewelme, in Oxfordshire, had 13 houses burnt. May QS, 1755. 

Eeer^han, on . the confines of Armenia) destroyed by an earth- 
quake, with 6300 inhabiunts, July 28, 1784. 

Fakenham, in Norfolk, greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 4, 1738. 

Falmouth had 32 houses and the theatre destroyed by fire, Aug. 
ai, 1792. 

Famine which lasted seven yearsj 1708 before Chiist ; at Rome, 
when many persons threw themselves into the Tiber 440 \^ 
fore Christ ; in Briuin, so that the inhabitants eat the barks of 
trees, 373 after Christ; one in Scotland where thousands were 
starved, doo ; in England and Wales, ^where 40,000 were starv- 

^ cd, 310; ail over Britain, 335 ; at Constantinople 448; in 
Jtaly, w4iere. parents ace their children, 450 ; in Scotland 57O; 
all over England, Wales and Scotland, 7i)9i another in Wales, 
747; in Wales and Scotland, 793; again in Scotland, 808; 
again in Scotland when thousands were starved, 823 ; a severe 
one in Wales, 836 ; in Scotland, which lasted 4 years, 054 ; 
famines in England, 864, 974, 976, ioo5 ; in Scotland, 
which lasted two years, 1047 ; in England lo»0, 108 7 ; in 
England and France, from 1193 to 1195; in England, 1U51, 
1315, 1318, 1335, 1348 ; in England and France, called the 
dear summer, 1353 ; in England, 1389 and I4a8, so great 

. that bread was made of fern roots ; in 1565 two millions were 
expended on the importation of corn ; one in 1748 ; another in 
1798. 

Ferry-boat, in pas^ng the Manai between Caernarvon and Angle- 
sea, was lost, when 50 persons were .drowned, Dec. 4, 1785« 
- Fires in London, one which destroyed great part of that city, 
98'J; again in 10B7, 113^, and in 1136; on Lcmdon-bridge, 

• which destroyed 2000 persons, July 10, 1212 ; one at Leaden- 
hall,- 1484; Wesminster Palaee was burnt, 1540 ; Whitehall 
Palace burnt in part, April I69O; totally consumed, Jan. 5, 
I698 ; the remarkable fire that burnt down 1 13,000 houses, 
the city gates, Guildhall, &c. 86 churches, amongst which 
was St. Paul's Cathedral, and 400 streets ; the ruins of this 
city were 436 aeries, extending from the Tower to the Temple 
Church, and from the north-east gate to Holb6rn- bridge and 
Fleet-ditch ; it broke out near the Monument, Sept. 2, 1666, 
and burnt four days and nights; Drury-lane playhouse and 
near 60 houses were burnt, Jan. 1671-2 ; in Southwark, 600 
huuses, 1676; in the Temple, Jan. 36, 1679; Gray's-Inn, 
Feb. 7, 1680; Thames-street, Jan. 1^4, 171$; IdO houses were 
burnt down in Nightingale- lane, Wapping, Df'c. 4, 1716; 
Limehouse, 17 16; Custom-house burnt, 1718; UiUingsgate, 
in 1718, and Jan. 13, 1755 ; St. Catherine's, 1673 and 1784 ; 



ACCIDENTS, fe\RTHQUAKES, FAMINES, Ac. 57 

Shadvrell had 50 houses burnt, Sept. 10, 1736; Battle-brftls:^, 
Au«:. 12, 1749} ComWn, March 25, 1748, Nov. 10, 1759, 
and Nftv. 7, iTfJSj Inner Temple* Jan. 5, 1736-7; Cotton 
Wharf burnt, at 40,0001. damage, Au?c» 12» 1751; Llncoln'f- 
inn-square, June 27, 1T52; at Billiiig^sgate, Jan. 1.^, 175»j 
the Hermitage !>rewhousc, 20,0001. damage, May 1, 1755; 
Staples-inn, where three persons were burnt, Nov, 2X» 1756; 
London temporary bridge, April 11, 1759; in Duke-street, 
LincolnVinn, which bufnt the Saidinian Ambassadtir's Cha- 
pel, Nov, 30, 1759; King-streiet, Co vent- garden, had 50 
houses burnt, 70,0001. damage, Dec. 23, 1759 ; Fishmonger's- 
hall, and several houses in Thames-street, Feb. 10, 1761 ; 
East Smithfield bad 23 houses burnt, April 1 1, 1761 ; 14 houses 
hi Swallow-street, April 24, 1761 ; 30 houses burnt at Shad- 
^•ell, besides barges, May 2, 1761 ; vatilt under St. James's 
church, Piccadilly, burnt Jan. 15, 1763; at Rotherhithe, 
Jmie 1, 1765; Lcmdon-house in Aldersgate-street, 1768; 
Throgmorton-sireet, May 9, 1772; Chamlos -street, Covent- 
garden, Nov. 10, 1772; Cornhill, June 6, l7"/3; In the 
Tower, Jan. 31, 1774; in King-street, Co vent-garden. May 4, 
1774; 20 houses were burn^ at th« dock, Wapping, Sept. 28, 
1775; at Sidney-house in the Old Bailey, Aug. 1, 1775.; in 
Rus^U-street, Coxcnt-garden, Sept. 25,'lT75 1 Rt th« Savo?, 
March 2, 1776; in PopeVbead-alley, Cornhill, Dec. 1, IT^S; 
GrtenwichBospital,Jan.2, 1779; at Hermitage-stnirs, which 
de<5iri)3'ed 31 houses, besides other buildings, March 16, 177^; 
at Horsley-down, April 30, 1780, of near 30 houses, 1)esides 
warchouws and shipping; London-bridge water-wcii k«, Oct, 
31, 1779 ; in the Strand, near the New Church, 17«1? Gun- 
dock, Wapping, where 14 houses were burnt, Sept. 23, 1783; 
at Mr. Seddon'K, in Aldersgate-street and Bartludomew- close, 
which destPoyed 100,0001. worth of gords, Nov. 5, 1783; op- 
ptisite Exeter Exihange, in J'*ly, 1 7^4 ; in .^bchdrcll-la^e, July 
27,1784; Spring garden-gate,'April 2, l7<35-> Complon-street, 
16 houses, June 12, 1785; Dockhead, ,.svhich destroyed seve» 
ral warehouses to a very Considerable loss. May 2, 1785; in 
Hulborn. June 13, 1785; James-street, Hay market, 1786; 
Vine-street, Piccadilly, Oct. 2, 1786; the coiner of Bow- 
street, Coverit-garden, Jan. 10, 1788; the Opera-bwise, in 
the Hay roaiket, .June 17, 1789; in Hanway-yard, Oxford- 
street, March 12, 1790 i at the foot of We?iminUer-hridg*», 
20 persons killed or maimed, Feb. 18, 1790; in AlderBgate- 
street,May 16,' 1790 ; Fleet-street, Oct. 4, 1790; Rotherhirbe, 
when 20 houses were destroyed, Oct. 12, 1790 ; near the Her- 
mitage, with 30,000l. damage, April 1, 1790; the Alliion- 
miils destroyed, March 2, 1791 ; from Cherry -garden-stall's to 
West-lane, Rotherhithe„ destroyed, and several vessels, with 
60 bouses. Sept, 14, 1791; at a sugar-house, VVellMose-s<iuare, 
&e. where 30,0001. damage Was done, Dec. 12, 1791 } the 
Duke of Richmond's house, &c. in Privy-gardew, burnt, Dec. 
21> 1791; thePaHtheon, in Oxford-street, burnt, Jan. 14, 



58 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, PAtUtlNES, ftc 

.1792; near Finsbury-square, Moorfields, at a timber*yard, 
with a loss of 10,000). Juiy V8^ «792; at Haw ley's wharf, 
Hermitage wharf, which did 10,0001. damage, by destruction 
of sugar. Due. 2, 1793 ; in Duck-lane, near Wardour-street^ 
^ houses were burnt down, Dec. 13, 1793 ; at LimehoUse- 
■bolf , where many huuRes were burnt, June 18, 1794 ; at Wap* 
ping, where upward:- of 630 houses were destroyed, together 
with an Eiist-lndia Wi'^rehou'^e, in which 35,000 bags of salt- 
petre were destroyed, July 22 and 23, 1794 ; the whole loss 
was estimated at abovtf l,000,0001..sterling; there was 40,0001. 
worth of sugar in one sugar-bouse ; the whole is said to be tlie 
most dreadful accident of the kind since the fire tff London in 
\666, At Astley's theatre, near Westaiinstrr-bridge, which 
destroyed to the value of near 30,0001. together with 19 otlier 
houses, Aug. 17, 1794; the elegant church of St. Paurs, 
C0vent>garden, was burnt down by the carelessness of work- 
men employed in its. repair, Sept, 17, 1795. At Shadwell, SO 
.houses were burnt, Nov. t, 1796. In the Minories, where 
30 houses were destroyed, March 23, 1 797. The water-works 
at Shad well, which conveyed water from the Tower to Lime- 
house, and raised 903 gallons in a min'ite, were burnt down 
in one huur and a half on Dec. 12. 1797. The King's Bench 
.Prifion had 50 apiirtin<^»ts.dei>troyed by an accidental^re^ July 
]4> 1799* Near the Cui^tom-house, 3 large warehouses of 
\Vest-lndia goods, valued at 300,0001. destroyed, Feb. 11,1 bOO. 
At Wapping, where 30 houses, besides warehousesj value 
'80,0001* were burnt, and many lives lost, Oct. 6, 1 800. It ex- 
tended from New-stairs to Execution-dock. . In Store-street, 
Tottenham-Qoort-road, .40,0001. was destroyed by fire at a 
brewery, Sept. 27, 1>)02. At the printing-office of Mr. S, 
Hamilton, in Fleet-street, vherea great deal of valuable li« 

. terature was burnt, Feb. 2, 1803. The great tower over the 
choir of VVestniinster Abbey destroyed, July 9, 1803. At an 
inn in Chelmsford, in which 1 20 Hanoveriaft troops had been 
lodged a few hours before ; 12 of whom were burnt, Oct. 22, 
1804. Eight persons burnt in A<)^iu-street, Edgware-ruad, 
:Jan. 27, 1805. Covent-garden theatre totally destroyed by 
lire, Sept. 20, 1808. The south-east wing of St. James's pa- - 
lace burnt down, Jan. 21, 1809. Prury-lane theatre com- 
pletely destroyed, Feb. 24, 1809. 

f <re-works, at the Parisian, exhibited in honor of the Dauphin's 
marriage, the passages being stopped up occasioited such a 
.crowd, that the people, seized with panic, trampled upon one 
another till tliey lay in heaps; a scaffold erected over the 
• river also broke down, and hundreds were drowned j near' 
1000 persons lost their lives. 

Flaxley Abbey, built in the reign of Henry L totally destroyed 
by a fire, April 1, 1777, with 70001* loss. 

Floor of an apartment, at Clermont Ferrard, in Fraice, gave 

. way during a tbeatri(»ad entertainment, when 36 persons were 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, &c. B9 

killed, and 57 had their limbs . broken, or were sererely 
wonnded, Dec, 1791. ' 

Flushing, in Zealand, dama^d by fire, and the Prince of 
Orange's house burnt, Jan. 1748-9. 

Font-hill, near Salisbury, burnt down, Talaed at 30,0001. Feb. 
12, 1765. - 

Framptou, in Dorset, was nearly destroyed by fire, April 20, 
179«. 

Frost, in Britsun, lasted five tnonths, 820 ; the Thanes frozen 
nine weeks, 2i>0^ most of the rivess in Britain frozen six 
weeks, 291 > a severe frost in Scotland 14 weeks, 359 ; the 
Pontus sea was entirely frozen over, for the space of 20 days^ 
and the sea between Constantinople and Scutari, 401 ; so se- 
vere a frost all over Britain, that the rivers were frozen up f6r 
above two months, 508 ; one so grea£, that the Danube was 
quite frozen over, 558 j the Thames frozen for six weeks, when 
booths were built on it, 6.95 ; one that continued from Oct. I 
to Feb. 26, 760 ; one in England, which lasted nine weeks, 
827 > carriages were used on the Adriatic sea, 859 ; the Medi- 
terranean sea was frozen over, and passable in carts, in 860 ; 
most of the rivers in England frozen for two months, 908 ; 
the Thames frozen 13 weeks, 923 ; one that lasted 120 days, 
which began Dec. 22,, 987 ; the Thames frozen five weeks, 
998 ; a frost on Midsummer-day, so vehement, that the co^n 
and fruits were destroyed, 1035 ; the Thames frozen 14 weeks, 
1063 ; a frost in England from November to April, 1076 ; se- 
veral bridges in England, being then of timber, bioken down 
by a frost, 1 1 14 ; a frost from Jan. 14 to March 22, 1205; 
one ot 15 weeks, 1207; the Mediterranean was frozen over, 
and the merchants passed with tlieir merchandise in carts, in 
1234; the Cattegat, of sea between Norway and Denmark, 
was frozen, and that fromOxslo, in Norway, they travelled on 
the iee to Jutland, in 1294 ; the sea between Norway and the 
promontory of Scagernit frozen over, and from Sweden to 
Gothland, 1296; the Baltic was covered with ice >4 weeks, 
between the Danish and Swedish Islands, in 1306; the HftM^c 
was passable for foot pass^gersand horsemen for six weeks, tn 
1323 ; the sea was frozen over, and passable from StraWnd 
to Denmark, in 1349 ; the Baltic was quite frozen over ft-om 
Pomerania toDenmark, in 1402; the whole sea between Goth- 
land and Geiand was frozen^ and from Restock to Ge«o^r, in 
1408; the ice'bore riding en from Lubec to Prussia, and'the 
Baltic was covered with ice'from irfeckletiburgh to l>enratirk, 
in 1423, 1426, and in 1459. The sea between-Coiistanrtniyple 
and fitWod^rwas pa-Wabte ©nice, in 1620; one inEnglatid from 
Nov. 24toFeb. 10, 1434, when the Thames -was frozon below 
bridge to Gravesendi another 13 wctkR, 1683^; agreatYrost 
for three months, with heavy snows, from Dec. to Mitrcb, 
1709; again in 1716, when afAir was held on the Tliamei ; 
aaother began Dec. ^4, 17399 and continued 9'wt»kM, of 103 



40 OCCIDENTS, EARTflgUAK£iS, FAMINES, &c. 

^ays; agaiitf in i742; in Russia, very severe, 1747 1 and in 
England, 1754^ in Germany, 1760^ in 1763, which lasted 
04 days} a779» which lasted M daysj in 1X84, which lasted 
89 days; in 1785, which lasted 115 days; in 17«8, which 
lasted only /rani Nov. to Jan. 1789, when the Thames was 
crossed opposite the Custom-house, the Tower, EKecutiun- 
4ock, Putney, Brentford, Slu It was general throui^h E«- 
rope, particularly in Holland, at the same time ; the mt>st 
sevece, on Dec. 25, J79S, that bad been felt in the memory of 
man. 

JFro^t and snow, with^ hail, in different parts of Ens^laud, zt 
Midsummer, 1791 > and in Jtaly and Spain, in December 
following. 

•Gabelf in Bohemia, .a large town, totally destroyed by fire. May 
11,1788. 

^Geneva destroyed by lire, 1321.» and greatly damaged in 1333 
and 1430. 

^orge. Prince, man of war burnt off Lisbon, when 435 of her 
crew perished, 1758. 

<yeorge, the Royal, of 100 guns, overset at Portsmouth, by 
which misfortune Admiral feempenfelt, with the crew, wer^ 

. lost; there w^ near 100 women and ^00 Jews on board, 
June 28, 1782. 

George's, St. town, in Grenada, destroyed by a fire, Nov. ], 
1775. 

Gera» near Leipsick in Germany^ totally destroyed by a iir«, 
Sept. 18, 1780. 

Ohergon, the capital of Assam, nearly destroyed by an Ciartb- 
quake, when several thousand persons perished, 1803. 

Gibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm, Feb. 3, 1766; had the 
royal battery destroyed by fire, though more than 1400 feet 
above the level of the sea, in Nov. 1800. Pla^e at« in 1JB04 
and 1805. 

Gillingwood, Yorkshire, .burnt down, Dec. 11, 1750. ' 

Glasgow damaged by flie, June 3, 1749* 

Gloucester damaged by a violent rain, Sept. 2» 1750. 

Abbey burnt, 1102; again 1122. 

Go^in sands, on the coast of Kent,' occasioned by an inunda« 
tion of the sea, 1 100. 

Gorce nearly' desuoy«d by the magazine of powder taking fixe, 

Oct. la, 1062. 

Goslar mines in Lower Saxony caught fire> which penetrated to 

the depth of 750 fleet, April 1800. 
Gottenburgh bad a fire which destroyed 120 houses,' Feb. 4, 
, 1704; again December 32,4802, which destroyed the Qube- 

dial. Palace, Post- office, and several public buildingSt together 

with a fourth pait ot the city, to the value of 3,ooo,ooo dol- 

bis. 
Gravelines had 3000 people killed by an explosion from a in»ga-> 

time, 10^4* 



ACCID£mS, EARtHQUAKfiS, FAMINES, Ac. 61 

GraviscDd btirm» 17^7' 

Greac Harwood near Winslow, in Baclcinghamshire, bad 3oooU 

damage done by a lire, July 9, 1791 . 
Great Worth House, near Brackley, in Northamptonshire, bumt» 

Jan. I, 1794. 
Greenwich Hntspital had its chapel and one quadrangle of the 
whole boildinf; destroyed by a fire, Jan. 3, 1775. 

Grenada, a dreadful fire there, 1775, when the town of St. 
George was totally destroyed 5 May 16,' 1792, the Carenaj;^ 
was destroyed by fire to a very considerable loss. 

Grenelle, near Paris, an explosion at, occasioned by the b!ow% 
ing up of powder-mills, when near 300U persons lost their 
lives, and all the adjacent buHdingfi were nearly destroyed* 
• Sept. 3, 179*. 

Guaniian frigate miraculously preserved from shipwreck, on an 
island of ice,' Dec. I7B9 ; arrived at the Cape of Good Hope^ 
Feb. 34, Vr90. 

Guildford tower fell down, April S4, lt40. 

Hadnam, in Oxfordshire, had sixty housei burnt; April B9 
1760. 

Hail storm, a dreatlful one in the Hay- market, and two or 
three adiointr^ streets, without the least appearance o*' hail 
In the rest of London; a fire-ball fell in Oxendon-street^ 
which tore up the pavement, June 9, 18(lft. 

Hanworth F^rk H<Mise, the fine seat of th^i Duke of St. Al* 
ban's, was destroyed by fire, March 26, f7^. 

Hastings bunit^ 1377- 

Haxey, in Axholme, Lincolnshire, had 56 houses burnt, FthteA 
at 10,0001. March 4, 1743-4. 

HerciiUneilm suffered first by a|i earthquake, PeK 5, 63 ; to- 
tally overwhelmed with Pompeium« by an eruption of Mount 
Vesuvius, Nov, 1, 79 ; discovered 1730*, 15U votitmcs of 
MSS. found there in a chest, Dec. 1754. 

Hereford cathedral nearly destroyed by the fail of its toweiy 
Sept, 10, 1786. 

Hindon, in Wilu, had 150 houses burnt, July 9» 1754. 

Hindostan Esist Indiaman lost in astorrar IBOS. 

Kitchen, in Herts, had 90 houses burnt, Sept. 11,' 1762. 

Holm-chapel, in Cbeshtre, nearly destroyed by a ftre, July Id, 
1753. 

HoiHton, in Devonshire, nearly destroyed by a fire, July 19^ 
1747; 140 houses burnt,. 1765; 37 houses destroyed. May, 
1790t 47 houses burnt,' in August^ 179T» valued at 10,OOOL 

- bridge* carried awky.by a flood, November, 10» 1807* 

Hoosesy 60 blownup,'inclQding^a'tavemftiU of company, op- 
posite Barking ehureb. Tower street, by the accid^tal blow* 
ing up of some barrels of gunpowder, at a ship chandleK's^ 
Jan« 4, 1649 ;^ « child ia a eradle w«s found uiuuirt on the 
leads ef the clnircb, 

• ■ o 



m ACCID£2rr9, EARTH^AKBS, famines, fte. 

Hus:h de Beanvnis, with 40,000 foreigners, C9iiiin9 to the as- 
sistance of K^iig.^ohn, periHbeil in a storm, 11 IS. 

■Ice well, two men siiiFocated by the f(n|l air in an, 1804. 

liiUfidattoiia-*«>Tbe Thames destroyed a great Dumber of the In. 
habitants of its banks 9 years after Christ ; the Scrern o\'er- 
flowed, and destroyed vast quantities at cattle^ in 80 ; the 
Medway overflowed its banks and drowned the country^ 87 ; 
the Humfcer overflowed, and laid the adjacent laoqntry, for 
50 miles, under water, 95; the Severn civerfiowed, and 
drowned 5000 head of cattle, and people in their beds, 1115; 
the H amber overflowed, 135 1 the Trent overflowed above SO 
miles on each side of its banks^ and drowned many people, 

. S14; the Tweed had a sudden inundation, and destroyed a 
considerable number of the inhabitants on it$ banks, SI 8 ; 
an iaundatton of the aea in Lincolnshire, which laid under 
water many thousand acres, which have not been recovered 
to this time, 245 ; the Ouse ih Bedfordshire overflowed, and 
drowned numbers of people and cattle, 250 ; an inundation 
of the Humber 9iQ ; another in the isle of Thanet, 31 7 ^ an- 
other, which destroyed all the inhabitants in Feme island, 
seven miles S. W. from Holy island, 393 ; an irruption of 

- the sea in Lancashire, 330 ; an inundation of the Tweed, 
336; the Severn overflowed, 350; above SOOO people lost 
in Cheshire by an irruption, 353 ; an iiuindation of the Dee, 
^b7; leather of the Dee^which drowned 40 families, 41 5 j 
an irrirption.of the sea in Hampshire,. 419 ; another irruption 
in North and South Wales, 441; an inundation of the Se* 

' vesn, 4^ ; an inundation of the Humber, 5SS9 ; an inund^* 
tion of the sea in Norfolk, Suflulk, ai[ul Essex, 575 ; an in- 
undation of tlie sea in CheaWire and Lancashire, 649 i an in- 
undation of the MeJway, 669 ; an inundation at Edinburg^b, 
^ich did ^reat damap^ 730 4 an inundation at Glasf^ow, 
which drowned abore 4O0'l«milkis, 738 i an inupdiltipnof the 
Tweed, which did immense dama^, 836 ; an inundaiioti of 
the Med way, 861 ; one in the Humber, SS^i an infiodatlon 
of the Dee,. 885 ; an inundati<»n'«t^)nthnQ|nion, whioh dea* 
troyed many, peotpla, 93% 4 an inundation nf the T-banMss* 
973 ; an inundation of the Seinprnv whi(;h drowned abon* 
dance of cattle, 1046 ;. the seat one cflowed 4000 acres of Bami 
Godwin's land, in Kent, since called Godwin sands, 1100$ 
a great part 0f Flamdert o^rfVowad.^hy Om i^a» llOS; an 
inundation of the Thames for above ux nules' at Lambftfa, 
. &c. 1243 ;' aiconsideraibl/»one in Friesknd, 1&S|0$ another, 
. aince named the Dolleit. sea, 4277; at WinehelBea. ^v^ 
aOOrhofiatswereoveothrownbytthe sea, 1^80; 120 Ij^vieii^ 

- nid scsveoral priests, hesidea women, were dnwwBod by an uwio- 
ihuion at Newcastle upon Tfane^ 1339'( at tb»Voxel whi«h 
.Artt ndasd the «oranierce of Ati^lwdaQN 14QO;.0)» sisa 
broke in at Dort, and drowned 7S villages, attd lOO^OQOlpeople, 

' and formed the Zuyder Sea, J4S1 ; another in 152^1, in HoI« 
land; at Hartshead, in Yorkshirci Sept. .11, 1673; at Da* 



ACCIDENTS, SAltTHQUAKtS, FAMINES, &c. ^ 63; 

geohaoi, in Essex, Dec. 17, 1707, and continued till \71i\ ; 
in Holland and Zealand, when 1300 iuhabilants . were 
drowned, 1717, and Hoktein in the same jear ; in Yorkshire, ^ 
called Rippon Flood, May 18, 1722 } in Chili, which over- 
flowed the city o( Conception, 1730 j in Feb. 17.^5, at Ds» 
f^enham, and upon the coast uf Essex, which carried away 

. the sea walls, and drowned several thousand sheep and black 
cattle; in Holland, 1754; north of England, 175^; in' 
Spain, and did 3,000,000 lirres dama^, at Bilboa, April 
1762 ; in France, May following, and did great damage } at 
Coventry, 70 persons were drowned, and much damage done, 
as well as in Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, &c. Nov. 
1770 5 in the north of Englawl, when Newcastle-bridge, &c. * 
was carried away, 1771 3 at Venice, at Naples, where it car- 
ried away a w hole village, and drowned ^00 of the iHhabkants, 
Nov. 10, 1773 ; In Calcutta, in the East Indies, 1773 $ 
atBatterFea and Chelsea, March 9, n74; in Kent, 177^; 
in Languedoc, April 36, 1776 ; north of England, when ' 
Hexham bridge, Ridley-liall bridge, Sec. were thrown down, 
March, 1782 ; in different parts of Germany, when some * 
tb«usands had their houses and property destroyed, 17^5 ; 
in ai|E^ent parts of £i\gland, in Sept. and Oct. 1785 ; at 
Brighthelmstone, when the Blockhouse was washed down> ' 
Oct. 9, I7a6 ; in Spain, Navarre, Sept. 1787, where 2000 
lost their lives, all the buildings of several villages carried 
away by the currents from the mountains ; a terribl(^ inun- 
dation by the Liffey, in fraland, which did very considerable 
damage in Dublin and its environs, Nov. 12, 1*787 ; at Kirk- ' 
wald, in Scotland, by breaking the Dara-dy-kes, Oct. 4,. 
1788, wbich nearly destroyed thetewn; in Scotland and 
the north of England, July 1789 ; of the river Don, near 
DdVicastcr, and the Derwent and Trent, Nov. go,- 1791 ; 
of great extent ai Placentia, in Italy,. Nov. 1791 j at 
Broorosgrovp, in, Worcestershire, April 13, 17.92; in- 
Lancashire, Au;;nst, 17^2; almost thrtiughout England, 
by the melting of the snow, and the greatest part of the * 
bridges' were either destroyed or damaged, Feb. 1795. In 
China in 1800. At St. Domingo, which destroyed 1400 per-^ 
sons, Oct. 180,0; on the coast of Holland and Germany,' 
Nov. 1601 ; in Dublin and parts adjacent, Dbe. 2 and 3> 
1802; in various parts of England, 1808. 

Invincible, man of war, of 74 guns lost, with nearly all the . 
crew, March 17, 1801. ^ 

Jamaica, earthquakes at, June 7, 1693 ; hurricane, Aug $0, 
17252, Sept. 1, I7i4, and Oct. 1744; another, which did 
300,0001. damage, Aug. 10, 1751 j in 1781, and July 3d, 
1784, and 1790; had a violent storm of hailstones which 
measTired 3 inches aiula half incircumfei'ence, Apni u'3, 179:?. ' 

Jews, sixty-six^ were killed by a floor giving way at the cclebra*. 
C3 ^ 



64 ACCIDENTS, EARTI^fiUAKE*?, PAMTNES, &c. 

tion of a wedding at Mantua, amon^ whom were tbe bride 
and the bridejrroona's moth*?!', Jnne :^, 17761. 

John's St. monastery, near Smithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler's rab- 
ble, 1381, 

John's town, St. Anttgus, destroyed by a storm, Aug. i; and 31, 
1772 ; by a fire, 1769. 

Kentbury, Berks, bad nine^houscs consumed by afire, April 10, 1 742. 

Ki'tterinj, in Northamptonshire, burnt, 1707 • 

king's-Bench prisOr^ had 50. apartracucs destroyed by fire, July 
13, 1799. 

Kingston, in Jamaica, had 600,000 1, damage done by a fire, 
Feb. 8, 1782. 

Kilt's St, greatly damaged by fire, 1768, 177^5 greatly damaged 
by a storm, and the town of Basseterr^ by fire ; the damage 
immense, Sept. 5, 1776. 

Koningsberg, in Prussia, nearly destroyed by ligbtiiiog in 1764 ; 
and by fire, 1769. 

Landau had its arsenal blown up, Dec. 20, l f 94. 

teige palace destroyed by a fire, Feb. 1733-4. 

Leyden, the most magnifioent part of, blown up by the accidental 
explosion of a vessel lying in the Rapenbarg canal laden yviih 
'gunpowder, Jan. 180?. 

Lightning, a flash of, penetrated tht theatre at Venice, during the 
representation j 600 people were in the house, several of whom 
were killed ; it put out the candles ; melted a lady's gold watch- 
ease ; the jewels in the ears of others, which were compositions, 
and split several diamoadSj Aug. 1769. 

■' and thunder, so dreadful, as to throw down several 

churches, Feb. 12'22; it thundered is days together, with rain 
and floods that destroyed the fruits of the earth, i23d; de- 
stroyed many men, beasts, houses, &c. 1360. See Storms. 

Lima and Callao, in Peru, swallowed up by an earthquake, Oct. 

' 29, J746. 

Liotz, the capital of Upper Austria, had 70 houses, the palace, &c. 
burnt, Aug. ii3, 1800. 

Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake in 1531; totally" overturned, 
Nov. 1, 1755; the C^ust©m-house burnt May 31, 1766; the 
royal palace was burnt down, Nov. 179*. 

Xittle theatre in the Hay market, London, 15 persotiswere trodden to 
death at the, by endeavouring to. get admission to see the per- 
formance, on Feb. 3, 1794, and several others greatly bruised, 
. f»f wiiom, some died. 

Liverpool received 4000 1. damage hy fire, Feb. 50, 1762; and 
by a storm, June -29^ lysg ; had its Exc];^ange, &c. bumr, 
Jan. 18, 1795 ; suffered immense damage, Jan. 19, I802 ; and 
on Sept. 14 following, the warehouses and goods, valued at one 
iniUion, were destroyed at France's wharf. 

London- bridge burnt, 1136; burnt by a fire at both ends, and 
3006 people lost their lives, 1 aii ; a fire on it, Feb. 11, ie:j2 ; 

^another Sept. », 1725; the temporkiy one burnt, April 11, 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, Ac. 65 

London East Indiaman run down by tbe Rus^el man of war» 
when she sunk, and no persons perished, Dec. 2R, 1778'. 

L*0nenc magazines, 8tc, destroyed by fire, April I70d, to a very ' 
consideiuble amount. 

iabin, city of, burnt to ashes 1209; again, 1970. 

Labec, in Poland, two synag;ogue^ and a great number of houstt 
at, were totally destroyed, all the windows in the town were broken, 
and above 90 persons killed or dangerously wounded, by the axl6- 
trees of- ten carriages taking fire, that were conveying gunpowder 
to the army, occasiorfing a dreadful expTosion, June 2S, 1793« 

Lucia, St. had 900 persons destroyed by an earthqual^e, Odt. id^ 
1788. • ' 

Madras, fire at, consumed 1,000 houses, Feb. 14, 1803. 

Madrid had 80 houses destroyed by a fire, Jan« 15, ]'7yo« 

Maidstone damaged by a fire, Oct. 3, 1750. 

Malta had its Observatory, with its valuable apparatus and 'mano« 
script observations, destroyed by fire, April 6, 1789* 

Manchester calico manufactory, valued at above 100,000 ],.dc^ 
stroyed by fire, March 15, I79*i. 

Manilla, in the East Indies, had its vast magazines destroyed by 
fire, Oct 17JM>. 

Margate hoy wrecked on tbe Reculver sands, and twenty-three 
lives tost, Feb. 7, I80i. 

Marine hospital, at Brest, burnt, with 50 galley davei, and a^ 
great number of sick, Dec. 1, 1776. 

Marshalsea prison, in Southwark, fell in, but no lives lost,. May < 

10, 1802. 

Martinico nearly destroyed by a hurricane, Sept. li, 1758. 

Blassacre, at Constantinople, of* 32,000 persons, 532; ai MilaBr. 
of 300,000, by the Goths, 539 ; of Danes, by the English on 
St. Bride's day, 1002; the Sicilian Vespers, Ij282; at Pari^ 
1418; at Ambois, 1560; at |^ris, Aug. 24, l572iof Am- 
boyna, 1624; of Ireland, when 40,000 English Protestant* 
were killed, Oct. 1641 ; of Glencoe, Ffeb. 13, lapa ; at Ba* 
Uvia,. 11,000 Chinese were killed by the natives, Oct. 1740 1 
at Cape Francois, June 13,. 1703, M 0,000 white inhabitants 
were massacred by the negroes, and the town burnt down. ' 

Martock castle burnt down, Aug. 3, 1702.. 

Messina afflicted with the plague, i74i ^ destroyed by an earthn 
quake in 1733 and 1784. 

Meteline isle, in the Archipelago,/ and 20OO houses, &c. destroyed 
by an earthquake. May 27,. 1755. 

Middleton, Stoney, Oxfordshire, burnt April 29, 1755.. 

Milton, Great, Oxon, had 16 houses burnt, July 9, 1763. 

Minehead„ in Somersetshire, had 47 houses destroyed by fif^ 
July 4, 1791 9 valued at i8>ooo I. 

Mittau, fai Courland» the Duke's palace was destroyed by tre, 
Dec. 21, 1788. 

Moitteiras overwhelmed by a volcaoo, in the Isle of Fu^t Ap(^ 
30, I7i7* 



66| ACCIOBNTS, EARTHQITAKES, ^AMINES, ^c. 

Molesworth, lady) and her three children, burnt in her bouse, 

17«4. 
Montego Bay» in Jamaica, had 400,000 1, damage by fire, June 

14, 1795. 
Montpellier, in France, had a booth wherein a play was performing 

fall, and killed 500 persons. July si, 1786. 
Montreal was greatly damaged by a fire in I70b and 1768; the 
"Episcopalian Church, the Jesuits* College, and the prison burnt, 
June 6, 1803. 
Morpeth, in Northumberland, burnt by its inhabitants, out o| ha- 
tred to King John, 1215. 
Mortality, great ones, 1 094 ; again among men, cattle, and 
fowls, lixi; among^ men, at Oxford, 1471; among youth, 
1589; at York, when 11,000 persons died, Aug. 1 691, 
Morton Hampstead, D^von, greatly damaged by fire, June 24, 
' 1757. 
Moscow had 2000 houses destroyed by a fire, July 1730; again, 

1750, 175^, when 1 8, oott houses were burnt 
Moufit of Piety, at Naples, burnt down, with the loss of above 

3,000,000 crowns, July 31, 1780. 
Munich palace destroyed by a fire, Feb. 5, 1749*50; again, and 

200 houses, April 28, 1 y'd-l, 
Munro, Lady, of Foulis, and her three servants, drowned in ba- 
thing, Aug. 8, 1808. 
Naias Transport, lost by striking on the rocks on the coast of New- 
foundland, Oct. 23, 1805. 
Nants, a powder magazine at, t>lew up, May 98, I8O0, which de- 
stroyed many persons and .houses, A four pound cannon wa^ 
thrown to a great distance. 
Naples nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April 1731 ; again, July 
' 2«, 1605, when the town of Isemia was reduced to ruins. 
Neuburg, in the Upper Palatinate, wholly destroyed by file, 

Aug. ^1800* 
Newbufn, in North Carolina^ had I60 houses destroyed by fije» 

Sept. 21, 1791. 
Kewcastle burnt by accident, 1349 ; received io,oool. damage by 
a fire, Aug. 28, 1750.^ 
I Newfoundland had a considerable tract of its wood» burnt near St. 
John's, 1780. 
Newgate damaged by a fire in the Press-yard, Sept. 5, 1752; 

burnt by the rioters, 17 80. 
Ndwmarlcet had 1000 1. damage by a flood, June 10, 1 755. 
Newport, Shropshire, had 20 houses burnt. Sept, 8, 1740; and 
in 1791 had 17 dwellings, and 20 barns with com, and many 
out-houses, destroyed by fire. 
New- York, the Government house burnt, Dec. 20, 1778 ; great 
£art of the city burnt by the Provincials, Nov. 20» 17*76; 
an accidental fire destroyed 300 houses, Aug. 7, 1778^ set. fire 
to by incendiaries,, and bad 70 houses destroyed, Dec 8, 
1790$ suflbred a damage of loo^ood dollars by fire^ isoo. 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, &e. 67 

Noithampton town burnt, Sept. 3, 167 5, 

Nottmc;bain burnt to ashes, luo. 

Nova Cascello, ia Calabria, Italy, and several villages near it, 
destroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 30> 1789. 

Of&n, near Statford on Avon, received 3000 1, damage by fire. 
May 14, 1754. 

Old Bailey, 38 persons killed in the, at the ezecuttdn of Mr. 
Steel's marderers, Feb. 93, I807. 

Opera house at Kome, its roof fdl in, Jan. 18, 1703* 

Oran, in Africa, with the greatest part of its Inhabitants, destroyed 
by an earthquake, Oct. B, 1790. 

Orianoy in Naples, nearly destroyed by an earthquatce, Nov. 39, 
17 8i. 

Oxford; a terrible fire 'at, April 35, 1O71 ; one wing of GLueea's 
College burnt, Dec. 19, 1778. 

Palermo, in Italy, destroyed by an earthquake, Ang. 31, 172G. 

Prinama totally destroyed by fire, 1737* 

Pantheon, Oxford- street, London, entirely destroyed by fire, to 
the value of 60,000 1. Jan. 10, 1793. > 

Paris consumed by fire 559 ; the C«nciergerie burnt, Jan. 17/6. 

Patrasae, in the Morea, swallowed up by an earthquake, April 
18, 1786. 

Paura Saint, London, burnt, 964 ; the steeple fired by lightning,' 
1443 ; burnt, 1681 ; again, 1666. 

Penton, ncarAndover, had 15 houses burnt, March 9, 1754. 

Petersburgh had 3000 houses destroyed by a fire, Aug. 13, 1736 ; 
received damage to the amount of 1,000.000 of rubles, by an 
iooodation and storm, Sept.' 33, I777i and to the amount of 
3,000,000,. by a fire on Aug. 30, 1780 ; again Nov. 38, it hadr 
11,000 houses destroyed by afire occasioned by. lightning ; on 
June 7y 1796, it had a large magazine of naval stores, and be- 
tween 90 and 100 vessels in the harbout destroyed. 

Ph'dacjelphia greatly dandaged by a fire which bioke out at tho 
theatre, Dec. 38, 1799. 

Philip of Castille driven by a storm to England, iao5. 

Phillipoli in Romania, had 4000 persons destroyed by an earth- 
quake, Feb. 1749^^0. 

Pierre, In Martinico, had 700 houses burnt, Oct. 1753. 

Pietfs Sancta, in Itaiy, greatly damaged by a storm, Dec. 7, 1784. 

Plague— the whole worid visited by one, 767 before Christ ; ia 
Rome, when 10,000 persons died in a day, 73^ in England, 
763; in Chichester, when 84>0oo died, 1773) in Canterbury, 
788 ; in Scotland, which swept away 40,000 inhabitants, &54 ; 
in England, 1035, 1347» and 1347 ; in England, when 50,000 
4ied'in London, 1500 in Leicester, &c. ; in Germany, which 
cat off 90,000 people, 1348 ; in Paris and Londonv very dread* 

' IqT, 1307; i^n 1379$ in London, which killed 30,000 per* 
sons, 1407 ; again, when more were destroyed than in 15 yearV 
war before, 1477 ; again, when :)0,000 died in liondon, i4P9i 
agaiOf 1348 s agun 1594 ; which carried off in London a fottfth 



€8 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, &c. 

part of its inhabitants, 1604 ; at Constantinople, when 200,000 
persons died, 1 ai i ; at Loncion, when ab,4l % died, 162S and 1 631 ; 
at Lyons, in Franco, ' died 6'0,000, 16*.i2 ; ajain at London, 
\ihicb destroyed 68,()00 persons, in l(j65 ; at IMessina, Feb- 
1743 J at Alj^iers, 1755; in Fer^a, wh*jn 80,000 persons pe- 
rislied at Bassornh, 1773; at Smyrna, that carried off about 
20,000 inhabitant?, 17«4; and kt Tunis, 32,000, 17H4 i iti 
the Levant, 17^6 ^ at Alexandria, Smyrna, &c. 1791 ; in 
Egypt, in 1792, where near 800,000 died; the yellow fever 
destroyed 2000 at Philadelphia, iul793 ; on the coast of Africa, 
particularly at Barbaiy, 3000 died daily ; at Fez, 247,000 
died, in June, 1799 ; 1800 died at Morocco, in 1800; in one 
day ; in Spain and acGibraUar, where great nigubers died in 
1804 and 1805. 

Plag;ues, ten of E^pt, 1494 before Christ. 

Plymouth victuallinjc-office burnt, with 3000K damage, July 22, 
1779; a lire in Southside-strect, which did 30^0001, damage, 
in 1795. 

Poole, io Monmt)uthshire, had the floor of the Sessions-hall fall 
when,the cou.t was sittitj>^, and occasioned the death of se- 
veral persons, A'a«:. ll,^ 1758. 

Port-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyiid by an earthquake, June 7, 
1692; by a fire, in 1703; and by a hurricane, Au^.28, 1722; 
again by a storm, Oct. 20, 1744; had .106,0001. damage by a 
' fire, 1750; by a terrible storm, Jh)y'36, 1784. 

Port-au-Prince, in St. Domingo, hatl 150 houses burnt, June Q9, 
1784; -nearly the whole town was burnt by the riotets, Dec. 

I, 1791. 

Portsmomth dock-yard received 400,0001. damage by a fTre, July 
3, 1760;, again July 27, 1770, which did 100,0001. damage; 
and a third fire, Dec, 7, 1776, when 60,0001. damage was 
done. 

Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the Biltish forces. May 

II, 1779. 

Posing, in Hungary, destroyed by a fire, to the number of 107 
bouses, Sept. 7, 1784 ; again in April 1 803, when 2B3 bouses 
yreve burnt. 

Potsdam had its magnificent and venerable cathedral of St. Ni- 
cholas destroyed by fire, Sept. 4, 1795. 

Preston, in Somerset, had 14 houses di'Stroyed, and a greater 
number damaged by ftre, in Dec. 1792. 

Queen Indiaman blown up at Brazil, July 14, 1800. 

gueen's college, Oxford, greatly damaged by a fire> which to- 
tally destroyed one of the wings vi the buitdiug, Dec^ 1 9, 
1778.' 

Quito, in Peru, swallowed up by an earthquake, April S4, 
1755. * 

Kaduor fdrest destroyed by fire, Aug. 1 800. 

Radziville, in Gallic'ia, nearly consumed by fire. May 6, 18OI. 

Hain, violent in Scotl.uid, for five "months, 5.53; a conthiual 
rain in Scotland fo^five dkontbs, 918 j a violent one in Lon- 
\ 



ACCIDENTS, £.\RTHQUAKES, FAMINES, &t. 69 

doit, 1222; again 1233; sovioUrnt, tbe harvest bid not begin 
till Michaelmas, 1330 ; so heavy that the corn was spoiled, 
ViSh; from the beginning <of October to December, 1338; 
from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there Was not one 
d;»yor ni^t dry together, 1348: again violent, 1365; m 
Wales, which destroyed 10,doO sheep, Sept. 19, 1752; in 
Languedoc, which destroyed the village uf Bar le Due, April 
2G, 1776; in the north of, England, U89; in the island of 
Cuba, on the 21st of June, 1791, when 30OO pci-sons and 
11,700 cattle of various kinds perished, by the torretits occa- 
sioned by the rain. 
Ramsey, in Huutingdonishire, nearly dustroyed hy a fire, Tilay 
21, 1731. 

Ranas, in Enzie, Scotland, burnt down. May 7, 1759. 

Richmond,^ in Virginia, had one hundred bouses, vahied at 
100,0001. destroyed Dec. 17, 1786. 

Rochester burnt in 677 ; again 1 130 ; and June 3, 1 137. 

Rtikitzan, in Bohemia, totally destroyed by fire, to the value of 
a million and a half, Sept. lo, J7B4. 

Rome burnt by Nero, 65: the Capitol burnt, 13 before Christ; 
Pompey's theatre burnt, 850. 

Romford barracks were destroyed by fire. May 27, .'795» which 
cost IO,fK)0l. building. 

Romney». a 50-gua ship,' lost on the Haaksand, off the Texel, 
Nov. I9t 1804. 

Roof of the church at Fearn, in Scotland, fell In during the ser- 
vice, and killed 60 persons, Oct. 19, 1742. 

Rosbach, in the Upper Circle of 8a]iony, totally disappeared, in 
Oct. 1792, supposed by an earthquake. 

Roseneath castle, in Scotland, the seat of the duke of Argyle, 
burnt. May 31, 1802. 

Royal Circus, in St. Georges's-fields, destroyed by fire, Aug. 12, 
1805. 

RoystoQ, in Cambridgeshire, greatly damaged by a fire, 36 houses 
burnt, Aug. 2:5, 1747. 

Ruppin, in Brandenburgb, destroyed by fire, when 600 houses 
were burnt, Sept. 1787. 

Rycaut, in 0*fonishire, the Earl of Abingdon's seat, totally de- 
stroyed by fire, with Lord Norreys, the Earl's eldest son, 
Nov. 12, 174.5. 

Sadler's Wells, IB persons trodden to death at the iheatre,, Oct. 
15, 1807. 

Saltzburg forest, burnt to the extent of 10,000 acres, Aug, 
1800. 

Saragossa, in Spain, had 400 of its inhabitants perish "by a fire, 
that burnt down the play-house, Dec* 1778. 

Sardinian Ambassadoi-'s chapel, near LincoInVinn-fields, burnt 
by accident, Nov. 30, 1759; again by the rioters, in June 
1780. 

Saranoab, in South Carolina, damaged by fire, July 4* 1758 1 



70 ACClDENtS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, &e. 

and a^in, Nov. 36, 1797, wfatm 229 dwellings, besides out- 
houses, were destroyed. 

Sandwich harbour destroyed by an earthquake, 1580. 

Scafl^ld, a, built for sj^ctators to see Lord Lovat beheadeil^ fell 
down, and sei^erai persons were killed, and a great number 
tnaimed, 1747. 

Scarborough, in New England, greatly damaged by a fire, Sept. 
11,1762. 

Scheen, in Norway, was totally destroyed by a fire, Dec. 6, 
1777. ■ ■■ 

Scutari, near Constantinople, containing 3000 bouses, totally 
consumed by fire, Auj^. 12, 1797-. 

Senate-bouse, Dublni, destroyed by fire, Feb. 27, 1792. 

Seville Custom-house destroyed by fire, May 7, 1792, with 
40,0001. lossw 

Sbadwell Watftr-works destroyed by fire. They raised 903 gal- 
lons a minute, and were destroyed in one hour and a half, 
1797. 

Sheffield cotton manufactory, valued at 45,0001. destroyed by 
fire, Feb. 9, 1792. 

Shipwash, in Devon, p-eatly damaged by fire, April 22, 1742. 

Shrewsbury, a dreadful fint at, which vonsamed 50 houses, ^e» 
sides barns, stables^^&c. April I, 1774. 

Sienna was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. May 1796. 

Smyrna nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April 1730 \ and by 
a fire, June 20, 1742; had the plague, 1743, 1752 •, the 
Armenian quarter burnt. May 14, 1753; had ihe pkigee, 
175e, lt60: dreadful fires in 1763 and 1772; and earth- 
quakes and fire, in 1778; in Mai'ch, 1796, which de- 
stroyed 4000 shops, two large mosques, two public haths, and 
all the magazines and provision^, to the value often millions 
of crowns. A riot there by the Sclavonians, occasioned the 
Janissaries to destroy the theatre, and property of the 
Christians, to the amount of 100,0001. when between 12 and 
1300 persons lost their lives. May 179T. 

Snow tor eleven day^, 1762 ; remarkably deep in 1731 and 
lt36i 7000 Swedes perished in a sterm of snow upon the 
mountains of Rudel .and Tydel, in their march to attack. - 
Rrontbeim, in 1719. / 

Sodom bu/nt, 1897 before Christ, 65th of Lot's age. 

Sol way Moss oegan to flow, Dec. 16, 1772. 

SouthaiD, in Warwickshire, had 40 houses burnt, March 25, 
1741-2. 

Spani-.!! T.^wn, in the island of Trinidad, destroyed ^y fire, 
March- 24, 1808. 

Spring, a subterraneous, sudr^enly burst forth in the environs of 
Como, occasioning the immediate fill of two houses, and 
some hours afterward, that of a forge situfited near it, IBOii. 

Stair-case, at Bedfoi-d i^ssiiie, fell down, when 18 persons were 
kiUed, 1438,. 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINEi!, &c. 71 

JSUaiford, in Lmcolnshire, felt an earthquake, a& diil the neigh- 
bouring towns, Feb. 27» 1X92, 

Stockholm had 1000 honses burnt, 1751; ^0, Aug. 31, 1759. 

'- nearly destroyed by fire, June 1795, and ^ov. 

15, 1802. 

Storms, .one in Canterbury, threw down 300 bouses, and killed 
several famiUes, 234 ; in London, which killed several people, 
. 277 ; at Winche'^ter, 301 ; hail-stones, much bigger than hen's 
eggs, 344; 420 houses iii Carlisle blown down, and many peo- 
ple killed, 349 j great part of Cok-hester destroyed, and sevf^ral 
people killed, 416; in York, wbieh ^kw d-jwn several houses, 
aad kilted many people, 458 ; hailstones fell in roost parts of 
Britain, above three inches diameter, ' killed many men and 
much cattle, 459; in Lrmdon, which tlirew down many of the 
houses, and killed 250 inhabitants, 549 ; on the const of Kent, 
Su&seii, and Hampshire, 566; at Lincoln, which threw down 
jibove 100 houses, 701; in Wells, 772; at Coventry* 781; 
destroyed above 40 houses in Cambridge, 919- at Manchester, 
921; in Tendon, which threw down 1500 houses* 944; 
Southampton nearly destroyed in a storm- by lightnins:, 951; 
at Colchester, 996 ; near 400 houses in London blown down, 
1055 ; storm at Edinburgh. 1064 ;: in several parts of Eng- 
land, especially at Wincbelscomb, in Gloucestershire, when 
the steeple of the church was thrown dowih Oct. 5, 1091; at • 
London 500 houses' were thrown down, and Bow church Qn- ' 
roofed, and at Old Sarum the steeple, with many houses, 
were t-farown down, Oct. 17, 1091 ; in En^aad, 1116.; a vio* 
lent storm almost desolated a great part of Denmark and 
Norway, in 1194; many lives were' lost, and houses over- 
thrown, and the cprn in the fields destroyed by hail as large 
as hen's eg^, 4205; one which threw down several churches, 
1222;- it thundered for 15 days together, with terrible tem- 
pe£ts of thunder and rait>, 1233 ; 'the chimney c^ the chamHer 
where the Queen of K. Henry Iff. and her children lay, was 
hlown> down, and their whole apartments at.Windser shalien ; 
many oaks in the park were rent asun^^v, and torn up hy^ 
the roots, accpmptinied with such plunder aud li^tning as 
had xipt been ktHxprn in the meii^ory of man, 125a ; as King 
Edward I, and hift 12><6eiv were talking together in. their bed- 
chamber, a flash of lightning struck- iir at the window, passed 
by them, killed two of tbeiF^servants who waite^l up«Hi them, 
but did their m^stie^ no host, 1235 ; when Sdward IIL was 
•n hia rnarch, within two \eagves of Ch^re.s, tiiere bappeified 
astonn of pi^roing wiimIa that, 6<w«Ued to a tempest of ra»n, 
ItgbtiMAS. .aa4 haiUtofkes, so prodigioufv a»'imia»iif to 1611 
eoaO'Qf his hones, and 1000. of hisF besi tvogps, >369 ; when 
Rich^ Il/fi first wife came fjpom Bohemia, 9li« bf^d no sooAer 
set foot on sho^, h»t such afatotaviiMtoedlately arose as had 
ufit been seen for maf^>^ears> liriipen several ships vj^re dashed 
to pieces in the harbbur^ and the ship in which the Queen 



72 ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMINES, ftc. 

came over was shattered and broken ; and which was the more 
observable, l)ecause his secitnd wife brought a storm with her 
to the Ehgli&h coast, in which the Kifig's bagr^'re was lost, 
and many ships of his fleet tiast away, 1389; in ditferent parts 
of England many houses were thrown down, cattle destroyed, 
and trees rooted up, 1385 ; the leads df the Grey-friars ehurch, 

• and the whole side of a street, called the Old Kxchange, Lon- 
don, heat down, Nov. 25, 1413 ; St. PauVs steeple fired by 
lightmng, and the steeple of Waltham-cross ctmsamed, 1443; 
at St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, wa& 4 storm of hail, in 1479, 
when the stones measured 18 inches round ; in Italy* a storm 
of hail destroyed all the fish, birds, and beasts of the country, 
1510; a violent one in Denmark, which rooted up whole 
forests, and blew down the steeple of the great church at 
Copenhs^^ren, Jan. 1, 1515; a storm of hail in Northamptbn- 
shire, when the stones measured^ 15 inches in circumference, 

. July 1558; a storm at Leicester, 1563; near Che^nsford, in 
Essex, which destroyed 500 acres of corn', in-lS^G; hailstones 

. fell at Dorchester seven inches in circumference, on Aup. 23, 
J651 . Tlie day that Oliver Cromwell died, one was so violent 

• and terrible, that it extended all over Europe, Se^t. 3. 1658 ; 
a great one in London, Feb. 18, 1663; 200 sail of colliers and 
some coasters were lost, wUh all their crews, in the Bay of 
Ccpmer, in Norfblk, in I696; a storm of hail in Cheshire and 
LancHshii-e, &c. which killed fowls and small animals, and 

/ knocked down horses. and men, some of the stones weighing 
half a pound, April 29, 1697 ; the same year. May 4, ia 

- Hertfordshire, hailstones fell 14 inches in circumference, de- 

- stroyed trees and corn in a dreadful manner ; the most ter- 
rible one that had ever been known in England, attended 

► with flashes of lightning, 'Nov. 27, 1703, which unroofed 
many houses and churches, 'blew down several chimneys and 
the spires of many steeples, tore whole groves of trees up by 
the roots, and the leads of some churches were rolled up like 
scrolls of parchment, and sevei^l vessels, boats, and barges 
were sunk in the Thames ; but the royal navy suffered the 
greatest damage, being just returned from the Mediterra- 
nean, .one 2d rate, four 3d rates, four 4th rates, and many 
others of less force, were cast away upon the coast of Eng- 
land, and above 1500 seamen lost, besides those tb«^t were 
cast away in the merchants' service ; in London only the da^ 

• mage was estimated at a tnilHon ; Port-Royal, in Jamaica, 
destroyed^ Aug. 28, 1722; agun, Oct. 20, 1744; Carolina 

. was greatly damaged hy storms, Aug. 1722, 1728; Chelten- 
ham, in Gloiaoesterabire, received 20001. damage, June 1731 $ 
at 61. Kilt's, where twenty ships were lost, June 30, 1733; at 
Jamaica, 1734; at the mouth of the Ganges, in India, when 
20900O'ves8el9 of different kinds were cast away, eight English 
East India ships, and dOOiOOO peopte weie lost, and the water 



ACaDENTS, EARTHQUAKES. FAMINES, See. Td^ 

rose forty fpct higher than usual, Oct. 11, 1737 ; at Antigna« 
Auj. 1740; a violent one on the coast of En-^land, Nov, J, 
1740; at Canterbury, Sept. 8, 1741 ; in Yorkshire, where tbs 
hailstouAs were five inches ruund^ M<iy 1745; one at Nant^, 
where sixty-six vessels and 800 sailors were lost, March 7t 
1751; at Jamaica, which did 300,0001. damage, Aug, 10, 
1751; at Cadi2, 100 ships lost, Dec. 8, 1731 ; at Martinicu^ 
Sept. 12, 1756, which did great damage; at Uarbadoes, Aug. 
23, 1756; at Charleston, South Carolina, Where the ships 
lost were worth fiO,OOOf, May 4, 1761 i. at Girgenti, in Italy, 
where the hailstones weighed twenty ounces, April 18, 1772.i 
at Leeds, in Yorkshire, where the hailstones were as large an 
nutmegs, June 20, 1772; at St. Jai^o, where it did great da- 
inag<^, and the hailstones wf le as large a$ oranges, ^uly 1^, 
1772; a terrible one at St. Kitt'i, which dtd imuimse dA- 
*iage in that and the hdjoining iilands, Aug, .iO, 1772; in 
France and England, March 1773 ; a most terrible one naar 
Boston, in North America, in August, and at Cul^a, in Jujjr 
1773; in Oxford, Novi 15,. 1773 i at Alen9on,. in'Francx:, 
where the haihtones measured 18 inches round, Aug. 3, 
1774 ; at London, Sept. 30, and Dec. 5, 6, 7, 1774, which 
did great damage to 'the shipping; in the n^rth of England, 
four Dublin packets foundered, Oct. 19, 1775; again, on tfte 
South coas^^s, Nov. 1775 ; at Antwerp, &c. in Holland, where ■ 
the hailstones were as large as hen's eggs, and weighed three 
quarters of a pound, anu killed several horses, &c. and da«. 
stroyed tlte fruits of the earth, June 1 1,. 1775; in the West 
Indies, <be severest ever known, Sept. 6, 1776; at Florence, 
and its neighbourhood, whiph did immense damage, .Oct. 16^ 
1777 ; in all the West India islands, particularly at Savan* 
nah La Mar,» in Jamaica, and at. Barbadoes, in Oct. 1780'j 
at Roehampton, Wandsworth, Oct. 17, 1780; at Jamilca* 
Aug. 1781; all over fengland, Jan; 1779; a violent haj 
storm at Madrid, which did 60001. damag^^ to the glass wxiv 
dows, some stones weighed a.pound, on. July 9,6, :I782li. q^ 
SHrat, in the East Indies, which destroyed seven tliousaiid o| 
the inhabitants; on April ^2, 1782 ; atDieupole, in Morayiai 
which totally destroyed the piac^j, May 30, J 782 ; in France, 
where the hailstones weighed eight ounces, June 17, ,1782; 
great damage done m Amei;ica, particularly in New Englaji^, 
1784 J at Iran, in the Pyrenees, on tlie borders of France and 
Spain, hailstones fell as large as hen*s eggs, which weighed 23 
oances each, July J8, 1'784; a dreadful storm on tjje North 
coas^. of England, Dec. 5,, 1^84; the same in Ita]y, Dty', 
1784 ; a hail storiti at Paris as large as cherriea, July 1, 1^783 ^ 
131 villages and farms laid wa^e in France, August 5, V785; 
in the West Indii*, Juljr 6, 17B5 ; in the Channel, Jan. ITBi^^ 
when the Halswell Indiamati, &c* was lost; ^t Ferrara^ in 
Italy, wheje the hailstones were as large as hens* eggs, July 
17, 178^; thesa^aeTnonth, aitwm at Highbickington, la 

H 



74 ACCIDENTS, EARTHfiUAKES, FAMINl^, Ac. 

J Devonghire, remove^ 1 3 elm trees upwards pf 2.00- yards from 
t their ori^nal spot, and they remained standing upright in a 
V flourishinj^ state. A rock at the sarae place was divided up- 
* wards ofeib-ht feet asunder, «iiid all the poultry and corn far 
several miles were de€troyed by the thunder j^nd lightnin'f; 
at Barbadoes, Ausf. 11, 1786; and at North Shields, where 
. the hailstones were as big as pic^eon's egg^s, Aug. IH, 1786. 
In Normandy, where the hailstones were as big as hen's eggs, 
Aug. 4^ 17^7. ia different parts of Engtand thd same 
. month, 1787v In the VVest Indies, where great damage was 
done, particularly in the French islands, July 1787. Consi- 
•derable damage to the Tower-ditch, at London^ where tlie 
ground on Little Tower-hill was trenched near 12 feet deep, 
, June 20, 1788. At St. Germain en Laie, in France, hail fcjl 
as ■iRr2;te as a quart bottle, and all the trees from Val lance to 
Lisle wer^ torn up by the roots, July 13, 1788. At Livtr- 
podl, June 2!?, 1789; almost all over the kingdom, which 
did very consideraUe damage, Dec. 23, 1700. A violent bail 
Btorm in Italy, in June i7Dl, Jind in several parts of England 
the same month. In S^f. 1791', a violent hail-storm fell In 
Calabria, near Naples, when some of the hailstones weighed 
an English pound, which destroyed all hopes of a vintage, 
'$he church o^ Speldhurst, in Kent, was destroyed by light- 
ning, and the bells were m^lUd^ and other damage dvne at 
lUynham, Oct. 25, 1T91 ; also in Sussex, where the ha^il- 
stones were four inches in circumference. At Watejford, iji 
Ireland. April 4, 17^2. In different parts of Kent, April 13, 
1792. In Che north of England, July l6^ 179^* At WUit^- 
haven, which did great damage, when the tide rose six feet 
above its usual height, March' 1793. At Thornton, in Lei- 
. •estershire, when the Hailstones measured from '4 to 6^ ii^ches 
in circumference, and did great, damage, Aug. 3, 1793; at 
. $ayapnah La Mat, in' JamaitaJ hailstones as targe as pigeon's 
•ggs fell, JM'ne 2, 1793; almost universal through Great 
BriUln, by which much damage was done^'Jan. 1^,. 1794 ; 9. 
jnost violent storm of rain in N9rfoTk inundated, many tcwns^ 
particularly Norwicli, Nov. 1794 1 'a most violent storm on 
the casfefn coast of England, when much damage was done 
«o the shipping, Oct. 6, 17^4 ; a most violent storm m Cum- 
berland, Dec. 5, 1794; a storm of. hail in Essex and Herts, 
which did great damage, June 12, 179a.; in different parts of 
England, particulirly in the Channel and in London, N9V.4, 
1795 ; at Petersburg .upwards of 90 vessels arid a large ma- 
gazine or .naval stores were destroyed, June 7^ 17^-, The 
fiton^ina hail-storm oVei* London, measured 1^ inch.iii cir- 
cUmnerfeuce^' May 6, 1797, which did great damage to the 
Mrden grounds in the environs^ July 30,= 1798; haiUtones 
fell at Lewes, m SUssexj^ which .mci^sured 3, inches iacircui^, 
ai^d eoitie weighed 3 ounc«ji eapb, June 5, 179 It Lewes, in 
S«96QX^ t^ccir^d damage ui,gUs« by i hail-stgrmj W tbe 



amouAt of 100(n. the'stoneS were Tr6ni 4 to 7 niches roujwJ. 
At Bletcbitigilon there were 575 paiies' uf ^lass broken beIou|^ 
iii^ to th^ barracks, aiwl oth*fr damage done in dittVrent 
pikces. At Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 100,0001. damage wfs 
dilne by a storm, Sept. 25, ITys. At Hey(ord,k. in Oxford- * 
Jfbire, irregular pieces of ice the sixe of a hen's ^g fell Au!^. 
I9f IflOO^^tbe same storm did screat damage in Bedfordshire, 
where hailstones fell of 1 1 Inches' circumference', and killed 
the ^ares und partridges in the fields^ Nov. ^, the same yeaf, • 
great dama«;e was ^lone in Loudon, and throughoMt almost 
all EngUuil i again in Devonshire, and in the Baltick, Noy. 
1801 ; in the north of England, Aug. 18, .1802; -a violent ' 
htirricane ofwind did g[reat damage iu Devon aiMl Coriiwaljl, * 
Jan. 19* 1B04; another'hlew down a garden wall at Sbenfielil- 
"place, Kent, of 300 feet in length, on Jan. ^, 1804; a dread- 
ful storm at Kingston upon Thames, July 6, 1805 ; a terrific 
thunderstorm in Soinersetshire, when the hailstones m«a- ' 
sured from 6 to 7 inches ip drcuinference, July 1$, 1908. 

Stratford upon Avon burnt, Aug. 1, I (i 14, • ^ 

^-^ , "Stohey, had above 50 housts burnt, April 19, 1736; * 

again, when 150 were burnt. May 6, 1742. . , . 

SufToltc, in Virginiai destroyed by the British forces, M^y 1779. 

Sugar.bouses, Mr. Hodgson's, Church-lane, Wbitechapel, de- 
stroyed by fire, Sept. 7, 1804. ^ 

Swan '^oot> of war lost oil Walerfotd, 130 jpersons periled, * 
Aug. 1782. • , . * 

Sweating sickness, that carried off grei^t immberg* first ob8ei*ved 
in England in 1481; again 1483; in Sept. 1485; again 1506; - 
again, so that iu some towns half the people died; in otheis 
one-third, 1517; again 1528, 1 521^, 154«, and 1551. 

^aw, dreadful aecioents occasioi^d by a sudden, ' in various ' 
parts of England, Jan. and Feb. 1809. 

Teschen, in Silesia, reduced to ashes by fircr Afarcn'6, ,1789. 

Tewkesbury^ in Gloucestershire, n^oeived lOOOU damage by ^ ^ 
storin, Aug. Id, 174i3. ^ 

Theatre at Cape d*1stria| in Italy, fell,^ and crushed the per* 
forbiiers and audience'to deatn, Feb. 6, 1.794* 

■ at Nantz was - destro)«d it^ jetccideuial ^re, Aug. S7i ' 

1796. * , . 

» at Meniz was destroyed by fire during the performance, 

on the falUpg iii of which many were orushed to deaths aa#- 
, above 70 were burnt, Aug. 1796v 
Thomas, ^t. the island of,, had 900 storey or warehouses burntj 

valufe 6,000,0001. NqV. 22, liiOS. , ^ 
thoresby, the Duke of Kingston's seat, in Northamptonshire^ 

burnt, with its furniture, April 4, 1745i. 
Tiverton, 200 houses burnt down,- June 5, 1731; 86 on May 

27, 1762 ; and between 60 and 70, 'April, 1785 *, and above 

^00 houses were destroyed by fire, June 30, 17i^4, 
II 2 



76 ACCIDENTS, EARtUfiUAKES, f AMlKES, &*. 

ToKavi the vineyards of in Hungarj', destroyed by a hail stori^i , 

' won. 

Tiirre drl CtPc«>, near Naplts. was nearly destroyed by the lava 

of MoUTit Vesuvius, June :io, 1794, 
Trichinojmli, in the East Indies,^ blown up by the magazine of 
^npowdei- taking Are, 300 of the inhabitants lost thvir lives; 
34(),(X)0 ball cartridges vvere destroyed, and the ^hole foun- 
dation shaken, 1772. 

Tripoli nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 13, 1759- 

Trusty, the ship, lost on a rock between Bristol and Cork« Jam. 

17, 1«09. 
'Truxilla, in Peru, ruined by an earthcjiiake, Dec. 1759. 

Twickenham, the French ambassador's house and valuable fur- 
niture burnt, Jyne 14, 1734. 

Union Packet of Dover was lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 179^, a 
, ^ similar accident had not happened for 105 years before. 

A^awxhall Gartlens much damaged by fire, June 29> 1800. 

Venice nearly reduced to ashes, 1101. 

Vesuvius^ eruptions of, 79> when two cities were buried in 
burning lava, with 250jOOO people*; 203, 27^2, 472, when all 
Campania was destroyed ; 512, 685, 993, 1036, 1043, 1048, 
1136, 1506, 1538; at Puzioli, 1631, 1632, When 4000 per- 
sons and a large track of lasd were destroyed, 1G60, 1662, 
1694, 1701, 1704,. 1712, 1717, 1730, 1737,1^51,1754, 
1760, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1T7*>, 1785, 1J86, 17W, 
1794. 

Victory man of war lost in a storm, Oct. 1744. 

"Vicmia received greAt damage^ and so'eral lives were lost, %y 
an explosion of gunjfiowder, June 26, 1779. 

yolcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke out, Sept.. 12, ^777* which 
threw out an immense quantity of red water, that disciS'* 

• loured the sea for several leagues. 

Wadrington, in Qxfordshire, greatly damsiged by a fire, May 
6, J742; 

WaraBdin* the capital of Cfoatf a, hfetd 600 houses reduced to 
ashes by a fire, April, 25, 1776- * 

WarehaiA, in Dorsetshire, burnt, 1731; again 1742; iSO 
houses, July 26, 1762. 

iVark Castle, in Cumberianrt, disstroyed by fire, 1399- 

Warrington, iH Lancashire, bad its cotton manufactory, near 
' the bridge, destroyed by fire, Dec. 1, 1791. 

Warwick greatly damaged by a fire, Sept. 8," 1694. 

"Waterford, in Ireland, expcriefieed a violent stqrm^ when the 
'towfer of -its .exchange was carried away, April 4, 1792. 

Westminster abbey, roof of, much damaged by fire, July 9, , 
1803. 

' convvnt destroyed ih a riot, 1221. 

' '.' ■ ' palace burnt, 1512; the south east "wing lurnt« 

1809- 

WeybiU fair nearly totpoyed by a Ire, Oct. 15, 1784. 



ACCIDENTS, EARTHQUAKES, FAMIJmS, &c. 7T 

WeUibgborou^fa, in Northamptonshint, burnt, Aug. 14, 1731 j 

a^^ain July Sd, 1738, 800 houses destroyed. 
Weill, in Shropshice, greatly damaged by a fire 167^. 
Werburgh's, St.'churcb, Dtibiin^ burnt, Nov. 5,. 1754. 
West Indies much damaged by a hurricane, Sept. 6, 177^. 
Whirlwind, a violent, at Falmouth, which stripped tb(> r«of of 

every house in its way, tore up several trees, and- threw a ves- 
sel, lying in the barbour» on her. beam ends, so that her keel 

appeared in sight, Jan. 1, 1803. 
William, Prince, eldest son of Henry f. with two of his sisters/ ' 

aud 180 of the nobility^ shipwrecked and lust,, in doming * 

from N«rmandy„ in 11^. 
Wiiliamsburghy South. CaroHna, damaged by a storm, July 17^ 

175», 
Wilmington, in North Carolina, nearly destroyed by"fire,'Oct, 

30,. 1T98. 
Wiltoij, near Gireat Bed win, Wiltshire, received loOOl. damage ' 

by a fire, Dec. 5, 175^. .7 

Wimhish church,, in Essex, damaged by li^tning^, 1756». 
Wimblcdba Houses Surrey, the noble seat of tlui Earl SpencttTy 

was totally destroyed by fire,. Mar^jh 2&> 1/85. 
Winchester city burnt,. 1 102. 
Windsor forest had several miles of tlie heath burhty an4 il^ 

trees damaged, April 17^ 1785. . ^ 

Wiiister, in Derbyshire, near 60 peopje wijre metat a puppot- ' 

show* when the upper floor of the house was blown up witd 

gunpowder,, and no hurt done to the noopie below, JaQ. 2d» 

1785. 
WitCon Cast{e, in Durham* was- destroyed by fire,' Dec S^^' 

1796. 
WoburD» in- Bedfordshire^ bumt^ 1724. ^ 

Woggis, near Lucerne, was swallowed up ty. an internal iiur- 

rent, and totaUy lost, Aug. 4, 17^5. 
Woly«riiamptoiv new church burnt, Nov. I, 1758. 
WoolwiGb.storas, dec. bUrut, t<» the value of SOO,000 1., M^y 2^, ^ 

I80e. 
Worcester city «nd castle burnt, V 13;. a stack of cbimnies'fell 

ou the coDrt-lMHise, and killed several persons, March. IS, 

1757 i greatly dani;)^ed by au explosion of gunpowder, Aug, 

II,. 1762;. recei¥6d'lS,00Ol. damage by a fire, Nov. 17<)l. 
Worksop Manor' bouse desti'oy«d by fire, 100,0001. damage^ ^' 

Oct. j20, 176*. 
Yarm overflowed by the riiwr Tees^ and received iliuchdiiLmagCL ^' 

Oet-^,,176K _, 

Yellow fever raged in the West Indies with uncOmixi6x|moi'ia- 

lky,.ini794i , . . 'A 

York city, with its^ cathedral aKid Sd chyrchos,.. destroyed by * 

firei Jun0 3, 1137. . < 1 • v 

1»ork JtndiaiBafi )U»t iu -goi«« ia^<) Ws^w^i tk .IreUnd^ iio^ ii^^ 

US 



T8 IMPROVEMENTS, INVEKTIONVS &c. 

Youghall, in Ireland, hail itf barracks blown up by acciJent, in 
Sept. 1793, whe« the face of Mr. Armstrung, the Quartcr- 
Master, \va£ so burnt that the whole of its skin was scorchlfd ; 
but it was singular, that he was much marked with the siuali- 
pox before the accident happened, aad on getting a new skin, 
^it became perfectly smooth, witliout any remains uf the dmall^ 
pock marks. 



IMPROVEMENTS, UNVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES IN 
ARTS, &c 

Aberration, of the stars, discovered by Dr. Bradley, of 
Sberborn, In Dorsetshire, 17^7. 

Agaric of the oak, first known as a styptic, June 1750. 

Agriculture introduced, 1600 before Christ, 
'In a recent publication, it is computed that hunters, shooters, 
&c, injure the farmer to the amount of one shilling p^ acre 
annually, and that game, by feeding on his crops, consume 
to an equal amount ; — ^that the fly," maggot, slt^*, &t. will 
once in irve years cut off the turnips, once in ten years the 
clover, and do 5s. an acre damage to com crops; making on 
the average 2s. per acre. — ^The injury done by rats, moles, 
and mice, in a farm of ^0 acres, is estimated at 6 guineas ; 
by sparrows and other small birds, 6 guineas ; pigeons, jays, 
magpies, ravens," kites, dogs, &c. 4 guineas; making in the 
whole 581. a year, or near 6s. per acre ; or on the total cul- 
tivated superiiccs of the kmgaoml an animal depredation tp 
the amount of ten mrtnons per annum. 

Aineguilla mines, in New Spain, discovered 1770. 

Air-balloons invented by Gusmac, a Jesuit, 1729; revive^ in 
^i'ranee by Mons. Montgolfler, 1783, and let off at Paris, Aug. 
87; introduced into England, and Mr. Lunardi ascend^ 
frem Moorfields Sept. 15, 1784; Mr. Blanchard and Dr. 
Jefferies went from Dover to Calais in about two hours, Jan. 
7, 1785. 

Air-pumps invented, 1650. 

Air-guns invented, 1656, by Guter, of Nuremberg. 

Algebra was introduced nito Europe in 1300; in general use ia 
«590. 

» (numerical) invented $50; first knov^ in Europe^ 

1494 ; letters fii st used, 1 590. 

Atlum first discovered at Rocha, in Syria, 1300; discovered in 
Tuscany, 1460 ; first brought to perfection in England, 1609; - 
-discovered in Ireland, Oct. 82, 1767 ; in Anglesea, in 1790. 

Ahhanittics first pi»bfhkH%r'Ma)rGB M&ttSi 'M Biidtty i«>^ 14*90. . 



mPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS^ &c. • T^ . 

Alpbabet, the Greek, consisted of only 1^ letters, till Z9D be£»i-e 

Christ, Mfbcii the fonicof 24 characctrs was intn^UiceJ. 
Apierican paper emrency oommenced. May 1 77 5. Cuina^^e.- 
took place in 17,92, in Eagles, Half Eagles, and Quarter 
JEagles. The first is ten doUai-s, ©r forty-five shillings Eng- • 
lish. The Dime is the tenth part of a dollar; and a copper 
coin, called a Cent, is the tenth part of a Dime. . , 

Amethysts dL<icovered at Kerrj', ia Irelanil, 17j5. 

Anatomy restored at Brussels in 1550| of plants, discorered 
J 680. ' 

Anchors invented, 587. * 

Apple-trees, two kinds of, brought from Syria and Africa into 
Jtaly, 9 years before Christ. 

Apricots first planted ia England, 1540^ They originally camt ' 
from Epirus. 

Archery introduced into England before 440. 

Arches of stone, St. Pdiurs.churca built on; a maimer •£ build* 
jng formerly unknown here, 1 187. 

A^s^'s lamps intt disced intu general use in London, 1784. 

Anfihaietic introduced mto Europe from Arabia, 991. ' 

■ decimal, invented, I40a. 

— — political, explained, 1661. 

Aims, court of» introduced into England, lloo. . 

Amcfaokes first planned in England* 1487. 

Afundelian tables made, 264 before Christ ; discovered, 16)0.- 

Asparagus first produced in England, I6O8. 

Astronomical observations first made at Babylon, 2'ia4 ; celebrated 
tables made, lJ33 before Chri=;t. 

Aftfonomy aod geography brought to Europe by the Moors of 
Barbary and Spai n » 1 20 1 . 

Attraction, the ^rst idea of, taken up by Kepler, i605.. 

Aurora Bortalis, or the northern lights, first observed, March 6. 
1715-16. Electricity of, discovered, 1769. 

Baize manufacture first introduced into England at Colcnestcr 
1660. * 

Baking of Bread invented, 1400 before Christ ; became j| profes- 
sion, 1 70 before Christ. 

Bands for lawyers first used by Judge Finch, i6i5;.foi cleiryu 
men, in about 165S. ^ 

Sank stock three per cent. ann. crcattd, 1726 ; three per: C(4|t. 
consol. do. 1731 ; three per cent; reduced do. 174t» ; tt^f^Ri^r 
cent. ann. payable at the South Sea House, i75I i three,;ld a 
balf per cent. ann. ditto, 1758 ; long ann. I76r ; four p<x^t. 
consol. ditto, 1762; five per cent, an n. 1797 and 1803^ By a 
sutement deliycrcd to the House of Commops,. pursuant to 
order, the amount of Bank of Eog^^d notes of 5I, each i>n4 . 
upwards, was as follows: 

On the 1st. of May, I8p6 •• ., 1^,7*^ >o^ 

1st. of August ,. /. 12,995, 5 A(^ . 

ist. of November ;. * ,' i2,8l4>0Qd ' y 

I9t« of Pebmbry; Xd07# " ' ' li,338,^o" 



•0 IMPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, &c. 

besides nearly four millions and a half, at each of those periods, 
of notes of l\. and il. each. 

Bitrk, Jesuits, virtues of discovered, 15O0; first brought to Eu- 
rope, 1650. 

Barometers invented » 1626; wheel barometers contrived, 1068; 
phosphoric, 167 s ; pendant ditto, log.'i ; marine ditto, 1700* 

Bath springs discovered, 87 1 before Christ ; the Baths of the Rd^-. 
pans discovered under the Abbey-house, 1755. 

Battffing-ram invented, 441 before Christ. 

Bayonets invented at Bayonn^ 1670; first used iii England, Sept» 
24, I694. 

Be'.lows invented, "554 before c hrist. 

Bells invented, by Paulinus, bishop of N^ola, in Campagnia) about 
400 ; first knoWn in France 550 ; first used by the Greek em- 
piie, 864 ; were introduced into monasteries in the seventh or 
eighth century. Pope Stephen 111. jyiaced three bcWs in ^ towei 
*on St ^cter*« in Rome. In the churches of Europe they were 
introduced in 900. They were first generally introduce^ into 
Switzeriand, 1020. The first tuneable set In England Were ' 
' hung up in Croyland abbey, in Lincolnshire, 960 j used to br 
baptized In churches, io30. 

Berlin coach, invented, 1 509. 

Bible first translated into the ^axpn language, 939 ; Into the Hitf^-' 
^lish language, by Tindal and Coverdale, 1534 ; first translatioa 
by the King's authority, 1536. 

Blankets first made in England, 1340. 

BIfelcr-plasters invented, eo before Christ. 

Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 1704. " ' ' 

Blood, ctrenlation of, through the lungs, first made ^uMieSy Mi* 
chael Servetus, a French physician, in 1553 ; Cisatpihus pub« 
lished an account of the general circulation, of which he had 
come confused ideas, and improved it afterwards by experiments^ 
1569 ; but it wa3 fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628» 

Bombs first invented by a man at Venlo, I58a| lirst ased in ^e 
service of France, 1634. 

Bothb vessels inveiTted in France, 1681. 

Bones, the art of softening them found out, 1688. 

Books, in the present form, were invented by Attalus KTng of- 
Pergamus, 887. 

* ■ ■ ■ the first supposed to be- 'written in Job's time; 30,3ao 
bofffltVjr order bf Leo, 761 ; a very large esrare given for one 
ton Cosfiography, by King Alfred ; were sddfrom lol. to sol. t . 
piece, a^oui J400 ; the first pritited one was the vuigate edi* 
tion of the Bible, 1463 ; the second was, Cjccro de OfRciis^. 
1466; Cornelius Nepos, publish^ at Moscow, beiftg t^e first. 

^ ^elassteal book printed in Ruslfnt, 'April 29, 170^ 

Book-keeping first u^ed after the Iti^lian method jtt Londot)^. 159$^ 

Boots we^e rnvcntea: 907 before Chrik. 

Botany, <he study livived, 1565. ' . . 

Bows axuf-aurdv^s inWttcedhcrCf 2X^6^^ ,' 



IMPROVEMENT^ INV£N'nONS> l«c. HI 

BowR and vrow$ and stone cannop bullets la QfiCy IO40. 

Brazil diamond mines discovered, 1739. . 

Bread first made with yeast by the Englisby about I650. 

Bread-fruit plants {irst imroiiuced into the West Indies by C^^pU 

Biiih, Jan. 1793* 
Breast-plates for armour invented, 937 before Christ. 
Breviaries i&rst introduced, I080. 
Bricks Rrst used in England by ibe Romans. The size ordered^ 

\62bf by Charles I. , 
Bridge, the first stone in Enfland^ was at B«w, near Sttatfionl, 

1087. 

Buckles were invented about 1 68a. 

Bailding with stone brought into England by Beiinet,.a moiik^ 
6;o ; with brick, first introducud by the Romans into their pro- 
vinces ; 6rst in England about 880 ; introduced here by the carl 
of Aruudcly'ldoo, London being then almost built with wood^ 
was a very ugly city. The increase of buildings in London pro- 
hibi(ed, and within 3 miles of the city gates by Queen Elisa- 
beth, and that only one family should dwell in one house, 
.1580. The buildings fcom High Holbora, no.th and south, 
and Great Queen-street, built nearly on the spot where stood 
the Elms or the ancient Tyburn, in Edward III. were erected 
between 1607 and 1631. The number of houses in London and 
its suburbs in 17 72> were computed at 12»,930; bat in 1791 
• they amounted to above upo,ooo. In St. George's Fields near 
7,00© have b«en erected within the above period. 

Ballets of stone used instead of iron ones, 1514 ; of iron first mtti- 
tioned in theFcedra, 1550. 

BulUon of ^old' and silver, first method of assaying, 1364. . 

Cable, a method of making them invented, by which 30 men arc 
enabled to do the work of 200. The machine is set in motioa 
by 16 horses, for the cable Is of the dimensions for the kirgest 
ships, 1792. , 

Calendar first regulated by Pope Gregccy, 1579. .. 

Caliber instrument invented at Nuremberg, 1540. . 

Citico printing, and the Dutch loom engine first used, 167Q* 

Calicos were first made in Lancashire, in 1772. 

Camera obscura invented,. 1513. ^ 

Canal of Languedoc, which joins the IVlediierranean and Canta- 
brian seas, b^gan by Lewis XIV. 64 leagues long, supported \>y 
104 sluices. 

— — of Briere, or Burgundy, communicating the Seine aiid Loire, 
finished by Lewis XVII, and has 42 sluices. 

<- of Orlei^is, began I675, between the Loire and Seine, 

has 20 sluices. 

— — of Bourbon, began, 1790, between the Oise and Paris. 

• of the Lake' Ladoga, in Russia, began 171 9, between the 

Baltic and Caspian Sea. 

— in China, goes from Canton to Pekin in a strait tin* ypwards 
of fioG mile*;, having 75 locks, and 11 large cities on its banks, ~ 
with above 10,000 vessels on it j firushcd in V80 j .30,ooo m^a 



wer« employed 48 3rears in making it. - In i355 a carialwis 
duig in- Persia, 100 miles lon2:. The Russian cshal^ began by 
Pcicr the Great in 1708, between the Caspian Sea and the Bal- 
tic, was not entiiely compJeted tilM78d. The canalfirom the 
frontiers of China to PetcrsbUTgH is- 4 4 72 miles lof>g ; thatTrom 
Astracao to Pctcrsburgh 14S4 miles long/ both of which were 
biegun by Peter the Great, who also began some orhers. The 
canal of Orleans in France was began in K)78'i th* canal of 
Languedoc was began in 16()0, and finished i08i. The canal 
" fr*m CaMs to Gravciines was began irf 1681 ; and many more 
are. marked out in France, but notiihished. In Sf>ain the canal 
of Arragon' was be^an in if 85. In Sweden a canal was raaOe 
f fbra Stocklrolm to Goticnburgh, 2751, In Ireland, one from 
Dublin to the Shannon, 1762. The canal fVom Brussels to Ant- 
werp was began is3i ; finished, 1560! That which j cms the 
Bakie-and North Sea, at Kiel, was opened to ail Nations, May 4, 
If 85. Navigable rivers, and canalrto join rivers, first made 
fn England by Henry I. 1134, When the Trent was joined to 
the Witham. — The Thanrcs made navigable |o Oxford, by Act 
of PatliaiRent, 21 James 1: ie24<— ^Thc new River canal was 
iegun in 1608, and finished T6i3, tunnins; 36 miles. — ^Thc 
fiver Lea made navigable from Hfertford to Ware, and so to 
London,'!*! Geo. II. 1739. — The Dukeof Bridgewater's oa- 
vigstion began 1759, and was oyjenctl June i7i i7St. — North- 
«mptomhire navigation began Adg. 7, 1701.— Trent and Mer- 
sey canal was finished, 1772, extending ninety miles 5 siacq 
which time have been the following, viz. 

taii— from Belfast to Loughoeagh was bc^d| 17^3. 

■— from Droitwich to the ^■cvern, I75t5. 

— in Caermarthenshire, 1756. 

-i— from the Severn, ncar.Tilton-brldge, V^f!» 
-^ — from Wflden Ferry, in Staffordshire, 17G0, 

— from the Forth to the Clyde, in Scotland, 17M. 
— — from Birmingham to Bilston, 1768. 

.•- — from Oxford to Coventry, 17«9 J coitipletcd J4n. 17l»d; 
i— - from Leeds <to Liverpool, I7v*. 
*— from the Dee W Nahtwich ,1772. 
_from Ski|>ton, 1773, to Oxford, 1775^. 
■ r ... ■from Strotjil-Water to the. Severni 1775, and flrom Stroud to 
the Thames, begah 1783. 

— from Apcdale, 1775. 

•*— — from Stourbridge, 17 7©~I>itto from Hi(ferVG<coo> 1766, - 
-~ from ChcH.crfield to the Trent, finNhed I77r. 

from the Trent to the Mers^ enlarged, if83; 

——from the Thames to Leachladet 1783; 

;. I ■ of Leeds and Liverpool consolidated, 1 7"83. 

•—— from the L?a.to Limehouse, 1770.' 

•^ — from the Severn to Leachlade, completed m 1789* 

^ from Glasgow to Bowling-bay in the Clyde, July i79o. 

■■ ■ over the Tame, near Birmingham, and the Coventry canal, 
"^^h tin Birmmgtiam, &c. completed, by which the inland 



i»peov¥;m£nts, inventions, &«. n 

.aa.vi§atinn between LoiuIoQ* BnstoV Ltvffpool, ^^d'HliU, was 

opened, July 1790. 
from Hereford to Gloucester, had ^e^oool. sabscribed July 

1791; began Nov. following. 
from Paildington to the Grand Junction ctnal, be^n 1799.; 

open.e^ in June, l&oi. « 
^*— the Keanet'Oiuii Avon waSrOpened, July 7, 1799. < 

— « Thames to Fenny Stratford, opened May 26, rifioo. 
»* great Caledoniaa Cdnal, to extend from the Murray Frith to 

the Frith of MuU, begun I80e., 
Candles, tallow, so great a lii^tofyj that spUnteia ut woo<I waiC'Ufled- 

for Iight-«i-No idea of waz candle, laco. 
. of tallow, first began tu be used, I*i90. 

Cannoba iRvenied, 1330; first used by fche> EngU^, 1246; fint 

used in England, 144 & ; used in Deiunark, 18^4 ; first used by 

the -Spaniards in 1 406 ; first made of .iron in £Dglaiul in 1547.; 

of brass, ^16Q&^ fiist^ast by theCatliolic missionatics in. China, 

1636. 
Caps first >wor«, 1449* 
Cards invented in Franpe, -first used fbr Cb^ileft. Vltifa amusemMt, 

issoji they wi;re forbid the use.of in Castile in ia&7 r 428^)000 

pacjcs w^ie ^tamped ia Efiglandin 177&« 
Carriages imioduced into. Vienna 1515 ; into.£i|ghU)d, .IMP. 
Canrtnft in roacblit invented 77 > before Christ 
Catalogues of •English printed booKs, were fiat^puibiifihcil .in i5#5>; 

ia Uelapd in 1633. 
Caalifiowjers first planed in England, l€Qa. 
Celery first introduce^, to the English tables by Count 'fbllartf, 

dialing his captivity i>i..EngU9d,' ftftor the battle of Malplaqoet, 

in 17<H>.. 
Celestial Sphere^ iirst seen in Greece^ brought iroitt E0pt 308 

befor« Christ. 
Chain-shot invented by.A;^^ de Wit« lAM. ■ 
Chairs, sedan, first. used in l-ondoO'; a fburtaen ^ycars patent i»r 

selling them granted to Xtunc^mbfi, 1034. ' o . t 
Chtl^enharp mineral spHQg.discaioscrd, IHO, 
Chonistry and distiUery intrnduAed. into £«ut>po by-die Sfanifh 

Moors, who learpecl it ffQnft ,th(s^ Aff ican Moors, and these .of 

the l^ptiail^ ill^O* HydianiiC chemitfry was •■invented in' 

1740.^ ' - 

Cherries brought. frQm Pointtv by,JUiCttlbQt to Rome, 70 ;.:apf loots 

frprn £piru^, p^Ch<^ Jr«(<LPtrsift, xht fifuBst^pimns 4ntn VtP 

m^i^fus «nd.Afmeniaii K»fs and. figa from G#eec«atnL Egypt, 

citrpBs^ {torn fl^d^ar.jHUnegranitfqiJronL Carthage, about 1^4 

years before Chiist. ' - s 

Chcny.u«es ^mT£iW<!^i^<l B^^UU -^^ bdbre Christ; hroughty 

ffom-fl%pd^# andlr planlod In Kem;,..witlvao£b snrdsss,: ttiil in 

orQhai4.of ;}2,,ai^e9tp;!«>d^c«d;in one year itM>oi« imto.^ • - j 
CbK^9 ttaMWM.JOf^iavfifttfldjfiM^efQreXh^ ' ' •> 



M IMPROVCMfENTS, INtENTWN^S* ic-. 

ChwtO'ObBBan^ the att of painting in, with three plates, to irtiU * 
tate dniwinn, first used, 1 500. 

Chimes on bdls invented at Aloest, in 14117. 

Chimoies first introduced into buildtn|;» in England, VioQ, only 
in the kitchen, or latge hall; smoky where the family 9ar 
round a large sto?e, the funnel of which passed through the ceiU 
ing, UOO. * 

CMna Blade in England at Chelsea, in \1bl\ «t Bow, tn'i758; 
and in ceveriil parts of England, tn 17G0 x V Mt» VVcdgwoodj 
1703 ; at Dresden, in Saxony, in i'7o6. 

■»■ ■ ■■' porcelain firtt spolccn of in history,, 1 591 . ' 

Chocolate introduced into Europe from' Mexieo in 1 53o. 

Clocks, called water-elock;, first used in Rome, 158 before Christ ; 
elocka and dials first set up in churches*, 913 ; clocks fftadcrto 
itrike^ by the Arabians, sol ; by the ItaUans^ t8oo ;' a striking 
clock in Westminster, IS68 ; the first portable one made, \i>9o ; 
ntoae in England that went tolerably ti)l that dated 1 6I0, tnake/s 
name N. O. now in Hampton court palace ; clocks with pendn- 
lumns, &c. invented by one Fromantil, a Dutchman, about 
14l>«;'0cppating clocks and watches invented by one Barlow, 
» *67<©. T ill abotit . 1 ej 1 , neither clock* nor watches ware general. 

Clothy coarse woollen, introduced tnfp England, 1191 ; f^tst made 
at Kendal, I390; niedleys first macle, i^u. 

Coaches first used in England, 1580 \ an fltft pa^ed.fp pfevent men 
sidinS'tn cotoMs 88 eflfcniimite, in 1001^ be^antobe common 
in London, i6o3; hackney coaches began iii 16i34, when 
Captain Baily set up four in numW. Were prohibited iii 1635 ; 
iifty hackney 'co«chnlen> only were allowed in 1687 ; limited to 
.90Q,.tn. *6a2 ; to3ooi in 1654$ to 400, iti l^l; to 7oo» in 
1694 ; when they were first licensed ; to 800, in I7l(f| to 1000, 
In 1.77:1 9'^'SiBoo in- i7${)t 

Coals discovered near Newcastle, 1Q34; first dug at Newcastle by 
a charter granted the towrt bj^ Henry ni. fi3«t used, l28o-j dyers, 
:4»reiiraBi« &o» in 4he* reign «f Edward the Fim, begaii toiisesea« 
coal for fire, \n is 50. In. consequence of an appUcsftldn from fhe 
nobility, &c bepublitlied a ptoclamatioh against if, 13^8,^8 a 
•puUii^miteBnde*. Insportcd firom Newcastle to LdildoA in a'fiy 
' qoantky,. 13&o ; In general use in London, l4oe. 

Geflee* first brought into Bfigtahil by Mr. NatJMWifel Conoplus, 
a Cretan, who made it his common beverage, at Baliol CollegCj 
•Q»fQpd, in 1641 ; fifst brotighttb Marseilles ^04^. 

Coflbe-trces were conveyed from Modm to Hl>llandin Hlf6'; atid 
loarriedto the West Indies inr the ytta« 17^ 5 first e«ilrivatedat 
/Surinam by the Dutch,. 17 Ki' its cottuM ^neotSrag^d id the 
plantations, 1733. i r\ 

Odln^aUvo-; fiAst coined %9r Phi^on kinjgr of Argds, 869' before' 
Ckritt; lihrer t*oncy owned at- Roifie,' .!i69 before Christ; 
before thcn^ bntsa money was 'Oifly used, a ftign of no corrofu 
pondence with the East, '^faese'guld andUilvAr^^iMie lyed 
fang before; coin first used in Brifiiin, fi« before Christ} ia 



improvevie;nts, inventions, &e« M 

Scotland of gold and silver, 333 after Christ ; coin wis first 
made lound in England in iioi i silver halfpence and {ar- 
thfngs were coined in the reign of John, and pence the Uur|e$e 
current coin ; gold first coined in England, fo87 j groats nrtlt 
coined in Bohemia, isoi ; copi er money used only in ScotUuitl 
and Ireland^ 1399 ; gold next coined in CnglamU id43 ; grpats 
and half groats the largest silver coin in England, i:>Sl ; in I34f, 
a pound ot silver was coined into 33 shillings, and in 13^3, a 
pound was coined into 35 shillings; in 1414, they were in- 
creased to 3o shillings; and in l5oo, a pound of silver was 
coine<i into 4o shillings. In 1330 they were exteMded to 6:2 » 
which is the same now. The money in Scotland, till now the 
same as in England, began to be debased 1354 ; gold first 
coined in Venice, 1749 ; shillings first coined in England, IOCS ; 
crowns and half-crowns first coined, 1551; copper money in- 
troduced into France by Henry Ifl. 1580; the first legal cop-> 
per coin introduced, which put an end to private leaden tokens^ 
universally practised, especially, in London, I609 ; cnpper mo- 
ney introduced into England by James i^ 1630; milling coin 
introduced, I663 ; halfpence and farthings first coined by go*, 
vemment, Aug, 16, 1673; guineas were first coined,^ 1673 ;. 
silver coinage, I696 ; broad pieces of gold called in by govern- 
ment, aad coined into guineas, 1733. Five shillings and three-t 
penny pieces in gold were issued In 1716 and 176I. One million 
^was coined in 17 10 from French Louis-d'ors. Halfpence issued 
for the Isle of Man by England, 1786. Dollars were issued by, 
the Bank at 4s. 9d.'each, March 4, 1797* Seven-shilling piccc9 
were issued in Pec, 1797. 

The Mint of the United States of America, established 1793, issued 
gold an^ silver coin ; the copper had been delivered befoie. 
The gold cqins are eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles. The 
first is exactly five and forty shillings, English money, or ten 
dollars American coin. The dollars are coined in the same di< 
visions of half, and q\iarter, which makes the course of ex- 
change simple, and suits the reckoning tu every capacity, as our 
readers will peiceive, ^hat ten quarter dollars make the quarter 
eagle, ten half dollars the half eagle, and ten dollars t^e 
e^gle. There is, besides, one more silver coin, which is called 
a dime, and is the tenth part of a dqjlar. Iht copper coin is 
called a cent, and is the tenth part of a dime. 

Coining with a die' first invented, 1617 i first used in England, 
1630. . 

Comet, a new, discovered by Mr. Firmihger,' at the Royal Ob* 

• servatory, Greenwich, Dec. 8, 1 805. 

Compass, seaman's,' invented in China, 113Q before Christ ; said- 
to be used .in. Venice,. ij60.; improved at Naples, I302j i(| 
variation observed, 1300; its dipping, 1576. 

Conic section, the first idea of, given' 340 before ChrfSU 

Copper fiisiii{ipor$^(xpixiyirsiaia/ Oct. 1730, . 



W IRfPRm^El^fENTS, INVENTIONS, '&c. 

^Copper tnoncj' »6nt coiyied in Scotland by order of parliament, 
1460; in Ireland, 1399; in France, 158D; in England, the 
* first iegal, 16«9. Tradesmen's tokens, or halfpence, were 
coined in I67*i* Penny pieces first Issued July a6, 1707 ; half- 
pence on the same principle issued Jan. I800. 

— — — mines first discovered in Sweden, 139C ; in England, 1561 ; 
revived in England, lOfig. Found in New York, 1722. The 
Paris copper mine in Angl6sea has a bed of copper ore 40 feet 
thick, and supplies between 29 and 30,000. tons aimually. 

mine disco\cred in Cornwall, 18o(5. 

Cornelius Nepos published at Moscow, being the first classical 
book printed in Russia, April 29, I7tJ5. 

Couriers, or posts, invented by Charlemngne, 808. 

Cow-)}0K, inoculation by, as a security against the small-pox, 
introddccd by Dr. Jenner, 1 800. 

Crayons, art of fixing them, discovered, 1748. 

Creed, Lord's Prayer, and Ten ComnBaadments, first translated 
into the Saxon to-^^gue, 74^* 

Crodcery-ware invented, 1309 before Christ. 

Culverins first made in England, 1634. 

Currants first planted in England, r533 ; brought fi'om Zant Isle, 

148a. 
. t^utting for the stone was first performed Qn a criminal, at Paris^ 
!n 1474, whh success. 

Cyder, called wfne, made in England, 1284. 

Cyphers, digit^, or figures in arithmetic, Invented by the Arabic 
Moors, 8X3. . 

Degrees, academical, first introduced at Paris before isia. 

Bent earthen ware invented at Fireuza, I430. 

Diamonds first polished and cut at Bruges, 1489. 

Diamond mines discovered in Brasil, 1^30; that at Coulour, in 
the East Indies, i64o ; that at Raolconda In 1584; one sent 
from Brasil for the Court of Portugal Weighed I680 carats, or 
1*2 ounces and a half, Valued at 224 millions steriing. Gover- 
nor Pitt's weighed 127 carats, and 1 00 after cutting, and sold for 
185,eool« to the King of France. That which belonged to 
Aureng-Zeb weighed 793 carats. The Mbgul's weigli«l n?9 
carats, worth 770>344 1. The Grand Duke of Tuscany 's weighed 
139 carats. 

Dice invented, isot) before Christ; 3000 pair Stamped in Eng- 
land, in 1775. 

Dipping needle invented by Rdbeit Norman, a oompass msker of 

' nattilMfe, 1580. 

Distaff spinning first introduced ^nto En|tknd, 1 50ff. 

DistilUng first practised in il50. 

XKstillation of spirttuou^ liquors be3;an ia the Itffili century ; In 
Ireland, in ugo. 

Dresden China invented, 1702> 

fiaithern vetsoU first made^jrtbe XottihSr n 5 More ClidSC $ tfke 



IMPRO\^ME\TS, IN VENTIOXS, &c. ft7. 

V •. 

first made in Italy 1710 ; the present improved kind began in 
1763, by Mr. Wedgwood. 

Electricity, first idea of, given by two globes of brimstune^ 1407 ; 
electric stroke discovered at Leyden, 1743; first known that it- 
would fire spirits, 17^6 ; that of tl)e Aurora Borcalistn 170!^. 

Ingines, to extinguish fires, invented, 106:3. 

£ng)and, the first geographical map of it, 15 JO. 

■ — first so named by Mgbcrt, 829 i first divided into Coun* 
ties, tythings,, and hundreds, 896, 

Sngraving on metal invented, and consequently rolling- press 
(Tinting, 14*23 ; on cupper, as now- used, 151 1 ; in mezzc^- 
linto, and improved by Prince Rupert, of Palatine, irt4S; to 
represent wash, invented by Barable,a Frenchmair, 1761 j cray- 
on engraving invented at Paris* by BoB/iet» 1709. 

■ on wood invented at Pfaiiders, 142a ; revived by Albcft 
Darer, 1511 i on glass invented, 1709 at Paris, by Boudicr, 

Bpsom mineral spring first discovered,. 1630. 

Equestrian statue, the first wm that of Louis XIV. ofFraoap, 

feundercd at one cast, 1699»- 
&ching on copper invcntol with aqua fortis* )513. 
Exchequer bills invented, 1^96; first circulated by the.Back.l706« 
Facnza's earthcri ware invented, 1 299. 
Fd.irs and inarkets lus$ instituted in England by Alfred, about 8.80. 

The first h\n took their rise fioxxi w&l:es ; when tha number of' 

people then assembled brought tog,ether a variety of traders.an^ 

nualiy on these days, From these hplidays they were Cjme4 

ferice, or feirs. 
ens, muss^. masks* snd false-hair, first devised by the harlots in> 

Italy, and brought into Biigland from France, 1.^7 a. 
Farthings were coined in silver by Heoiy Vlil. 1522; in copper 

by Charles II. 
Figures in arithmetic introduced into Europe from Arabia, 991 ; 

into England in 1454. 
Fire, method invented, to prevent its spreading, by ^. David 

Hartley, 1764. 
"- artillery in England, the first jn Europe, 13^7 . 

— engine to force water invented, 1669^ those now ip use, ia 

175«. 

— ships first invented, liSS, 
— • under water invented, 622. 

— watck first established in London Nov. 13, 179J[. \ 
Fiib brought to London by land carriaj^e, first practised io ]76l« 
Flowers, the art of preserving them in sand disqovered, i#;id. 
Forttfiqition, the preseitf mode introduced about 1500; Albert 

Durer first wrote on the science in 1*527 ; many improvement 

made bv VaUban, towards 1700. 
Fruits of foreign countries first brought into Itiily 7.0 befose Christ* 
— — and flowers sundry sorts before unknown were brought 

into England in the reigns of Hem^ Vll. and VIA from about 

uooto X57&« AmoflS Others of less note the musk^ a^ 44?' 



88 . lAIPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, &e. 

mask roses of great use in medicine ; and tulips. Several sorls 
•f plum-trees and currant-plants ; also saffron, woad, and 
other drugs, for dying, attempted tu be cultivated, but without 
success. 

Funds, public, originated at Florence, 1344. 

Galleys first used with three rowers to each oar, 786 before Christ, 
They came from Corinth. 

Gamut in music, invefitcd by Guy LMretin, 1025. 

Gardening »ntro*^uced into Ei^gktnd from the Netherlands, ^from 
whence vegetables were rmpoited till 1509 ; musk melons and 
apricots cultivated in England ; the pale gooseberry, with sa- 
lads, garden roots, cabbages, &c. brought from Flanders, and 
hops from Artois, 1520; the damask rose brought here by Dr. 
Linacre, physician to Henry VIII. ; pippins brought to Eng* 
•land by Leonard Mascal, of Plumstcad, ,in Sussex, 1525 ; cur- 
rants, or Corinthian grapes, first planted in ^^Agland, 1565 ; 
trough^ frona the Isle of Zant, belonging to Venice ; the musk 
rose and several sorts of plums, from Italy, by Lord Cromwell ; 
apricots biought here by King Henry VllL's gardener 5 tama- 
risk plant from Germany, by Archbishop Grindal ; at and 
about Norwich the Flemings tirst planted flowers vinknown in 
England, as gilly-flowers, carnations, the Province rose, &c, 
J5«7; woad oiigLnally from'Thoulousc, in France; tulip roots 
first broi!igbt into England from Vienna, 1578 ; also beans, p^as, 
and salads, now in cotnmon use, 1660. 

To which we will subjoin the following list,^ with the countries 
whence tbey originally came. 

Rye and wheat, from Tartary and Siberia; where they are yet 
indigenous. 

Barley and pats, unknT)wn ; but certahily not Indigenous in this 
country, because we arc obliged to cultivate them* 



Rice 


from Ethiopia 


Buck-Wheat 


Asia 


Borage 


Syria 


Cresses 


Crete 


Cauliflower • 


Cyprus 


Asparagus 


. Asia 


Chervil 


Italy 


Fennel 


Canary Islands 


Annise and Parsley 


Egypt 


Garlick . * . 


Tht East 


' Shallots 


. Siberia 


Horseradish 


China 


Kidney- Beans • 


East-Indfes 


Gourds . ^ • 


• Astracan 


. Lentils 


' France 


, Potatoes 


Brazil 


Tobacco 

Cabtfage, Lettuce, Ac. 


America 


. F (dhmd. 



MM we are less indebted to nther and distant countries for our 
fiiiMt floweis : Jessamine ooAes from the East-Indies ; the 



£Uev*Tree horn Penia^ the Tulip fcom Ca|»pa4eciA4 tbe 
Daffodil fMNB Italy; tbe Lily from Hyria; the Tube-Rose 
Aom Java and Ceylon ; the Cariiatiou and Pinh from ]taly» 
are. Ranunculus Irom the Alps ; Apples from Syria ; Apri* 
CQts from EpiFus ; Artichokes from Htiiland ; Celery from 
Flandefs^ Cherries fnim Pbntue ; Currantt from Zant ; Uta* 
nia^ and Musk lUi^es fi«m I^masous» as well as Pkims ; 
Hops fr#m Artois in Praaee ; iSooteherries Iram fHandets^ 
Gillyflowers) Carnations, tbe Provinoe Rose, &c. from Tbou- 
louse in France j Oranges and Lfieas from Spain ; Beai)* 
and Pease from Spun. 

Gkuise lawn, and thread manu£MtBres» begaa at Pawley, ia 
Saotland, in I75&. 

Gaaettes, tbe^rst published in £n(^land was atOaford, Nov. 7» 
1665 ; the London Gazettewas first published, Feb. 5, l«65*d; 
One was ingeuiously foi^d for a stoek-jobbinf puspose, >k>T* 
1787 ; the first piibliehed in Pahs was in 1783 } at iftfipsic iis 
1715. 

Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniac, art of, invanled by 
Uai^^aritone, 1^3; on wood, 16S0*. 

Glass introduced into England by Benedict, a Monk, 674 \ gtass 
winA>«rs began to be i;^Bd in private houses in England, 1 1 tO ) 
glass first made in Eiigland into bottles and vessels, lSft7 ) 
the fisst pkte-glass for looking glasses and coaeh-windours, 
made at Lambeth, 1673} in Laaeasfaire In 1773) window 
glass first made in England, 1557* 

Glasses, musical, are of ^German origin, but revived by Dt, 
Franklin, 1760; brought to^ a higher state of exqutsiteiifs» 
by the Cartwrights in England, 17^^. 

Gold first coined at Venice, 1^6. 

^— «i fivit eoined in Eaglaud* .1344 ; and raised fifom 40s. to 48^% 
per ounce in 1546« 

— discovered in Malacca, Oct. 27, J7S1 i in New Aadahisia. 
1795 ; in Inland, in the 9»ouatain called CraghawB, m Wiekl 
low, in Sept. 17;95 ;.in<:eylon 1800. 

— ^ mines were discovered by tfcw Spaniards in America, fa 
1493, from which time to 17^1, they imported fnma- thence 
into Europe abov^ -6,000 mlilioos of pteoesof ei^ht, an regis* 
tered gwld and silwr, estolnsive af what were wnregister^. 

Grapes brought to l^ngland and planted first at Bla«hall» ia 
Suffolk, 1 553 $ cultivated in Pladders, . 1^6. 

Green, Saxon, invented, 1744. 

Green dye for cotton inventsdb^Dn R. WUltatts, 171T* 

Greek first introduced into England; 149 L 

Gregorian Calendar first used, l&8d. 

Grist- mills invented in Ireland, 214. ^ 

Guineas were first ohUitd; 1673, flrom gM hi^qviM Drdai thil 
coast of Guinea. 

Gunpowdat lAiwrnad^ itaOf flftft BMda la Stg^Miay 1419) ^m 
ttfedin .Spain! '1344. 



» , UfPROVfiKOZNTS, INVENTIONS, fta 

6ans, g^t, invented, 1339 ; used by the Moors at the sieg^'of 

Al^esiras, in Spain, in 1344 $ used at the battle of Creisy/iu 

1346» when £d«<ai^ihad four pieces of cannon, whicb gained 

bio) ibe battle ; they wpi^ used at the aiege of Calais in 1^47 ; 

in Denmark, 1354 ; at sea, by Venice a^aiiist Gcoqa, 11K77 ^ 

first used in Spain, 1406 ; fir^ madein England of brass, I6S5 \ 
, of iron, 1347; invented to ^toetw bales, 1731 ; first U8«d in 
. £n^aad, at tbe siege of Berwick, 1405 \ boibbs and mot tars 

invented, 1(534, ; . • ■ . 

Hackney Coacbes first V8ed« SO in n«tmbcr' in London,- 1035 ; 

prohibited ^t heir increase by Charles I. l€35. See Coaches. 
Ilandkercbiefs first nianitfaetured at Pikley, in. Scotland, 1743. 
Harmonica, or musical glasses inveuted, 1760, by Dr. Franklin ; 

introduced into France, 1765. 
Harrowgate mineral spring discovered, 1571. 
Hata invented atTaris, 1456.; first made in London,- 1510. 
Hebrair points invented, 475. , \ 

Helioscope invented, 1 625. 
H^dip and. flax first planted in England, 1533. There are 

1 80,000 lb. of rough hemp used in tbe cordage and sails of a 

first rate man of war. 
Heraldic lines forcoloora in coaitsof arms invented^ 163d. 
HeraUcy bad its rise, 1 100. 

Hereulaneum, the ancient city of, discovered, 1730^ which 
. had been buried in the lava of an -eruption of Aiuimt Vesu- 

viua, Nov. 1, 79. 
Herring fishery first practiced by the- Hollanders, 1164^ . 
■ 1 ' '.pickling first invented, l-SS?.* 
Holt mineral springs dtscpvered, 17^. - 
Hops, the parliament first petitioned ■ agiunst it as a wicked 

%ve«d, 1428 $ inir«t used, in Malt liquors in England, 1 ^25. 
Horse-shoes were introduced into general use iathe dthosntury ; 
s firtttao^deofirmi, 4S1:. . 

Hoai^-gla^tfi wcrfc-iti vented in Aleaandria^ !9(0» md introda«ed 

at Rome, 158 years before Cbrist. 
Hydraftiiochemistryt invented, 1^6*. 
^. ". ■■ ■ ■- Are engines invented, )6ii3. , ■ > 
Hydros taticky . taught by AiM^medes 800 before Clurist. 
Iambic versei invented by. Arehiloctto,^wlio flourifihed 3696 before 
nClugst. 

Impalements in heraldry introduced, 1206. < 
Indigo first produced in Carolina, 1747. « 

*— — .'ctidtiyatod lo the ope» ftir, at Vaucdufle, in Freoee^ 

1808. . 

Inoculation Ifirst tried on cjiflBdnals, 1.7SU The vaccine iotro* 

dttced, I7d9« 
Ifen /disdbvened'Jbjr Ike buaung oC Memit Ida^ 1406 before 

Christ. • . . 

-*— firtt discovered in America, in Virginia^ I7i&# ... j 
I— «- Mlets first uied ia £o||i«id, 1550. 



Wfi»ROVEMllNTS, INVENTIONS, &c SA 

Ijoi^wif^, English $ before 15$8» 'all made and dravNi 1>)r main 

strength alune, in the forest of Dean, and elsewhere, until 
, the Germans introduced the drawing it by a tniH..-The greateat" 
part e£ ir«>n-wire and ready made wool cards, hitherto iow 
ported. 
—.mitt isr slHling ttan, the first in England waa set u{» at 
.Dxrtford, 1590. New method of making bar-iron from pig- 
iron, by Mr. Cort of Gosport, in l^SS, and superior to Swe- 
dish iron, after the rape of Ganymede, 1326 before Christ. 
Italian method of book-keepings, published in England, 1569. 
Jenite, a new mineral, discovered in the island of Elba, 1808* 
Jesuit's Hark introdured in^o Franee tu 1050^ in general use^ 

mo. 

Jupiter's satellites discovered by Jansen, 1590. 

Knitting stockings ixnreiited in i»pain about 15S0« 

Knives first made in England, 156.1 

Lacteals, the, discovered by chance, in opening a dog, by Asel- 

lius, July i?3,.l66$, in birds, ftsh, 4k:« by Mr. Hewsou, sur- 
geon, of Londout 1770. 
Land carriage fish^rst brought to London, 1*761. ^ 

Lanterns invented by King Alfred, 890. 
Lapis ealamiparis discovered in Ei>ghind* 1561. 
Laquer varnish first used instead of gilding, ]t»33. 
Leaden pipes for conveying. water invented, 1336* 
Letters invented by Memm>n the Egyptian, 1B2$ before Christ. 
Life-boats,. invented by. Mr. Qieathead, who received a •pre^'^ 

mium from parliament in May, 1802. 
Lights of the Zodiae dtseovered, 1659* 
Linen first made in England, 1953. Now began the laxuriout 

to yresLT hnem but the generality woollen shirts. Table linen 

very searee in Eaglaqd, 1389. . 
Linen wiiavjers, a company of, from the Netherlands, established 
. in LoAdofi, 1386* 

linen ^tauung ficH known in England, 157d- 
Load«>st(Hieattrai:tioo known in, France beCaria 1180. 
Log-Unein<navigationjn5ed, 25iO. . 
Logwood first cut in the Bays of Honduras and Campeachy by 

the English, 1662, 
L0llgitude>. pretif exactly ealeulated, by Harrison's time piece, 

17^, for which he received the reward offered by Parliament^ 
. in 17M; Le Roix of Paris, invepted a wateh that jkeeps time 

better, 1776. 
Mugnetf, iK'tlficial^.inven^'in England,' 1761. - 
Magnifying glasses invented by Roger BacoA, 1260. . ., i . 
Magic lantern first invented by Roger Bauon, 1252. « 
Malacca gold mines discovered, .1731. 
Map of £i^od» the first, , 1520, by George Lilly ; the first of 

Russia, 1560. . 
Maps and Globea ioT«Oted by Anaxinoanderi. 600 ^^re Christ | 



taps f 
that 



of^he moo&'s surface iuveuted at Pantzic, 1647* 



9d iaiP!UIVfil»SVr&, INVB!<mONS» Ae. 

Medicinal finpkes ftnt brought from the East into Cur«pe« 

I2D0. 
Mercator's chart? invent«fl, 145$r 
Mercury discovered to be auti-venereal, 1512; first pv^n to |Nl<^ 

tients under inoculation, in 1/745. 
■ rendered malleable, discovered by Mrs. Clrbelif>> at- 

Vienna, ITOT. 
Metallic traeiors invented by Mr. Perkins of Arnerica, 1799* 
Mieroscopes first used in Germany, 1641 ; tbe double oaes, 

discovered by Torricelli, )6'S4} solar microscopes invented*. 

• 1740. 

Mi)<, tbe leD^b of it first determined, 1593, to consist of 5^280 

feet, or 1760 yanis; so that a square mile contains 87,178,400 

square feet, or 640 square acres. 
Mirrors in\-ented in silver by Praxiteles, 52^ before Christ. 
Moorfields levelled and first planted, 1614 ; converted to Fini» 

bury-square in 1789. 
Mortars for bombs first made in England, 1543* 
Mulberry- trees first planted in England, 1609* 
Mum first invented at Brunswick, 1489. 
Music on bells, or -chimes, invented at Aiost, 1487* 
Musical notes invented, 1070$ such as are at pieseot osed* 

1330. 1 

Muskets first used in France at the siege of Arras, 1414 « in ge* 

neral use, I.V2l^ in the Netherlands, lb67. 
Mucins frtira India, ficst worn in England, 1670 j first raaiKi* 

factufvd in £n«;land, in 1781. 
Napier's bones, invented by Sir 4ohn Napier, 1617. 
Nautical inventions and improvements considerable, I30f . 
Navij^ble canals, the first in England, 1184. See Canals. - 
Needles were first made in England by a netive of Indift, 1545, 

• the art lost at his death ; recovered by Chfistopber Green* 
ing, in 1 560, who was settled with his three cbilareB| EUva- 
betb, John and Thomas, by Mr. Damer, ahcestor«f the pre- 
sent Earl of I>orcbestcr, at Long Grendon, in Bucks, where 
the manufactory has been carried on 'from that time to this 
present day» 

Kew Forest in Hampshire, made 1081. 

New-river cut finished in three yeatt time; the manager, Mr^ 

Hugh Middleton, knighted by King James; rune 50 miles, 

and has about SOO bridges over it, 1609$ broogki to London, 

1614. 
New-stile first introduced into Europe, 158$; into UollsnA 

and the Protestanft States, 1700 f into England, 1758. 
Northamptonshire navigation began, Aug. 7, 1761. 
Nutmeg trees first planted in Jamaiea, 1798. 
6ak saw^dust first discovered useful in tanning, 1?66, 
Olives first planted in Italy, 563 before Christ. 
Orbit, parabolKc, of cemetl e'p^aisicd, IMfK - 



IMPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, &c. 9^ 

Orbits of the pkihets first determined by a Saxon clerg}n?.ap, 
1681. 

Or^aas brought to Rirope from the Greek empire, were first in- 
vented and applh;d to religious devotion in churches, 738. 

Orrery invented, 1670. 

Padlocks were invented at Nuremberff", 1540. 

Painting, the art of, first introduced at Rome from Etruria by 

- Q""il"S ^ho on that account was sti!ed Picker, 291 B. C — 
The first excellent pictures were brought from Corinth to* 
Home by Mnmmius, 1461 H. C. — In oil, said to have bren ii*. 
vented by John Van Eyck, who, with his brother Hii!)«: *, 
were the founders of the Flemish school, 1415, — The finst 
picture was an *Ecce Homo, 1455. — In Chiara Oscuro, 1500, 
introduced into Venice by Venetians, 1430 j iiito Italy by 
Aiitonello, 1476. 

Paper made of eotton was ir* nse in lUOO j that of linen ra^^ in 
1319; the manufacture of introduced inr« England at Dartfond, 
in Kent, 1583 ; scarcely any but brown paper made inEng^land' 
till 1690-; white paper firet made in England, 1690; macie of 
the asbestos at Danbury, in Conneifttoi't, in North America, 
by Mr. Beach, who discovered a fine kind there in 1793. ^ 
Stamped paper first used in Spain and Holland in 1555 ; veU ^ 
▼et or floss for hang-in* apartments with, first uied in 1620 i, 
rassAt trom straw, 1800. , 

Paper-money first userd in Amerka» 1740} jwrived in 1788. 

Parchment invented by King Attahis, of Per^amos, 887* 

Paris first paved with stones, 1 186. 

Parish^ in En«:land fint laid out, 640, when it had 45,000 ; af- 
terwaids reduced to 9,700, ' besides chapels, 1527. Jn 1776, 
there were 14,56a. v 

Parish registers were first introduced by Lord Cromwell's order, 
1538. 

Park, the first in England, made by .Henry I. at Woodstock, ^ 
1123. 

-*^— St. James's, drained 1537» planted 1668; greatly im- 
proved, 1774. 

Pearl-ashes manu^Eictory first set up in Ireland, 1783. 

Pearls, artificial, were invented, 1686. 

Pendulums for clocks invented, 1656. 

Penny pieces and Two-penny, of copper, first eeined in Engiandj 
1797; a new die of a reduced size cut for them, 1806. 

Penny-post set up in London and suburbs, -by one Murray, an 
upholsterer, 1681, who afterwards assigmid the same to one 
Bockwra; afterwards claimed- by the fovernmeot, who al- 
lowed the latter a pension of 2001. a -year, in 1711. First 
setup in DnWin, 1774, It was improved considerably in and 
round London, July 1194; made atwo^peany post in 1801. 

Pens tor writing were firit made from quillain 635. 

Pepper vinei, ^lack, discoVflfred in Jamaica, in 1793* 



94 IMPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, &c. 

Pheasants broufcht to Europe b^ the Argonauts, 1S58 before 

Christ, 
- Phosphonis, artificial fire, discovered W0% Hermetic phoa- 

pkorus was made in 1677/ 
Fhy6ic^arden,^the first cultivated in England by John Gerrard, 

8ur(;eon, of Lonrlun, 1567; th^t jtt Onford, endowed by the 

EarlofDanbv, lejSj that at Cam bri»%a began 1 703. Physic 

garden, ChfWa, be<iran 1T32. ' 

Pins broii;;ht fruni fiance, 1543* and were fir&t ti«ed in England 

by Catharine lluward, Queen of Henry Vlll.*— Before that 

invention both sexes used riabans, loop holes, laces with- 

points and xn^^t clasps, lipoks and eyes, and skewers uf'bra».s,. 

silver, and j?old. * 

Pipes of lead fur the conveyance of water^ invented to be cajit, 

1539. 
Pippins first planted in England, in LipcolmbiTe, 158^. 
Pistols first used by the cavalry, 1544. 

Pitch and tar made from pit-coal, discovered at Bristol 1775^ 
Plaster of Paris^ the way first found out for taking a Irkeness 

in, by And. Verocchip, 1470. 
porcelain of Saxouy brought to perfection, 1760; at Chelsefty 

in England, 175:^. 
P'ort-holes in ships of war introduced, 1545. 

England. Scotland^ Ireland^ &c. 1635. 

The Emperor Cyms was the first w^hu erected post-faousefl 
throughout the kingdom of Persia;^ Augustas was the fii-st 
who introduced this institution among the RomftAs, and. 
employed poU-chakes.. Louis XJ. first eHablished poat- 
houses in France ; and they were not settled in Eik^and 
till the 12th (»f Chartes II. 
Post-horses and stages established, 1463. 

Post-offices first established in Paris, 146$ ;. in England, 1591 • 
established in Germany, in 1641 ; in the Turkish dominions, 
1740; regulatied by parliament, and made general in £fig* 
land, l6oS; and in Scotland, I6d5. Increased as follovrs ;«<• 
1644 it yielded 5,000^ per annum. 

1654 — 10,000^ 

21,900 
43,000 
65,000 

76,aid 

90,S05 



amonnC. 




8S9 manafein«nt. 
,466 net produce. 
2dft gross amouAt. 



IMFllOVEMENTS, INVENflONS, &c. #5 

. C \39yS50 mana<;pment. 
17^ _ J 340»424 ftet i>r;Kluce. 

I 4«0,074 ^ross amount. 

f 135,070 mana^iiu'iit. 
1791 — .^ J 3^^,818 net produce. 

(^ 481,880 i^ross ainounc. 

{392,884 mana^ftnent. 
l,i^77,538 net produce. 
1 ,670,423 grofis amount. 
The first mail conveyed by sta«;e coaches, l)egan Au^. 2, 
1735 ; began to be conveyed to Waterford by Milford Ua%'en, 
1787. 

Potatoes first brou|^bt to^Ensrland from America, by Hawkins, 
in 1563; introduced into Ireland by Sir Walter jflatei{fh, in 
1586, and were nut known m FUnders till 16*50. 

Potterv, great discoveries made in it, by Mr. Wcflgwood, 
1763. 

Ptinting ini-cnted by J. Fanst, 1441 ; first made public by lobh 
Gottenburicb, of Mentz, 1458 ; wooden types first used^ 1470 ; 
brought into England by William Caxton, a mereer of Lon- 
don, 1471) who bad A press in VVestminst«r^bbey till I4«M ; 
Hnt patent granted for it, 15i>l j first introduced into Scot- 
land, 1.509 j first used at Lyons in 1486 5 first set up in Cou* 
stantinople in 1784. Printing in colours iav«Dted, 1636. 

Pumps first invented, 14^25. 

Purple, discovery of it, about 500 before Christ. 

Quadrants, solar, introduced 5^90 before Christ. 

Queen's Ware Pottery invented m 1763, by Wedsjwood. 

Quicksilver, use of, discovered* in refining silver ore, 1540* 

Quills were first used for pens in 635u 

Rainbow, theory of, given, 161 1-; improvements, I689. 

Rains, storms, and winds, first paintcMl by Lorenzetti, 1330. 

Rice was cultivated in Ireland in 1585; in England, 1600. 

-—-had its Atst cullivaifion in South Carolina, by chance, 
1702. 

Rivers in -England began to be made naingable, 1135. See 
:Canals. 

Hoads in the Highlands of ScoUand wwe began by Gen. Wade, 
in 1796, and iftnisbed, 1737. 
— in England first lepai red by'iact of parliament, I5S4. 

Jloses first planted in England, 15S3. 

JUliag Marines invented by a Ddtchman at London, 1792 ; 
gidatly improved by Woodmasson, Pkiyne, Brown, Ac, | in- 
troduced into Jutland, 180^. In 1 806, three employed at 
^Siiiibui^, wliieh give bread to 30 persons weekly, and faci- 
litttes lartyour to an iflorediMc extent. 

SoddteyiiKMe, Ma 

Stfhm ittu brousht'to SngleAd ty a ^Ugri»» 1999} eoUifaMd, 
ISBt. 



^ IMPROVEMENTS. INVENTIONS, &c. 

Salt mines in Staifordshire discovered, l670j rock salt was dia- 
covered about ^50; in Poland, in 1289. 

SAltingc hemn|;;s after the Dutch method first used, 141G. 

S iltpetfe first made in England, 16?rr. 

Saturn's satellites first discovered, 1 608; ring discovered, 1634. 

Saxon green, in dj'ing, invented, 1744. 

Scarcity>root, a kind of parsnip, introduced and propagated in 
England first by Dr. Lettsom, 1787. 

JScai'let dye invented, 1000; first used at Bow, near Stratford, 
1643. ' 

Scenes first introduced into tht^atres, 153.' 

Sedan chairs were introduced into England, 1734. 

Sextant invented by Tycho Brahe, at Aagslturg, in 1550. 

Shillings first coined in England, 1505. 

Ship. — The first seen in Greece arrived at Rhodes frora Egypt, 
1485 before Christ; the first double decked one built m Engr 
land was of 1000 tons burthen, by order of Henry VII. 1 509 ; 
it was called the Great Harrv, and cost 14,0001. ; before thl^, 
^A gun ships were the largest in our navy, and these h&d tio 
port-holes, .the guns being on the upper decks only. Puit- 
boles and ocher improvements were invented by Dechargs^;, 
at French builder at Brcbt, in the reign of Louis XU. 1500. 
There were not above four merchant ships of 120 tons burden 
before 1551. * 

Ship-building, the art of, attributed to the Egyptians, as the 
first inventorsy the first stiip-(|>robably a galley) being brought 
'from Egypt to Greece by Danaus, 1485 B. C. Th^ first ship 
of the burden of 800 tons was built in England in 1597. ' A 
fir^t rate. man of war requires alxmt 60,000 cubic feet of tim- 
ber, and uses 180,0001b. of rough hemp in the cordage and 
sails for it. The groui>d oo' which the timber for a 74 gun 
ship would ic«>|uire to grow, would be 14 acres. It requires 
3000 loads of timber, each load containing 50 cubical feet: 
1500 wejl grown trjees, of two loads each, will cover 14 acres, 
at 20 feet asunder : 3000 loads of rougb oak, at 5?*. per foot, 
or .^l. per load* will co«t 15001. ^ 
Sbipping first registered in the River lliames, 1787.. 

Shoeing of horses first introduced, 48 1 . 

Shoes of the present fashion first warn in England, 1633 j but 
th^ buckle was not iiltreduoeii till 1670» 

Side-saddles first used in England, 1380. 
. Signals at sea first (ievisedr by James li. 1666. 

Silk,, wrought,- brought from Persia to Greece^ 325 B. G. Fr^m 
India, 274 after C'brist. Known at Rome in Tiberius's time, 
wbenja law pass«d in the Senate, prohibiting theiise of. plate 
of massy gold, and also forbidding men to debase theuselv^s 
by wearing silk, fit only for women. Heliogabulus first wore 
1 a .garment <U/ of silk, 220 1 'sllk<rivor|ris:wcre brought to Eu- 
rope 300 years later; silk at first of the same value with 
goid^/weigbt for weight^' •nd.tliottiht t»:0Kow liifc fottaa :«ik' 



IMPROVEItfENTS, INVENTIONS, &c. dT 

trees, t^; the Emperor Aarelian, who died in 975, denied 
his Empi;ess a robe of silk, because too. dear. Silk introduced 
into Europe by some monks, 551 : some monks, who had 
been in India, in 555, brought from thence silk-worma' e^^ 
to Constantinopre, where raw silk was in time produced in 
abundance, and worked up into manufactures at Athens, 
Thebes, Corinth, Sec, &c. Charlemagne sent to Oflfa, King 
of Mercia, in 780, a present of a belt, a Hunnish sword, and 
two silken vests ; in 1130, Greek manufacturers of silk brought 
by Roger, King of Sicily, to Europe, settled at Paleimo, 
-where they taught the Sicilians, not only to breed up the 
silk'WorroSy but to spin and to weave silk ; which art was 
carried afterwards to Italy and Spain, and also to the South 
of France, a little before Francis I. who brought it to Tou- 
raine. Venice inveigled silk weavers from Greece and F^- 
lenno, in Sicily, 1207 ; silk mantles worn by some noble- 
men's ladies at a ball, at Kennelwuith Castle, in Warwick- 
shire, 1286; silk manufactured in England, 16'04; first silk 
manufacture in France, 1521; raw silk not produced there 
till a long time afterwards ; first worn by the English clergy, 
1534$ silk^worms and mulberry-trees propagated by Hc^nry 
IV. through all France, 1559 ; broad silk manufacture from 
raw silk introduced into England, 1620 ; Lornbe*;? famous 
silk-throwing machine, erected at Derby, in 1719; it con- 
tains 26,586 wheels, one water wheel moves the whole, and 
in a day and a night it works 318,504,960 yards of organzine 
silic. Silk first imported from Persia through Russia, 1742. 

Silver first coined at Rome 969 before Christ. 

Silver mines first discovered in Germany, 950. 

■ first discovered at Brittany, in France, Nov. 1730 ; 

in Devonshire, 1294; at Potosi, 1545; at Cusco, 17 J 3. 

Slippers first usod about 1 570. 

Sinithfield fii^t paved, 1615. 

Soap first made at London and Bristol, 1524. 

Sowing corn, &c. the art of, taught by Ceres, 1409 before 
Christ. 

Speakins trumpets. invented by Kircher, a Jesuit, 1652« 

Spectacles invented by Spina, a monk of Pisa, 1299. 

Sphere invented by Archimedes of Syracuse, 209 B. C. 

Spidning-wheel invented at Brunswick, 1530 ; another invented 
by Mr. Swindell, at Stockport in Yorkshire, which finishes, 
on each spindle, three lays .of 30 hanks to the pound in an 
hour, 1778. 

Spring, a chalybeate, discovered near Begging Hall, Norwood^ 
1809. 

Stamped paper for covering of walls of rooms, first introduced 
in Spain and Holland, 1555. Flock or velvet paper first 
used, 1620. 

Starching linen first introduced into England, 1 553. ' 

Sutute miles first ascertained in England, 159J* 

K 



ft IMPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, fte* 

Stereotype printin* invented by WiUiam Ged, a goldsmith of 

Edinburgh, 1735. 

Stirrups first us«d in the 6th ^entury. 

Stockings, silk, first worn by Henry H. of France, 1547. Howell 
says, that in XbdO, Queen Eli2abeth was p^resented with a 
pair of black silk knit stockings by her silk- woman, Mrs. 
Montague, and she never wore cloth ones any more. He 
adds, that Henry VIII. that magnificent and experienced 
prince, wore ordinarily cloth hose, except there came from 
Spain by great chance, a pair of silk stockings; for Spain 
very early abounded in silk. His son, Edward VI. was pre- 
sented with a pair of Spanish silk stockings by his merchant, 
Sir Thomas Gresham, and the present was then much taken 
notice of ; consequently the invention of knit silk stockings 
came from Spain. Others relate that William Rider, a Lon- 
don apprentice, seeing, at the house of an Italian mendiant, 
a pair of knit worsted stockings from Mantua, from thence 
ingeniously made a pair like them, which he presented to th^ 
Earl of Pembroke,' and were the first of the kind made in 
England, 1564; thii weaving of them waii invented by the 
,Rev. Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, 1589. 

stone buildings first introduced into England, 674. 

Stone ehurch, the first built in London, 1087. 

Stone, artificial, for statues, ftc. discovered by a Neapolitan^ 
1776; introduced by Mrs. Coade, near London. 

Stops in literature introduced, 15S0; the colon, 1580; semico- 
lon, 1599* • 

Stucco work revived by D'Udme, about 1500. " * 

Style altered by Augustus Ctesar's ordering leap«year to be but 
once in four years, and the month Sextilis to be called Au- 
gustus, 8 years btfore Christ; again at Rome, by taking 12 

' days off the calendar, 1582; the Gregorian style received at 
Paris, by taking off 10 days, Dec. 15, 151 S; at London, by 
taking 11 days off the calendar, Sept. 2, 1752. 

Sugar first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, 625(; ori- 
ginally from China, and the East ; produced in Sicily, 1 148 ; 
first produced in Madeira, 1419; in the Canaiy islands, in 
1503 ; carried to the West Indies by the Portuguese and Spa- 
niards, 1510; cultivated at Barbadoe«, 1641 ; sugar-refining 
first discovered by a Venetian,^ in 1503; practised first in 
England in 1569; was first taxe(l in England in 1685.' 

Sunday schools first established in Voikshire, 1784; became ge- 
neral in England and Scotland in 1789. 

Sun-< dials invented 558 B. C; the first erected at Rome was 
that by Papirius Cursor, when time was divided into hours, 
.108 B. C. ; first set up against churches, 613. 

Tamarisk plant first brought from Germany, 1560. 

Tanning leather, a new and expeditious method invented, 1795, 

Tapestry invented by Sir Francis Crane, 1619; for ibe encou- 



IMPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, &c. 99 

ngrawnt of which Kin^ James I. gave 80001. to build a house 
at Mortlake, in Surrey, 1619* 
Tar, mineral, discovered at Colebrook-dale, Shropshire, 1779, 

and in Scotland, Oct. 10, 1799. 
Tea first brought into Europe by the Dutch East India Com- 
pany, early in 1591 ; tea, coffee, and • chocolate, first men- 
tioned in the statute books, ]$60 ; a quantity of tea brought 
from Holland by Lord Arlington and LordOssory, 1699; the 
Amerie^tns refused to receive it with a duty, 1773. 
Teiefraphs invented, 1687; put into pi act ice by the French in 

1794; by the English, Jan 38, 1796. 
Telescopes inveniedF by Z. Jansen, a spectacle-maker at Mid- 
dleburgh, 1590 ; the first reflecting one made on the principles 
ofSirl^aac Newton, 1693. 
Thermometers first invented by Drebel, a Dutchman, 1620 ; 

improved by Reaumnhr, 17>^0, and by Fahrenheit, 1749- 
TlK>racfc duct discovered in a horse, by Eustachius, in 1563 ; in 
the human body, by Ol. Rudbec, a Swedish anatomist, Tho- 
mas Bartbolline, of Copenhagen, and Dr. JoHffe, of England, 
1653. See Laoteals. 
Thread first made at Paisley, in Scotland, in 1723. 
Tides, the first theory of, by Kepler, 1596. -^ 

Tiles first used in England, 1246. 

Time first computed from the Christian sera, 516; in history, 
749; in Spain, 135d; in Arragon and Castile, 1383 j in Por- 
tugal, 1415. 
Time-measure barometer introduced by Scipio Nasica, 1 59 ; 
King Alfied's time-keeper was six large wax tapers, each 12 
inches long; asthev burnt unequally, owing to the wiiid, he 
invented a lanthom made of wood and thin-scraped plates of ox- 
horns, glass being a great raiity, 887. The ancients bad 
three sorts of time measures, hour-classes, sijln>dials, and a 
vessel full of water with a hole in its tuttdm. 
Tin found in Germnny, 1241 ; in no place before but in Devon- 
shire and Cornwall ; in BarbaTy,M640 i ;n India, 1740) in 
New Spain, 1782. 
Tubacco first discovered in St. Domingo in 1496; aftf-rwards by 
the Spaniards, in Yutacan, 1520; introduced into France, by 
Nicot, 1560; first brought into England, 1583; prohibited 
to be planted here in 1624; a tax laid on it in England, 1685; 
allowed to be cultivated in Ireland, 1779- 
Tonrniquet, the, invented by one Morell, at the siege of Be- 
sancon, 1674; Petit, of France, invented the screw tourni- 
quet, 1718. 
Towers, high, first erected io churches in 1000. 
TQli|)s first brought into England, 1578. 
Turkeys came into England, 1523. The first in France, 15T0. 
Tyfws of wood for printing first used, 1470. 
Vaccine Inoculation introduced, 1799> byDr.Jenner, who rt- 
ii2 



100 IMPROVEMENTS, INVENTIONS, Ac. ♦ 

ceived lOyOOOl. for the discovery from parliameat, 1803; a 
national insfitution for the promotion of, established, l80iJ. 

Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hal^s, 1740. 

Ve$ta, a new planet, discovered by Dr. Olbeis, at Bremen, March 
2y, U07. 

Vlne-dressers, a colony of, from Phocea, in Ionia, settled at 
'M<irseilles, who instructed the South Gauls in tillage, vine- 
dressing, and commerce, about 600 before Christ. Some 
think the vines are aborigines o( Langufedoc and Provence, 
and that they grew spontaneously on the Mediterranean 
shores uf Italy, France, and Spain. 

Vines planted in Germany and North Gaul, 276. 

■ and sugar-canes planted in Madeira, 1420. 

Viidins invented about 1477, and introduced here by Charles II, 

Vulgate edition of the Bible discovered, 218. 

Watches invented at Nuremberg, in.Gemiany, 1477 ; first used 
in astronomical observations, 1500.— The Emperor Charles V. 
was the first who had any thing that might be called a watch, 
thou(];h some call it a small table clock, 1530.— ~v\ atches fii-st 
brought to England from Germany, 1577 ; spring pocket 
ones in\cnted by Uooke, 1658. 

Water, first conV'eyed to London by leaden pipes, 21st Henry 

• III. 1237. It took near 60 years to complete it; the whole 
being finished, and Cheapside conduit erected, only in 1285. 
An ene^iiie erectf^d at Broken- wharf, to convey water by 
leaden pipes, 15.94. — The New River brought to London from 
Amwell, in Hertfordshire, at an immense expeiice, liy Sir Hugh 
Mid.lfeton, in I6l4.— The eity supplied with its water, by 
convtyances of wooden pipes ia the streets, and small leaden 
ones to the houses ; the N*. w River Company incorporated, 
1620. — So la'e as Queen Ann*siime there were water-can iers 
at Ald^atef-pump, as now at Edinburgh. 

Wa'ter-niills for grinding corn were invented by Bellisarius, 
while besieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. The ancients 
parched their corn, and pounded it in mortars. Afterwards 
mills were invented, which were turned by men and beasts 
with great labour; and yet Pliny mentions wheels turned by \ 
watei . 

Weavers, two, from Brabant, settled at York; which, says King 
Edward, may prove of great benefit to us and rur subjects, 
1331. 

Weavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen-makers, silk-throwsters, 
&c. Flemish, settled at Canterbury, Norwich, Sandwich, Col- 
chester, Maidstone, SoMthampton, &c. on account of -the Duke 
of Alva^s persecution, 567. They taught the English the 
making of baize, seiges, Norwich crapes, &c. Tiie baize 

) makers >chiefly settled at Colchester. 

Weights and measures invented, 869 before Christ; fixed to a 
standard in England, 1257 9 regulated^ 14^2. 



DISCOVERIES, &c. lOI 

Whalebone faafiA by the English ships at Qape Bcet«n, KSl * 
first mentioned brought home with oil, 1617- 

Wiid-fire invented by a Grecian, 663. 

Wind-saw-raitl invented, 16J3, and erected near the 3irandy 
London, by a Dutchman. \ 

Wind-pins invented at Nuremberg, 1560. 

Windmills invented, 1*^99. 

Wind«ws of gla^ first used in England for houses, 1 180. 

Wine first made in England, 1140 ; in Glanders, 276. 

Wine from raisins first made in England, in 1635. 

Wire invented at Nuremberg, 1351. Mills invented in Ger- 
many, 1563. 

Wire-mill, the first set up at Sheen, by a Dutehman, 1653. 

Woad first cultivated in England, 1582 y the'fixing iu colour 
discovered, 1753. 

Wood cuts invented, 1460. . 

Woollen-cloth, manufacturers of, in all civilized countnes, and 
in very remote ages, and probably df linen also. Diodorns 
Siculus, who wrote in Augustus CsBsar's time, 21, relates, that 
in the Isle of Malta several mercantile wares were road*», par- 
thSilarly very fine doth. Strabo, speaking of Tartetama, m 
Lnsitania, says, in 34, that cloths were formerly the eaports 
of that country, but that they have now another woolly ma- 
nufacture of mmt ewselleni baautv, such as Uiat of the Coral, 
a pebple of Asjia, from whcnc* the I'ams were brought at ft 
talent each, or lOOl. . 

Woollen-cloth mannfaetares commenced at Sedan, m r ranee, 
1646 ; the first made in England was in 1331 ; meaicy cbtlis 
first made, 1614} greatly improved by the Walloons, 1688; 
first dyed and dressed in England in 1667. 

Workfti, cloth, 70 femilies of, from the Netherlands, settled ra 
EngUnd by Sdward IIL's invitation, for promoting the wool- 
len manufacture, 1330. 
Wormwood, and other plants, used for preserving maltr liquors, 
before the use of hops, 1492. . „^, ^ ^ . .. ^ 

Year, the solar, founfi to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 

minutes, 2^5 > introduced by .t*?^''>L'*5 »;. p- ,.,« 
Yellow dye for cotton invented by Dr. R. Williams, 1773. 
2o&LC, figM of tlie, invented by Anajtimander, 547 B. U 



DISCOVERIES AND SETTUNG OF COUNTRIES. 

AjMCRICA first discovered by Columbus, Oct. J% 1492; so 
samed bt Americus Vespucius, 1497 ; "«^^"«'?" .^^^ ™ 
Ftcncb tUl U0«i h*A nv*> «^*v«* ^* wntd to k, 150». 



103 DISCOVERIES, Ac. 

Aioerica, Ni>rib, first discovered by Sebastian Cabot,' aVenetian, 

1497; settled in 1610. 
■ S:)uth, by Americus Vespucius, 1497. 

— ~ N. W. explored by Capt. Cooke in 1778 ; by Capt. 

James ('oliiett, in 1789. 
Andreanoftsy isles, between Asia and America, discovered 1760, 
Angola settled by the Portugne«;e, 1482. 

Ano;uilla, in the Caribbees, first planted by the English, 1650. 
Aiitii^ua settled by the English, 16.'i^. 
Archansfel, passage to, discovered, 1553. 
At'uba isle,, planted by Holland, 1634. 
Azores i<;les discovered, by the Portuguese, 1449- 
Baku's Bay discovefed, 1622. 
Bahama isles discovered, 1629 ; taken possession of by tbeEng* 

lish, Dec. 17t8. 
Barbadoes discovered and planted, 1614. 
Barbuda ifele first planted -by the English, 1628.* 
Barrington isle, one of tUb Gallapagos, explored, June 1793. 
Batavia, in the isle of Java, first fortified by the Dutch, 1618. 
Bermuda isles first discovered, 1527 i settled, 1612. 
Boston, in New England, built, 1630. 

iSotany Bay settlement fir$t sailed from England,. March SI, 
- lTi?7, ^ 

Bourbon isle, planted by the French, 1672. 
Brasit discovered, 1486} settled by the Spaniards, 1515 ; settled 
by the Dutch, 1624 ; taken from Holland by the Portuguese, 
1*654. 
'Britain first discovered to be an island about 90« 
Caledonia^ in Anvenca, settled 1699. ^ 

■■ New, discovered by Captain Cooke in 17741 

. Call JOTin a < discovered by. Cortes, 1543 j taken possession of i»j 
. Sir F.Drake, 1578. 

Canada discovered bv Cabot, 1499; explored by the F^-ench, 
.U08, 1524, an4 1534; settled 1540; Quebec built, .160^?; 
taken first by England, 1623. ' „ ' ., 

iCauary isles discovered^ and granted Spain, 1344 ; explore^, 

1393. ... ^ •' I 

Cape Bfonco, on the coast of Africa, discovered 1441. " 
Cape Brewrn discovered luy fheEpglisb, 1584; yielded to Fraince, 
1632 ; taken bv England, 1745 ; restored ii4B ; tigain taken 
and kept, 175§. 
Cape de Verd islands discovered, J^47. 
Cape of Good Hojie discovered^ 1^7 ; planted by the Dutch, 

1651. 
Cape Horn fir>t sailejJ round, I6l6; Straits discovered 1643. 
Carolina discoverfed, -'1497*; planted 1^29. ' •' '. "'' .'• 

Caribbee isles discovered, 15i)5. 

Cat's isle,- one of iHe Bahamas, the first disc(tvefy in Am^rica*b]t 
• Columbus, 1492. - - ' • • • •■ 

CbyrtmfeSsie^rst*iplitrtted by the r#erteb) l«»5< «^-J •»*..' . 



DISCOVERIES, &c. 108 

Ceylon, the isle of, discovered, 1506. 

Charlotte's, Queen, island, discovered by Captain Wallis^ 
1767. 

— — -— islands, a cluster so called, discovered by 

Captain Carteret, 1767. 
Chathatn isle, one of the Gallapa^os, explored June 1793. 
Chili discovered by Spain, 1518^ invaded by the Spaniards, 

1540. 
China first visited by the Portuguese, 1517 5 conquered by the 

Eastern Tartars, 1635. 
Christopher's, St. isle of, discovered, 1595 ; settled by the 

English, 1626. 
Congou kingdom discovered, and settled on by the Portuguese, 

1482. 
Crimea settled by Russia, 1784. 
Cuba discovered 1492; settled in 1511, 
Curazoa settled by the Dutch, 1634. 
Darien settled, ifoo. 
Davis's Straits discovered, 1585. 
De la Plate rivcT discovered, 1512. 
Deseada isle discovered by Columbus, 1494. 
Domingo, St- isle of, discovered, 1492; city founded, 1494. 
Dominica discovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1493. 
Easter Island discovered 1722. 

East Indies discovered by the Portuguese, 1497; visited over* 
land by some English,. 1591 ; first Dutch voyage, 1595 ; Ar«C 
voyage of the English company, 1601 ; fif&t from France^ 
1601 ; first voyage of the Danes, 16l2i 
Falkland, isles of, discovered, 1592; 
Florida discovered by Cabot, 1500 ; settled in 1763. 
Forbisher's Straits diseovfsred, 1578. 
Fox island, in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered, 1760. 
Gallapagos isles discovered, 1700 1 explored by Capt. JamiCfl 

Colneit, 1793. 
Georgia colony erected by General Dgfethorpe, 1739. 
Goree isle, on the Guinea coast, first planied by the Dutch^ 

1617. 
Granada isle settled by France, 1652* 
Gr^nland discovered in 1585. . , 

-^ settled, 1721,1731. . . . x 

GuadaUiupe isle discuvtii'ed by Columbus, 1493; planted by 

the French, l635. , . • - 

Helena, St. discovered, 1502; first possessed by England, 16P0; 

settled by the English,. 1651., . 
Hood's isle, onmA' the. GallapfVgos in the Pacific Ocean, ex^ 

plored, June 1793. 
Hudson's Bay discovered by Capt. Hu.d$on9 1607. » 

Iceland diseoy^erpd by a Danish pirate, 860. 
Jamaica di'icove red by.CbkusbUfy 1494- ^ settled bjl the Sp^ 
niards, 1509. v-.- . ..:..»:.;...: 



104 DISCOVERIES, &e. 

(Japan discovered^ 1542 ; visited b/tbe £ngU£li» 16 \9, 
Ladrone isfes discovered, 1521. 

Le Roach island, near Falkland's island, discovpred> 1657. 
Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, discovert by the Frendi, 

1633; settled, 1718. 
Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1506. 
Madeira, island of^ discovered, M344 and 14 1^. 
Magellan, Straits of, discovered, 1520. 
Marigalante isle discovered, 1493. 
Maryland province planted by Lord Baltimpre, at the expence 

of 40,0001. 1633. 
Mauritius isle discovered, 1598 ; settled, 1721. 
Mexico settled by the Spaniards, 1519. 
Montreal discovered, 1534; settled 1^29. 
Montserrat, in the West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; 

planted by England, 1632. 
Nevis planted by England, 1628. 
New Caledonia discovered, 1774. 
New England planted by the PuHtanSy 1620- 
Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, 1497 j settled, 1^14. 
New Guinea discm'ered, 16*99. 
New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1628 ; settled by the En- 

glish, 1787. 
New Jersey, in America, planted by the Swedes, ia87« 
New S,.ain, or Mexico, discovered, isi8. 
New Zealand discovered, 1600 ; explored io 1 7 60* 
New Flymouth built and settled, 1620. 
New York settled, i664. 
Nootka, in the N. W. of America, discovered, 1778 i settled by 

the English, 1789. 
North East passage to Russia discovered, 155$. 
Nova Scotia settled, 1622. 
Kova Zembla discovefed, 1558. 

Otaheite, or George III.'s island, discovered, June 18| 1765* 
Owhyhe irUnd discovered, 1778« 
Panama settled, 1516. 
Paraguay discovered, 1525. 
Pennsylvania, Penn's charter for pte&ting, 1680. 
Peru discovered, 1518. 

Philippine isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1S21. 
Pitt's Straits, in the fitist Indies, discovetcd, April 80, 17GO. 
Porto Rico discovered, 1 4 07. 
' Saba planted by the Dutch; 1640. 
Salem, in New England, settled, l6a8. 
f^andwich islands, in the PdCVlic Ocean, discovered, 1776* 
Savannah settled, 1732. 
Sierra Leone coast discovered, 1460. 
Society sles, in the Paci^c Ocean, discovered," 1765» 
#olornon*s isles, in America, diftcovctcd, 1527. 
Somen* isles discovcredj 1527. . 



LAWS, COURTS pF JUSTICE, &c. 105 

Spain, New, discovered, 1518. ' ' 

St. I^:u5tatia isle settled in Holland, 1639. 

St» Hdena first possessed by the English, i600 ; settled, 1051. 

St. Lawrence river <!iscovered and explored by the F enclv 1508. 

St. Salvador, the urst land discovered in the West indies, or Ame* 

rica, by Columbus, Oct. ] i^ 149-2* 
Suffolk isles discoveied, 1764 ; nrst produced 8tt(^r, 1770. 
Sarinam planted by England, 1640. 
Surat settled, 1603. 

Tate island. East Indies, discovered, June SO, 1795. 
Tobago planted by the Dutch, i64i. 
Tc'ceras isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1583. 
Terra Firma settled by the Spaniards, 1524. 
Trinadad, jhe isle of, discovered, 1408. 
Ukraine settled by Russia, 1752. 
Virginia discovered by John Cabnt, 1496 ; taken posssession of by 

Sir Waher Raleigh. 1584; the setdeaienc of the first perma* 

ncnt colony there, 1636. 
West indies discovered by Columbus, 149'2« 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, OATHS, TAXES, &c. 

Abjuration oath first required, 1701. 

Adelphi lottery aftt passed, 1773. 

Admiralty, court of, erected i:i57 ; incorporitted June 23, -17M.. 

Adultery, puni!;hed by cutting off the nose and ear», 1031 ; made 
capital, 16j>0. 

Affirmation of the Quakers first accepted as' an oath, 1702 ; altera- 
tjon made in It Dec "13, 1721. 

African bill, to supply that trade with calicoes, 1765. 

Agrarian law introduced at Rome, 4S(i before Christ. 

Ale and ale-houses in England, made mention of in the laws of 
Ina, king ?»f .Wcssex ; first licensed I35i. 

Aliens forbidden to hold church nvings and Juries for their trials 
to be half foreigners, 1430; pieveoted from exercising any 
trade or handicratt by retail, 1483. 

Alien -bill passed, Jaa. ■*, 1793. 

Allegiance, oath of, fi.rst administered, 1606 ; altered 168 9. 

Alman'ick stami>s encreased, 1 78 1 . 

Ambassadors first protected by a law, 1709 ; their protection re- 
strained, 1773. 

American duties, act passed. 17^4; on tea, 1767. 

American loyalists relieved, 1/85. 

Annuities for life regulated 1777* 

Apothecaries exeTnpted from civil offices, 1702. 

Appeals to ^he Pope first made, 1138 j forbidden, 1532. 



106 LAWS, COURTS OF jpSTICE, &e. 

Arabic lands restrained, and pasture tnforttd, 1584; 

Arbitration act passed, F)98. 

Armorial bearings introduced into England to di<tingais|i not)l€l 

1100; taxed 1798, I808. 
Array, the first commission of, to raise the militia, 1432. 
Arrest, vexatious ones, prevented by an act* May 17, 1733| !bi 

less than lol. forbidden, 1779. 
Artificers' bill, to prevent their seductions, 1787< 
Assaying of gold and silver legally established, 1334. 
Assize ot bread and ale in England established^ 1366; ttgua le- 
gally, 1710. 
Asylumii for debtors abofished in Londbn^ IO9O. 
Assessed taxes considerably advanced in 1707 > abolished^ I7O8, 
- new ones enacted, April, 1806. 
Attorney's tax commenced, 1785. 
■ ' ■ - in Norwich, ^forfblk, ai d Sdflblk, itstiained, and tbeif 

numbttr reduced from 80 to 14, 1454. 
Auction and Sales tax began, 1770. 
Augmentation, the office of, established, 1336. 
Bankrupts in England first regulated by law, 1543. 
Bastard children, concealing the death of, deemed murdcr> 1624« 
Batchelor's tax, 1693 ; again 1783 and 1796. 
Beer act passed. 1643, I66O, 1761> and 1784. 
Beggars relieved by law, 1496. 

Benefit of the clergy taken from murdererSi Oct. 24^ 1319. 
benefit societies act passed^ 1 795. 
Bigamy, statute of, first passed, 1276. 
Bill of rights passed, idBO. 
Bills of Exchange regulated, 169a, 1703 ; made felony to countef^ 

feit, 1734; taxed, 1783; advanced, 1707* and 1604. 
Birth of children taxed, 1603, 1783. 
Bhtck act passed, 17*^3. 
Black rent established in Iieland, 1412. 

Bondage released by Queen Elizabeth in many of her manors, 1374* 
Bo««ton port bill, for iu removal, 1775. 
Brew r<<' licences taxed. 1784. 
Bread ordered not to be sold till 24 hours offl, to lessen its eon^ 

sump ion, Maich, I800. 
Bribery, \c. at Flections, forbidden by law, IO96, I7'i9i 1735« 
Brie 8 and tiles taxed, 1784. 
Broad swords forbidden by law to be worn in Edinburgh, July 

24. 1724. 
JBrokcrs regulated in London.by law, 1607. 
Buckingham-house bought tor the Queen, 1775* 
Builders* act passed, 1764 ; amended 17O6. 
Buildings regulated by law, 1764,. 1770, 1772. 
Burials taxed, 1693, 1783. 

Buttons 'ind button hole* of cloth prohibited by law, 17^1. 
Bye-laws of corporations restrained, 1504. 
Calicoes prohibited to be printed or worn, 1700 and 17S1* 



LAWS, OdtmTS OP JUSTICE, fte. lOT 

Cambridtt firom France prohibited, 1745; touHy, 1798; read- 
mitiedy 1780. 

Canon law Arst introduced into En;;1and, 1140. 

Capper or hatter, a statute passed, that none should sell any hat 
abovcsod. nor cap above 3s. 6d. 1489. 

Caps -a law, enacting; that every person above seven years of age 
shoald wear on Sundtys and Holidays a cap of wool, knit made, 
thickeaed and dressed in England, by some of the tr^dc of cap* 
pen, under the forfeiture of three farthings for every day s ncg<- 
lecr, excepting maids. Udtes, and gendewomen and every lord, 
knight, and gentleman, of twenty marks of land, and their 
heirs, and such as have borne office of worship in any city, towiif 
or place, and the wardens of the London companies; 1 571. 

Cards and dice double taxed, April 8, 17^8 ; additional tax, 1789; 

Carnages taxed, 1747* 1770> 178Q, 1783, and I8O8. 

Cattle prohibited to be impcrted into England from Ireland and 
Scotland, idaa. 

Chancery, conrt of, established 005 ; present one by William T. 
1069. The first person qualified fnr chancellor, by education, 
was Str Thomas More, 1 530, the office before being rathen 
that of a secretary of state than rhe president of a court of jus- 
tice ; first reference to a master' in, owing to the ignorance of the 
chancellor. Sir Christopher Hatton, about 1588. 

Chanty schools instituted, to prevent the seduction of the inhot 
poor to popish seminaries, March *is, 1687. 

Chest at Chatham, enforced by law, 1590. 

Children forbidden by law to4}e sold by English parents, 1000* 

Christenings taxed, 1783. 

Church benefices forbid(len to be held by foreigners, 1430* 

Churches, 50 new ones built, Act passed 171] . 

Grcuits, Justiciary, established, 11 70; in Scotland, l7l'i« 

Civil list debts paid, 1777. 

Clandestine marriages forbidden by ac% 1753. 

Clarendon statutes passed, 1164. 

Clergy forbidden drunkenness by a law, 741. 

— ^- excluded from being members of the Irish parliament by 
act of |>arliamentt-by Henry VIII. 1546; voluntarily resigned 
the privilege o^ taxing themselves, 1604. 

Clocks and watches taxed, 1797 ; repealed 1708. 

Coach- makers' licences commenced, 1785. 

Coach tax commenced, March 25, 1747 ; encreased, 1776, 1789^ 
1785, 1797* and rsos. 

Coals, duty laid on them by Charles T. i637 ; again by Charles IT« 
in favour of the Duke of Richmond, which was converted into 
an annuity by Geo. III. in June I800 

Combinations among Journeymen forbidden by an act, June 91, 
1709. 

Commercial treaty and consolidated duties, 1787* 

Commissioners appointed for the public accounts, 1780* 

Common pleas, court of, established 1315« 



^« LAWS. COURTS OF JUSTICE, kc. 

Commutation tax commenced ,1784. 

Cuuipound waters highly taxed, May 29, 17?9. 

Conciliatory act nith AiiiericA passed, Feb* 7,< 1778* 

Conservators of public liberties chosen in £ag;land, 1:^15. 

Contractors with government disqualified for fitting in parlia- 
ment, 1782. 

Contribution from the public demanded by an act of parlia- 
ment from all persons whose wages were 41. per ann. passed 
Ib'SS. 

Conventicles punished by law, 16G1. 

CunvocHtion of the clergy first summoned to meet by writ of 
Edw. 1. 1G95; no business done since 1716. 

Copper coin forbidden to be counterfeited, 1771. , 

Copy-rig;ht secured, by an act passed, 1710. 

Coronation oath enacted, \GS9. 

Cotton manufacturers' utensils prohibited to be exported, 1774. 

Cotton duty commenced, 17^5. 

Coventry act passed, 1669 ; regulated 1699. 

Council first allowed to persons guilty of treason, April 21, 
1696. . 

Counties first sent members to parliament by authority, 1258. 

County courts first erected, 896. 

Courts of conscience, or requests, in London began, 1517; again, 
1603; in Bristol, Gloucester, and Newcastle, Nov. 30, 1689; » 
extended to the sum of 51. Oct. 1, 1800. 

Courts of Justice instituted at Athens, 1272 before Christ, 

Cox's Museum lottery, 1773. 

Ci iniinals ordered for transportation instead of execution, 1 590 ; 
Henry Vlll. executed 72,000 during his rcign.N 

Crown lands resumed by law, 1449. 

Curfew bell established by William the Conqueror, 1068 ; abo- 
lished in 1100. 

Customs of Euicland amounted to but 14,0001. in 15«0; to 
50,0001. in 1592 •, to 148,0001. in 1614; to 168,0001. in 1622 i 
to 500,0001. in 1642; to 1,555,6001. in 1720; to 1,593,0001. 
in 1721 ; to 1,094,0001. in 1744 j to 2,000,0001. in 1748 ; to 
9,973,2401. in 1808. 

■ — , «>fficers of the, deprived of voting for membera of 

parliament, 1782. 

Cyder act passed, 1763; repealed, 1766. 

Danegelt, a land-tax first established by Ethelred 11. 99 19 abo« 
lislied by Stephen, 1 136. 

, Deaths taxed, 1783. 

Declaration of rights, bill passed, 1689« 

Dictum lie Kennelswurth passed, 1266. 

Dissolution of monasteries by act, 15.i9i to the value of 36 1 ,0001. 
• per ann. and 50,000 religious were maintained by it ; equal 
now to 1,750,0001. There were 643 monasteries, 90 collegtfs, 
374 chapel ries, and 110 hospitals. 

Dog-steaiers act passed^ 1770 j tax on dogs, 1796 aad 1808. 



UkW^ rCOUETdk or JUSTICE, 4t. ^<9 

naanufUy-book bef(ftii in 900 f -{ittislMsd. 1086. 

Dre9s Fe«trai[iicd byiaw, 14^3, I57«ft, And 158X 

Droit d'Aubiiiae abi>li8hed i» Fninoe^ Auf .>6» ll^a . 

DruakeHuess.forbidikii ipgr 4ie'oai«on laWte t^cdciigy, 74U 

— ' in the comroonalty reaisvitted bylawy j|^5. 

Duelling, in civil matters, furbid-Jirn in,Frafie6, 1305; hitr^ 
Uuced into Eng^d* IB&J» 

Duty on brandies lowered 4s. 6d. T)ers:aUon, May 10, 1787. 

Printers licensed, on paying a. duty, 17d9L 

Dyini;, abuses in it prfeveBted, J 78 ). 

East India CempaBy's act paMed, 1713. 

Kltictions tnade^uid by bribary,* 169^ 17125, 1778, and 17«8« 

Ens^lisb parents IbrbiiUlea fay buw frum selling their ehildben out 
of tbe kingdom, ^000. •; 

langtiage to be used in all l»Mr pteadiaga, 1869; ordered 

to be used in ail .law-»suits, .May 1731. 

Engraving protected by a bill, 1775 and 1777. 

Entailing eaiates introduced by tftatotp^ 1879 and 1307. 

Entertaiiunent, places of, afoont. London licemed, 1759. 

£xcbe<|tter chasnber» court of, emoted by Edward il4« t859l 
improved by £liaabetfa, 1584. 

Exchequer, court of, instituted on the model of tbetraBsnJavine 
exchequer in Ndria«ndy, 1079? Exchequer stopped paymei* 
from ^ecS, 161^ to< May following. 

Excise ofi^ioriaed, 1^484 its ettcers deprived of their rotds. 
fomefnbsBS of parHamert,- l?8fi* .... 

Excise oil beor, ale, &c. first imposed bv act of pttrliamMt, 
164a ; J^ll passed Nov. 35,: 1;690. 

Excise scheme introduced into the House of Commo|rift, and op-^ 
posed by every tradifig town in the kingdom, 1733. For one 
week, in 1733, it amounted to «8,0(>0l. lu 1744, it was 
3,754,0S;$1. In t^ie uaae y«Br.the malt distiller}* of London 
wiHS 45d4)00t l^he levenuc was 3,84*^,0001. m 1746;— 
5,.^0,1141. 6s. 10d.in 1786; and 19,867,9^41. \On.lOidi in 
1808.' •';.'. ♦ -. 

Excommunication from Rome forbidden to be used in EiigUi|id| 
imdersevcreipeitaiaiesy i3di* ^ 

ExpUaadon^ IjAifIt aet^of^ psd4ttdl66&, - 

Exportation of corn permitted l^y. law, 1663; bounty granted, 
1689. . , . 

Eyre, justices in, tbe ilffiod- iastitiited by 'Henry li. ftt04r<tli^ 
last instance of their holding a/xitut: ih afiy bf tiie forests,- is 
believed to have been durihig tlw reign of iihsith^ II* . * 

Female servant tax edmmMieed'U985, oeBsed!'l799.* - 

Fencing schools in'^London prohibited, M ImfOdbtstmsy^to dnek, 
1285. '...♦• 

FepdAl •r ifiBddia Istai^ ^th e- teimtiy ef land by mit as^ «ervi<B^^ta 
the lord or owner of it, JtttredaeeA'iiito finglawibby <bi&6iaDns 
^bom-OMiitiSks tl»itevy*fli>tliis itemire inereaseft «idei> WiK 
liamL 1068. Tlfii^a9kiJttViiHoBitlM:adag|foBlialo%ofoaAe8^ 



ft^w lAws, cexmr^ of jt»r icb,- ^. - 

giviai^ theni to oetiun penons, and rocfairinp tboae pA-som 
to furuish the Icing with aioney, and a stated mimber' of sol- 
iliers. It nnte distoBnteainoeain France by Loliis XI. about 
147(n restored and liihtted by He^ry Vn. 149&; abdlished 
by st»tiitf> IS C'fafiuries 11. 166^. 

Fieiy Ordeal Qnfofced^ 1043. 

Fires occasioned by servants punishable, J 707. 

First Frvitsaoft p3^sed» 1704. 

'Fishing towns legally jregulated, J54S. 

Fishing on our coasts, the Dutch iorced to pay a tribute for, 
160.9; the Dutch paid 3a,006L for liberty to fish, 1683. 
W^lWood, ih bis answer to Grocius, says, *< that the Scots 

, ohlised the Dcrtcb, by treaty, to keep 80 miles fi^m the 
shore in fishing, and to pav a tribute at the port of Aberdeen $ 

' wbere a foswar wi&creoled 'for that and other purposes, and 
the Dutoh paid the tribute eren in the memory of our fore- 
fathers." 

Five-mile act passed, Oct. SI, 10^5.' Tiiis aet obH^d non-«on« 
formist teadMSfs, who reliised to take the non^rasistaQee oatfa^ 
not t0 ^ome within five miles of any Corporation wh^e they 
had preached since the act of obUnrion, unless they were tra- 

• . vdlin^y under the penalty of 50L 

.'ffDreigners forbidden to follow trade by retail^ 1487* 

- indulged with one half fblieignetB in .yuries, 1490. 

«Forfaited estates, resumption of> act passed^ 1699. 

■ ■ ■ in S<5otland, restored byipailtammt, 1784. 

J^gtry &rst punished with death in £n«pland, 'll»34i * • 

Forging of letters of attorney for the transfer of stock- niade fe- 

loiHt', <rrs3. 

•Fornif?atio« made capital for the second offence, 1^50. . 
.Frauds by ibankrupcs punished, by act passed 17^^. 
'Freeholders permitted to alienate their .lands, 1492 and 1513. 
>■' I unfler 401. per aiin«m unqualified to vote lor mem- 

h^ra-Df per liamsnt, I4S9. . > 

Freemasons forbidden in England, 1424 ; tolerated by act of 
. parliainent, 44^. 

French tongue abolished in the Eh^isb eourts of justice^ • \S6^. 
Game acts passed, 1496, l69€,>17&i| 1784^ 1II8&, and 1808, 
-»— ?- cartifieattfs commenocd, .1785. < -». 
Gaming-houses licensed in London, 1630. 
GbmiKg prevented^ ?by an act passed^ H^^.'* 
Gin aet pasaed, July ^, 1737. 
Gipsies ex|leUed<ottt of England, 1563. 
Gladiators, the ioivbais of,' abolished, aS6« . 
I^tom tflx.«itabU8faBd» 1746. 
Glove taa repealed, August 2, 1785.1 
4}old'coiB ^rmitted by. act bi parliameiit tayiba dibtivyed, 1773; 

rediieed tofdMS standard^: Augw nii$^ : ' - 
OmswMs Hospital began ^ reccftva;^6d..itcp mbntk froai tvcry 



LAWS, CdURTSOF JUOTICE; &c/ 1^1. 

GMBeti ndooedhy parliament from' 129^ to ,9 Is. 1717. ' 

Habeas Corpus a<:t passed 1641, and M.i|' 37» 1675^; suspended 
in 1 7 1 5 for six rnanths ; 1 7 1 3 for sis months ; I7'^2 for twtflve 
nontha ; 1 744* for six months ; • 1779 for six HMnths ; 1 794, t 
17^5» llffS, 17^, and 1800, fioriiiiie inimtfas ; again iu iSOS» 
in consequenoit of the Irish rebellioD. ^ 

Hackney eooMhes and chairs escabiiahed by act of parUamcaC^ 
.kiiw 949, 1694; regulated 17B4, 1796, 1900, and 1909^ 

Hair-powder tax btfcmn 1795. 

Hanover mcoeation cBtablisli«Ml by law, 1701. 

Harlota,. or laMnmeR prostltateay 4ibiigefl to wear striped koais 
of partjr-coloart, and their garmenta %be wrong aide outwalk, 
S7 Edward ill. 13&5. 

Hat tax coamenoed, Oet. I, 1784; stamps for ditto, 1796. 

Hawker* and pedlars licensed, June S4» 1697; restruned 1735. 

Hearth, or ehtmncy-rooney, an -oppressive tax on every lire- 
place or hearth in every house in England, Ss. per annum, 13 - 
Charlea Jl. 1669 ; abolished by WHIiam and Mary, 1089. 

HeiUfire clube suppressed by order of council, April 89, 1729* 

Hemp aiKl flax direeled to be sown Tor making fishing nets, 
1583. 

Heretics, the law against them repealed, '1334. 

Herring ststate passed, 18:57*.' 

Higbiaod drcas ibrbklden in beotland by law, Ang; 1746; re* 
stored 1782. 

Highways, the first 'law in England to repair tbem waa 10 1585. 

Highwaymen, act respeeting, 1093. 

High treason act ^passed 10^$ improved 1795* 

Horse fax commenced 1784«; incrnsedrl79o' and 1808. 

Moose tax, 1778; uncreated, 1808. 

Husbandry eiitouraged by an act, 1489. 

Hustings, the court of, in the city of London, 4s the supreme 
court of judicature, as the •oouct <^ common couDCil is of le- 
gislature, in that city. ■ llie court of hustings was granted to 
the city^ to be holden and kept weeklyi by £dward the Con** 
fessor, 1063. 

&lio« ac» passed, 731. . 

Jmpea«bment$ the first of a Chaneeik)r, and the first by the 
Commons, 1886. ' 

Impressed seamen's bill, 1740. 

Incest and adultery made capital for tbe first offence. May 14, 
1650. 

IncTosures in En>$Iand restrained, 1.531. 

Iiicooie taxed, 1799*; repealed, 1802; reaewed, 1803; in- 
creased; 1806. 

Influence of tbe crown abfldged by parliament, 1732. 

Jusol vent act passed, tbe first in 1649; tbe most considerabiQ 
ones in IT43, 1761, 1763, 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776, 1778. 11 ^l, 
1784^ 1797, '18Q1, .L804» and 1809. 



119 LAWS» COURTS OP JUSTICE, fte. 

Insurance im hoiMM, fte« doty fint laid on, 1763; being Is, M. 

on each lOOl. insoretl ; Btt. additionkl 17^7. 
secured by law,. 1601. 

Interest of iiiuii«y was Sd. per week for 30s. in 1360 ; 45 per 
-cent. i:i07 ; interest of uionej at 10 per cent, first law in 
England establishing, 1546. The pious snbjeots of Edward 
\i. repealed this law, as unlawful and most imptouk ; but it 
viSiS itsituried- in Queen Elltabeth's time, ii: tboM, days the 
Bionarchs ctmld not borruw without the roUatenil securitr- olF 
the metropolis. Reduced from 10 to & per cent* 1634^'' re^ 
4uced by the Rump parliasieut to 6 per omt. aad confinncd 
at the^&estoratiQn to & per oeiit. 1714 ; from 4 to S per cent. 
1750. ^ Interest of the national debt reduced, 1749. 

Ireland admitted to a free trade bf the British parliament, 
1779, and released from suhservicney to the English i^rivy 
council, 1783i regulation in trade» 1765 1 united'with Eng- 
land, IWI. 

Isle of Man, the soveieignty of, annexed by an act of parUament 
to Great Briuin, 1765. 

Jews Naturalisation act pftsed 1753 ; sepcaled the neat year. 

•— — were banished England for usury, 1390; from France, 
1306. 

Judges appointed, and the kingdom divided into three circuits, 
tliree to eaeb^ 1 176 } seised and condemned, ami the Lord 
Chief Justice executed for favouring despotism, 1388; one 
Ouinmitted the Prinee of Wales k^r amaulting bii|i on the 
Bench, 1413; Bennet fined 8M00I. for bribery, I6l6; 
threatened with impeachments, and put in bnit,. and Berke- 
ley takeh off the Beneh, and committed by. the Commons, 
l(i41. Three impeached, Nov. 33> 1680; their salaries aug- 
mented, and they appointed for life, instead of during plea- 
sure, 1761^} enlarged 1773. Of the puisne judges in 1779* 
Some sent to the &Lst indies, 1774.' 

Juries first instituted, 970; in Middlesex regnUted^ 1731. 

Justices of the pea^ first appointed, 1076. 
- itinerant, appointed, 117.6. 

Justinian pubUshed his codex of the civil Bsw, 539^ and fou/ 
yeare after, his worknf the same.kiadt called the Digest. 

Kilkenny, the statute of, passed 1364. 

Knights and Citizens obliged to redde kt the places they re- 
pr<ssented, 1413. 

I^ncastcr, duchy court of, established, 1376. 

Land-carriage of fish supported by parliament, 1764. 

Land^Uk, tlte first in England, 991 ; anoanted anntudly to 
83,0001. in 1018 ; every hide uf land taxed 3s. in 1109 % esta- 
blished one in 1695. 

I«atiii tongue abolished in courts of. law, 1731. 

Jbaw of Moses delivered. May 4, 1491* before Christ. 

Iaws of the land first translated into Sa&on, 59P| publisbtd^ 
610. 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, &c. 113 

taws of Edward thf; Confessor compuscd, 10^5 r 

Ltj^Hcics iiyed, 17«0; advanced 1796, 1805, 1808. 

Licences for public houses first ^ranted, 1551 ; for brtwers and 
exciseable articles enforced, 1784. 

Limitation of the crown, act passed, 1701. ' " 

■ respecting estates, act passed, 1769. 

Linens tailed, 1785. ' 

Literary property, statute in favour of, passed, 1709. 

Lollards proscribed by the English parliament, 1406. 

Lon^tude, a reward promised by parliament for the discorer}- 
of, 1714. .^ 

Lords Lieatenants of counties instituted, July 24^?1549. 

Luxury restricted by an English law, whereip the prelates and 
nobility were' confined to twa courses eVery meal, andtwv 
kinds of food in every course, except on great festivals ; it 
also probibtted'ali who did not en}oy a free estate of lOQl* per 
annum from wearing furs, skhis, or silk; and the use of fo- 
reign cloth was confined to the royal family alonc^ to all 
others it was .prohibited, IS.'^T. An edict was issued by 
Cli&rles VI. of France, which says, ** Let no one presume to 
treat with more. than a ^oup and two dishes," 1340. 

Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, established Ids body b^ laws in 
Lacedemonia, 884 before Christ. 

Magna Cbarta granted by King John, Jtme- tSt, If If; 

Mail Coaches first established to Bristol, 17^; to other ^vt9 
of England, and an act to regulate and encourage them ia 
1785; and exeiript thetti iVbm toH&. 

Kfaiming <tnd wounding iiiade capital, 1^0. 

Malt-tax estabrish«d» l€^,-* euereased, 1760; nrvr xnodeUtd^ 
1766, • : 

Marlborough statot^fs passed, 1260. ' . 

Marriages taxed, l695j 1784. 

Marriage act passed, June 1753 ; took plac!^, jWarch 25, I75S4 ; 

' amended, 1781. 

Marriages of the Royal PainiW rcstrHfned by ian act Massed, 
1772. ' ''\ 

Martial law declared in Ireland, July 26/ 1803. 

Medicine duty commenced, 1783 ; increased, 1804. 

Militia act passed^ i757> 1764» 1781 j supplemental^ 1797 { Ibt 
Scotland, 17»f. . . 

MiliUa in Ureal Britain limited to 1()6.00(H In 1798. 

Mor£ma!n act parsed 15^9; and another May IbO, 1736« 

Mutiny aOt first pa«s^ in 1689. . . ^ 

Nant2, edict of^ paabed by Henry IV. by which Ph>testant» *i»- 
joyed toleration in Prance,* 1598-$ revuked by Ltjujs }(iy. • 
1685; by, this bad policy '50,000 French Protwtants left 
France and came to Bnglantl. •' * * 

NatutalizatioD^ fiftt law for in Eingl^nd, 1437 and 17<9. * 

m .of Jfewr. till uaasedi 17S3 ; repealed Dtctiiibilr 

feiiowiPff. •*• ■ ^ . ■ • ^~ i'-^' '-'i ^- ' i •-- •• - r* 



1 14 LAWS, COURTS QF Jtf&TICE». &«. ' 

Navigation act fiiM^t passed, 138U again 154) ; agaia for (he: 
Colonies; 164(»» 1651 ; which secured the trade .of our Co- 
loriie«9 1660 and 177B ; of the Thatnes shipping commenceili 
1786. 
, Nes^roes adjudged to he free ^%hilst in this countr}*, 1772* de- 
clared free in Scotland, Jan. 15, 1778, 

Newfoundland fishery act passed, 16^9. 

New style act passed, 17 ni 

Newspapers stamped, 1713; increased, 1725, n65, 1781, 17^9 
and 1798. 

Noblemen's privileges restrained, 1773. 

Nonjurors doable taxed, -May 27» 1723 ; and obliged to register 
their estates.. 

Notes aiid bills first stamped, 1782 ; advanced, 1796, 1808. 

Officers of the Board of Works, Great Wardrobe, Treasurer of 
the Chamber, and Jew(*l Otfice, with the Buard of Green 
Cloth, and C'oflferer of the Household, abolished by parliA- 
mi:nt, July 1781.' 

Ordeal by fiic and water aboUsbed, 1261. 

Packet from Milfwrd Haven establi'^hcd to Ireland, 1790. 

P.ipal authwriiv abolishe I by law, 1391. 

Papists exc'lucTed the throne, 168.9; obliged to register their 
namei ahd estates, 1717, 1702, 1780, 1781, 1784; their 
estates valued %t.37.^i284l. 15s. S^d. per^ annum, in 1719i 

. tttcA 100*,o6ol. tiqv, 23, 1722; indulgcnai[e5 granted them by 
])arli^ment,, 1778. 

Pailiamenl began under the Saxon goyef nraent ; the first re- 
gular oile was in King John's reign, 1204; the epoch of the 

^ , House x)f Commons, JaQ« 23, 1565; members obliged to re* 
side in the place they represented, 1413; Peers eldest son, 
Francis Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, vas the first who 
sat in tl.e House of Commons, 1549; that remarkable for 
the epoch Lu which were firet formed the parties of Court 
and Country, June 16, 1621 ; a peer elected, and sat as a 
member of the House of Commons, 1649; the House «f Com* 
mons committed a Secretary bf State to the Tower, Nov. 18i 
1678; their Speaker refujied by tbo Kii\iS» 1^79: bill passed for 
triennial parliaments, Nov. 1^94; tl.e fir«t British one met, Oct. 
' , '54, 17p7;. triennial act* .rt*pf aled. May 1,-I7l6; act passed for 
septennial ones, 1716 ; the Lord lilayor and an Alderman of 
I^ndon committed to th^ Toiler by the llau^e of Comiuon% 
1771 ; their privilege of protection from arrttt for debts n^ 
linquTshed, 1770. 

.filamentary grants to tlw Kinglnrere in ki^d, 30,000 ftacks of 
wool being in the grant, 1340. 

Party-walh Regulated by parliament, 178V 

Patent for copper and brass coin in England^ 1636* 

Fawnbiokers licence act, 1'784, 1786, 179^» 1804^ 

i^^»^xs^f^i^^fi^^v^^^<v::ffK^^l' , 

Peter-pence paid to Rome, 790; iboUsbed, 1534. ^ ,. 



WWSj-^URa'S OF JUSTICE, &c. 1 1$ 

Pedal lawsbegady 1381. . 

Piace act passed. May 1756 j repealer! 1780. 

Pi:&y$ requir4Mi to b« Ucensea by the Und Chamberlain by par« 

liaroent, 1737. ^ 

Pleading iuirMluc^dy 7864 changed from FrencU to Eii^Ush. 

'136Z.^ ' =• * 

P lachiir^ prevented, by an act passed, 1753. 
Poisoning made treason, 1^*^. 

Poll-tax first levied in England, 137B; abolished by Willian III, 
Palicies of insurance taxed, 1782; increased, ISJij. ^ 

Polygramy forbidden by the Romans in 3^3. 
Poor, the first act for the relief ol, 15<>T. 
Popery abolished in £ng^land by law, 1536. 
Portera^ act passedi Ji^ne 81, 179S^. 
Postage of letters advanced, 1784; again, 1797 and 1801. 
Post, fvdnny, in London began, 1631 j esublished by Govern-^ 

metity 171 1 5 the postage advanced to two-pence, IHOl 
Pust4iorses first taxed, 177». 
Pustf office revenue ytekied, gross amount-*. 

17d3 — X627,59'i 19 

1794 — 691,266 11 9 

1795 -^ 705,319 10 9 

1796 — 787,304 00' 
1807 — 1,670,423 2 3^^ 

Powdered hair tax took place» May 5, 1795. ., 

Poynins's act repealed in Ireland, when independency was re- 
stored there. May IT, 1783. 

PragmviiCBanetion first took place, 1439j again 1740, 

PriHtiDgr pr0tf^ licensed, J»^y 12, 1799. 

Piintsellers' property secured, 1:77. 

PriVT^Counselhs-s protected, 1711. 

PfomisMry notes ragnlated. 1705 j taxed by a stamp, 1782: in- 
creased, 1804. 

Protections by noblemen and for^gn amjbassador^ restrained i^ 
parliament^ 1773, '^ 

Quaiifieation for niemliers of parliament, act passed, 17 U • lor 
JQstiee»oftbe peace, act passed, 1732. * ^ 

Quaek medicines taxed» 1785 (.increac»ed, 1603. 

Uueen Charlotte's annuity settled at 100,0001. on the Kino-'j 
death, 17^2. ' " 

Receipt tax eemmenced, 1782; amended, 1784, I79I, 1795, *nd 

Registejring shippios in the Thames comYnenced, )786. 

" in England, 1787. 

Regi«tering wills in Yorkshire first permitted, 1707; in i!iliddi» 

*ex, 1709. » . 

Registers, parochial, first appointed, 1530. , " 
Rent. made Eeeoverable hy an act passed, 173]. 
Re(MreMQt»dves in |»arliameut obliged to residence^ Hia* 



1 16 LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, afe.» 

Reveniia ofllcers deprived of their voti^ for members of parlli^ 

ment, 1782. 
Kigbts, bill of, establishifdy 1641; and of snccessioti, 1689* 
Riot act passed, 1715. 

Ruads between market towns widened by all act, 1285, 155&> 
Roman Catholics in England relieved by an act passed^ 1776, 

and 1791. 

' ■ ■ I in Ireland, ditto, 179$. 
Royal family marriages re^traiuetf, 1772. 
Saddle horse doty, 1784; incnttsed, 1808. 
Salaries df the judges enlarged, 1772 and HTd* 
Salic law first quoted, 1327* 
Salt daties revived, 1732. 
Sanctuaries abolished in England, 1534* 
Schism act passed, 1714, 
Scotch guhi and silver prohibited passing currently in England, 

1393. 
Scutage, the first tax leviinl in England to pay an army, 1159* 
Sfauien's wages advanced by parliament, May 9, 1797. 
Secretaries or state fust appointed in England^ Lord Cromwell 

was so uiadeb^ Cardinal Wolsey, 1529* 
Security of the King's pei-son, act passed, 1703, Improved, 

1795. 
Sedition bill passed, Dec. 17, 1795. 
Seditious societies and reading rooms suppressed by an act, ^Qne 

SI, 1791^ 
Septennial parliament, act passed, Vt\6, 
Servant ineii's tax, 1775; enlarged, 1781, 1785, 1*79«, 1T97, 

and 1808. Female servant's tax, 1785; abolished 171^ 
Servant's wages taxed, lb'95. 
Session, court oF, first appointed by James f. 1425 ( obdlisfaed 

1503; re-established by Jaraes V. in 1531} m«8tftte4 at 

Edinburgh, 1756. 
Settlement of the crown, 1689. 
Sheep prohibited to be exported from England, 1424. 

tbip-mofiey exacted, 1634; abolished, 1641. 
hues— the people had an extravagant way of adorning tiieir 
feet ; they wore the beaks or points •¥ their shoes so long, 
that they incumbered themselves in iheir walking, and -were 
forced to tie them up to their kiiees ; the iine> geiftkraen 
fattened theirs with chains of silver^ or silver gtlt, and others 
wiih laces. This ridiculous cusioui was in vogue from^tbe 
year 1382, bnt was prohibited, en the {b«f<Hute of 20s.aii4 
the ^ain of cursing by the clergy, 1467* ' • 

Shop- Hi ting act pa:is:ed, 1699* ' ....''. 

Shop-tax parsed, 1785 ; repealed, 1789. * * 

Sinking Fund biii pass<d, 1717. * • '- • r 

Slave— a statute utade, enacting, that a runagate servanty or 
any who IKres idlj^'for- three da^s, be bt-ovght btfbre'two ju^ 
tices of the peace, and mark^4 V/ ^tli a • MM ^qa on t til0 



L4\VS, CODfXl S OF J WTICE, *c. Ul 

bnast, aod wQudgedlbe slavii of httn who brought bini, for two 
^ears; be was tu tak^ the said slave, aiid give hiiu bread, 
water, or smaU drink, aud refuse meac^ and cay^e blui tw 
work, by beaiing, cbainiuj;^ or otherwise: and if, within 
that space, he absented hiiuseit' U days, was to be marked 
on the forehead or cheek, by an hot iron, with an S, and be 
his mastei's slave for ever 7 second desertion felony; lawful 
to put a ring of iron round his neck, arui, or leg^i a be^^ar'd 
•hild nij^bC be pu.t apprentice, and, on running aw.iy, a .sLi.v« 
to kia mascer, 1^7 » obtained their treedoni by anival in 
JSogland^ 177^^ slavery abolished in Popish Au«tita, June 
aSt i7^» s^Lve trade' debated in parliament in 1787; Mid 
n^ulated 179d $ debate tor ita abolitictnr lasted two days in 
April l>7dl i egaia 17SS; slavery was abolished ia Pemisyl- 
raniaaud Maisacbusett's in 1793; in France, 17i^&; slave 
txade ^boUsbed'by the Jiriiish parliamenty 1807* 

Smuggler's act passed, 1736; mitigated, 1781 $ enforcird, 1784. 

Sottth-eeaMstpaiied, May 6^ 1716; ite bubble^ 1720. 

Spirituims liquors, driokliig, restrained by act, 1751. 

Ssage c«iacbdtttic8» i78d> iucreawd, 1808* 

Sump duties instituted, June 2B, 1694; increased, 175$ ; agidii 
1776, lim^ 1789, 1797,. IdOl, 180^. and 1808. 

Stamp>a in America paseed, 1764 ; repealed March 18» 1766. 

Sump duties began in Ireland, March 525, 1774; increased 
1801. ' . 

Sumps on i^ewspapers began, 1713; cncVeased, 17^, I76»r 
1781, 17 »9, 1797» and 1608. 

-■ ■■ on. notes and bills, 1789, 1791, 1797» 1801, and 1806* 

StaadMd fiaod by law for gold and silver, ijoo. 

Star-chamber court instituted, 1487 ; abolished, 1641. 

Statntesof Clarendoa made, 1 164 ; in the French language, 1960.) 
of Madboreugh, 1*269; of Mortmain cnaeied, l'i79^; ^o 
Warranto, passed^ Oa. inso ; Winchester passed, Oct. vxfi4 ; 
forbkidea the levying taxes without consent of parliameat, 
1997 ; of Preiminirc, which excluded foreigners from ecclqsi- 
aacical livings, April 2a, 13441 

Stewsy public ones suppiesied, which betoie were licensed, 154&* 

Stile alteced, 1769. 

Scoek Companies, aet respecting, 1C93. 

Sloek-j€jbbtog forbidden by parliament, March 98, 17^4. 

Succession act passed to exclude Cdthulics, 1689 ^ settled on the 
present family, 1700. 

SbgTU and.tobacco first taxed by name, ifi^i. 

Sumptuary law passed, 148J. 

Siuday net, I7«i« 

Supremacy of the popf abolished by law, 139U 

Surgeona and UoeiOis were exempted trom :beariag tLtrm or serr* 
ing on juries, 15 13, at which period there wece only 13 ia 
London. 

Swearing on the Gospel first used, 038. 



118 J^AWS, COURTS dF JtTSTlCE, &b 

Taverns restrained by an act of Echrard VI. 15»2, to 40 'n LondoPB, 
8 in York, 4 in Norwich, 3 in Westminster, 6 in Bristol, 8 in 
J-inooln, 4 in Hull,v3 in Shrewsbury, 4Mn Eneter, 3 in SaUs- 
burj', 4 in Gioucoter, 4 in Chester, a in Hereford, 8 in Wor- 
cester, 3 in Southampton, 4 in Canterbury, 8 iitlpswidi, 8 in 
Wineliester, 3 in Oxford, 4 in Cacabrid^, 8 in Colchesteo 4 
in Newcastle upoftTyne. • 

Taxes were raised arbitrarily, 1100. 

— —- , the net piodace of all the permtnent, ezittingjicfore die 
3rear 17939 and also of the taiies imposed in each «9bsei|tiefit 
year. Foir the year endixig the »th of Jaaoai^) 1S09 >— TotaU 
of Customs, Ezciscy Stamps, and Incidfnu^ prior -to theyaftr 
1793* indading the proportionate part of the -produce of dotics 
on su^r ; the additMmal duty on malt, and the 'doty on to- 
bacco, new annually Toced, 15,586,3041. 7*- KKi.-*-TotaU of 
duties, pro anno 1793, 814,0801. 6s. 7id.^1Wtlo, 1794^ and 

• the proportionate part of the produce of the dotici on aogar ilo«r'' 
annually voted, 9d6,20ll. 138» lO^d. — ^Total et 4atict« prat- 
anno, 1705, 1,611, 4241. lis. ll|d.— Ditto, 179<^ 1,894,444L 
8s. 4 id.— Ditto, 1707> and dse proportiooata part bi tbedoiieK 

• <m sugar now annually voted, 3,oi6,o^U its. 9id/-»Toial of- 
duties pro anno, 1798, 7Z2,bl6U 7s. loid.— IKtlo» 1799» 
fid0,40ll. 5s. 9d.— General ToUl, 38,70197041. IM. 4d» 

Permanent taxes, to April 1609, i^^iQOiOdSt. 

, 11,03, 37>331,358l. 148* Ofd. 

1 ■ ■ I 1804, 30,67 6^0001. 

■ 1808, 88,880,1531. 188. ^fd. 

Tax, land, since the Revolution, 1680, 8s«— 1690 to 1693, 6t«- 

IC93 to 1G97> 4«. 1698, 1699, 88.— lyOO, 9 8 . 

Additional duty, 6d.»i70i, 3s. — 1703 to 1713« 4s.«-t7i8 

• to 1715, 3S.— -1716, 48.— 1717 to I7il> 3s— 1722 to 1796^ 
«s.— 17^7, 4S.— 1728, 1739, 3s.— 1730, 1731, 3S.— .17»2, 

. 1733, is.—i 1734 to 1739, 2s.— 1740 to 1749, 4s.— 1750 to 

. 1753, Ss.->i75^i to 1755, 3s«— 1756 to 1766, 4s -«-i767 to 
1770, 3R.— 1771. 4s.— 1772 to I775t 3s.-— 1776 to the present 
time, 4s. Act for the redemption of, 1798. The land tax redeemed 

. to Feb. I, 1-608, amounts to the sum of:33,976»6'39l. 10s. 4d. 
the interest of which, amounting to 6B9,<804i. 178. 4#d. i» 
transferred over to the Consolidated Fund, and conatitues pait of 
the produce ot the land tax in the wa>s and means of the oar* 

: sent year. 

Tea-dealers obliged to have sign-boards painted, 1 779. 
Tea «lttties cea!>ed> and the doubie tax on windows' comnicnced^^^ 

Oct. 1784. 

Temple-bnr, act passed for pulling down the houses without, June. 

1795. 
Tenures held by, knights' services abolished by Uw, 1648* 
Terms of law began, 1079. 
Test act passed, 1673, 
Thames embaakmeoc begao» 17 71^ 



LAWS, COURTS OF JUSTICE, Ac. Hf 

Thdtres not to be Ittiensed by the King, but by parliamentt 

Theft made d^vA 964. 

Threatening liters nnde punishable, by act passed, 1 730. 

Tiles taxed, 1784. 

Tithes first'granted in 854. 

Tobacco, a proclamation against, ased formerly for physic, and a 

tax laid on it, without the consent of parliament, of 6s. 8d. pef 

pound, besides 2d. formerly. It cante from the Spanish West 

Indies, 1604 , prohibited to be (Wanted here, I6>i4; first taxed 

by name in lti85 ; subjected to excise taws, 17 89* 
Toleration act passed, 1689. 
Transportation of felons introduced, 1 590; 
Treason requiring two witnesses, 155-3. 
Tribute of wolves heads paid in Kngland, 971 \ paid by the Engi 

Ikh to the Danes in one year, 49,oool. 997* 
Triennial parliamcncs established, 1694; repealed, 1716. 
Vassalage or Serft abolished by law in Holstein and Sletwic in 

Denmark, 1797. 
Victualler — enacted/ that none shall sell less than one full ale 

quart of the best beer or ale for id. and twp quarts of the sihaUcr 

90lt fot Id. 1603. 
Uniformity, act of, passed, 1359 j took place, 1662. 
Union act tor Scotland, passed March 4, 1707 ; for Ireland, pass^i 

July 3, 1800, and Coo^ jyiace Jan. 1, 180 1. 
Urine — the inhabitanta of London and Westminster, &c. com- 

manded by j>roclamation to keep all their urine, thioughout the 

y«ar, for making salt petie, 1626. 
*Usufy'f9f1Siddfn by pariiametit, 1-941. In lieo, ^s. per week for 

the kMO of 2OS1 whk:b Was at the rate of 431. 6s. 8d. per aim. 

for I'ool. which was restrained by an act, 1275, against tfie 

Jews. 
Waggon -duty d^llimehced,' 1780/ 
Wafts toioerporated with England, i»30. 

Waf8.-;-Compatative Expences^ of ifie three lasr^ ' ^ 

' ' Lobris of the seven years War. 
'■' •''»''*Siin!8 borrowed. ' Intef^t. 

' - •': -i7*<» — jf.ijOoo'jOoo — jf .» 12 o ' 



1757 — 


3,000,000 — 


3 14 


a 


175^'— 


5,oo<),*oo':-J 


a 6 


5 


175* — 


«,«oo,ooo — 


a'lOP 


9 


#7«« *^ 


•0,000,600 — 


8 13 


7 


i^a* ^ 


t^fiOOyti^Or 


4 '•! 


It 


i7aa — 


12,000,000 — 


4 ^ 


9 


170a ^ 


a»A0OiO0iig«-* 


3* 4 


% 



,. .Ty*al .ifj,iop,o90 > 

' Loans o( f||«TiMaerisan Waf« 

1776 — * 2,060,000 -~ 3 . 

1777 — •t/ODO;oo(i;ik.:/4 \$*' Q- 



299 - LAWS^ COURTS OF JIKTICE, &c 



1779 — '7,000,000— iC.5 It 


10 


1780— 12,000,000 


5 16 




1781 — 1'2 000,000 — 


4 11 




1783 — 13,500,000 — 


5 18 




1783 — 15,000,000 — 


4 13 




17«4 — 6,000,000 — 


6 « 


11 


Total 73,*oo,ooo 




Loans of the last War. 




1793 -^ 4,500,000 *— 


4 3 


4 


1794 — 11,000,000 — 


4 10 


9 


1795 — 18,000,000 — 


4 15 


8 


1796 r- l«,ooo,ooo — 


4 14 


9 


1796 — 7«5no,ooo — 


4 U 


'i 


1797 18,000,000 — 


5 1* 


1 


1797 f— .14,500,000 — 


a 6 


10 


47'9« -^ I7,o«o,ooo — 


€ 4 


9 


1799 — a.ooo,c!oo — 


> 12 


* 


1799 — 15,500,000 — 


5 5 





i890 "-* aa,5oo»o«o — 


4 14 


3 



Total 147,500,000 Besides the lACoao Tax! 

Watcher and clpckstagied, 1797 > vepealed, 17 98% 
MTelchmen forbid purchasing laads io finslasd^ . 140JL*. 
yi[,hale fishery 'pcomoted, by an act passed, 1740. ' 
Widowers tsixod, 16 95. 

Window tax passed, first, 1699^ eacieified, Febw^* 1746-7 ; 
' . again 17<^3 and. 1778 ; and again tlie comniutalion lax for tea, 

Oct. i« 1784; encieased, 17974 9g^n 1808, wad 1808. 
Winft licenses established, 1081« 
Witchcraft act passed I601 ; repealed March 95, 1786. 
Witnesses, two, required to attaific for high treasom i5Sa* 
Woods, an set for the pre«ivc^iqn-of» 1544; iuu tas^d bj pariife- 

ment, »1 Hen»y "***• 1452. . , 

Wool and woollei;^ maouf^ctjiMrs ol iraland ^nd America prphi- 

bited to be^oatri^any where htittt^ England*' ;! 700; enacted 

that none s^^ould be lauded bttt4n wool, Jiiider the penalty of 5i. 

leae and iC78. •; . » 
Wool, ex-port^^tion fof^iddien. by an a^t passed- 1798. 
Woollen clotl^ for burials fiist enforced l^law, .1678. 
Wolves heads, tributt from ihe Wel^^ pdncaa, 975. 
Yoik, duke o^ : hjpd 40,qOo1. liiUHii^ settled ^n ^ni> 1793, 



; KINGDOMS, STATES.' CtTtES.^'tdWNS, &Q. *c^ 
Achaia foundci, WOO hihiPffljiiiltO -- « » » 



STATES, frc. FOUNDEH H« 

AiK la Chapelle built, 70s. 

Alezaodna, in £gypt> built in 17 days, tlie walls whereof were 
six miles in cifcuit, 33i before Christ ; taken by the f rencb» 
1793. 

Algiets was a Aoman proviocey 44 «bef»K Christ ; seized by Bar^ 
barossa, 2310. 

America first discovered by Colambns, 1492 — The. complete dis- 
covery of South America was made by Vespucius Americanus* 
ti Florentine, from whom it derives its name, 1497— ^Mexico 
was conquered by Spain, 1518— Peru, 1520— Brazil was dis- 
covered by the IV>rtuguese, 1500; planted by them in 1^49, 
and remains in their possession — Terra Firma was conquered by 
Spain in 1514— North America wjis first discovered by Seb'as- 
tian Cabot, a Venetian, in the servi^cC of Kngland, and his son 
John Caboi, an Englishman, in 1497 — John Cabot settled New- 
fbiuidland, the first English colony in America, 1498 — Florida 
was first discovered by John Cabot in 1^00 ; it was celled to 
Spain by the peace of 1783 — Louisiana was dissovered by the 
French, I6fi3; they took possession of it, 1718; but eastward 
of the. Mississippi was ceded to England, 17^*3 — The first Hriti6h 
settlement made in North America was in Virginia, 4 James 
I. 1607 — ^New England was the second in 16U, by the Ply- 
mouth Company— in 1620, a large body of dissenters, who fled 
from church tyranny in England, purchased the Plymouth pa^ 
tent, and built New Plyraouih—fSalcm was built in 'j6>8 ; and 
Boston, the present capital, 1(JJ0— Pennsylvarna was settjed by- 

/William Penn, a celebrated quaker, in whost- family the Jiateiit 
htcly subsisted,* 168I— Mary land, by Lord Bdliimorc, io"3St- 
Carohna, by English mereljants, ifj;o— New Vork was first 
settled by the Dutch ; but the English tl it possessed thew and the 
Swcdss, 16G4 — Georgia, by General Osleihurpc, J73i. Nova 
Scotia was settled by the Scotch, under Sii William Alexander, 
16i'2 ; but underwent several changes fjom the EngJish to the 
French, and then to the Knglish again, till it was confirmed t* 
the latter by she peuce of ly-m—Cunadi was attempted to be 
settled by the F-ench in 1^34 ; they built Quebec in 1C08 j but 
the whole country was conquered by the Eni^libh in- 3 759; -and 
ceded i^y^he peace of i?6s— Packet boits tVist establishcxl 
between Old and New Spain wi»h the libc-.ty of trading, 17<J4— 
Free, trade opened betwecrf Old and New Spain, by,. the Straits 
of MageUar^ J7J4 — Paper currency established in America, 
May J3, 177.''»^-Seveiai Viceroys Hi>pointe(l in iapanish Ame- 
rica, 1770-*— i'hirteeiv calonie» united, and declared thecoselves 
independent pf ti^e ^English crown, July 4, I77fi; aUowed bv 
France, Feb. 0, 177A4 by Holland, Oct. b, 178i} by t^je 
English parliament, Nov. aa, i7vSa— Araeiican cungress iif^H 
met at PhiWelphiat Sept. 3, 1775 — William llemy; third son 
of King George IlL was the Orst Prince of the filood Hoyal 
Ihar ever landed in Nortii America, J7^.l. 



a«8 ^ATE<;, &c-.-POtJNDEl>. 

^Amsterdam first settled, i*203 ; waited, ]-482 ; tadcen possession of 
by the French, Jan. 1 8, 17^5. 

Andover made a tree burcti, 1 20a. 

AnttoCh built, 800 hetore Christ. 

Antwerp fiwt mentioned in history, 517 ; walled, 1256 ;' pillaged 
by its garrison, 1576; ruined, 1585; declared a free port^ 
1784 ; surrendered to thcJFrench, 1794. 

-Aquitaine erected into « principidity, 1303; re-annexed tojhe 
crown of France, 1730. 

"Areopagus first erected at Athens, l<27% before Christ. 

Argos, the kingdom of, began 1580 before Christ. 

Arragon, erected into a kingdom, oi3. 

Assyria, kingdom of, began under Ninus, 2059 before Christ; 
lasted above l •j64 years, ended with Saidanapalns. Out of its 
ruins were formed the Assyrians of Babylon, those of Nineveh, 
and the Medes. 

Athens, kingdom of, began 1 550 "befere Christ. 

Austria annexed to Germany, 1043; erected into an empire, Aug. 
11, iao4. 

Azof founded by the Genoese, laei. 

3abylon, the city of, founded by Nimrod 9840; walled 1943; 
.taken by Cyrus 588; by Darius, after 19 months sie^, 51 x 
before Christ. 

:Babytonish monarchy founded 31217 before Christ. 

Bagdad built, 782. 

Balbe<; built 144 ; totally obliterated by an earthquake, 1750. 

Bat aria, dukedom of, founded, 11 80. 

■ made an elcaorate, 103S ; erected into a kingdom by 

Buonaparte, 1805. 

Berne, in Switzerland, made an imperial city, liigo. 

Bilboa rebuilt, i300. 

Bohemia, kingdom of, founded, 550. 

Bourbon erected into a duchy, 1336. 

Brabant made a dukedom, oso. 

Brandenburgh created a marquisate, 925 ; created a dukedom, 
I5ia. 

Bremen fortified, lOiO. 

British isles ; they were inhabited originally by a people called 
Britons, of the same flock witft the ancient Gauls or Celtse. The 
Romans first invaded them under Julius Csesar, 34 B. C. but 
made no conquests. The Emperor <?laudius, and his cfoicrals 
Plautius, Vespasian, and Titus, subdued several provinces after 
thirty pitched battles with the natives, A. D. 43 and 44. The 
conquest was completed by AgricoU in the reign of Domitian, 
85. Wrested from the Roman empire by CaraAsius, 989 ; re- 
covered by Constantius, 2Q0. The Romans held their conquest 
till 428 ; then the old inhabitants called in the Saxons to assist 
them against the Picts »nd Scots ; these Saxons made a second 
conquest, and divided Soyth Briton into seven kiugdonjs, 4S-5. 
This govtmsncnt was called the Saxon Heptarchy, and lasted 



f[:\ »»^fy when l^bcrt Iw^ing fjbduexl and united them under 
OTic governiffcnt was crownCfi Kiaj; of Kngland. Sec Enfi:land. 

Biitanny, founded as a k'lrgrioni s^y, made a Duchy 874, annexed 
lo (he crown- of France, i h»o. " * 

Biujes founded, 700-5 foriXie^l soo. 

Brunswick built, 86 1 1- 

Biir^antiy, the dukedom of, established, fioO, the kin^dbm 
fbunded, 4i^ ^ again in f»l4 ; united to the German empire, 
1035 'y disunited by a revolt) aud divided into font sovereign ties, 
1074. • 

%zantium, now Constantinople, founded, 713 B.C. 

C:esaria bwilc afcer 12 yeais labour, by Augustus Carsar, 7 year? 
before Chnsf. 

Calcutta sei^td and settled by the English, u'mg. 

Cinterbary built*,' 91 '2 before Christ; ptived, 1477. 

Carthage Vountled by the Tyrians> 12.9OJ buiU by Queen l^idn, 
I'zaz ; desttoyed^ U9; rebuilt,- iva B. C. 

Cambridge, once n city called Granta, built by Cafsiurus; tini- 
versjty chtttewd, 59^; founded, 900; the town burnt by tlte 
Danes, joio $ univentty revived, nio; its oastle btitlt, 1067;. 
stteets paved^ l^AO ; againy 1M4 ; chanoellor's court esta-' 
blished by Queen Elizabeth ^ refused a degree to a Papist re- 
fiomiiMAdod by the King, Feb. 1087 ; a Senate house built, 
l72-i; instalUiion of the Duke of Newcastle, July 5, 1749;, 
the Duke of Grafton ; 17O8 ; the statue of the Duke of^ Somer*. 
set erected in the .Senace'house^ July 14| 1756; of the late 
king in 1765 ; paved and lighted, 1789. 

Castile and Arra«;on kingdom begaft) lo3S. 

Chichester built by Ciffa, 516; paved, 1576. 

China Empire fiDundedy 2100 before Christ; but its history does 
aot extnid atove the Greek Olymf>iad« ; the first dynasty, when 
Prince Yu lei^ned, aao7 before Christ; before this time the 
Chinese Chronology is imperfect ; by some, Foht is supposed to 
be the founder of the ernpire^ and its first sovereign, 2947 be- ^ 
fere Chfist; Ittemture there revived, and the art of printing 
practised, 206 before Christ ; the first history of China i%a« pub- 
lished by Sematsian, 97 before Chrtst; first ;;rantof the island of: 
MaoMi, at the entrancff of thte river Osnton, to the Portuguese, 
158»; the country conquered by the Eastern Tat tars, when the 
Kta^int and his family liilled themselves, i69b ; an attempt to 
csiablisli Christianity there by the Jesuits^ 1693 ; the Mission- 
aries eapelledt 1734. JtUlS times larger than Gieat Britain 
and Ifeiand ; and though not half the siae of Europe, contains 
full as meny inhabitants. 

CiMlpine Republic founded by the French. June SO, 1797*; M- 
knowladgcd by the Emperor to be independent, Oct. 17 follow- 
ing* 

Colcbesttr built, ]4.v before Christ; walled, 1889. 

Cologne made an impetial city, 9if9\ made archiepiscopa), 94^'i 
fleetoral» iQiU 

u 2 



1«4 STATES, Ac. FOUNDCIX 

CoostaotUiopIe cluingai its luime from Bjrzantimn, 89^; wts mtie 
ttie seat of ao.Emperor, V269 ; Cadies or Justices totro<iuced» to 
dttcide ihe disputes betweea the Greeks and Turks, 1390 ; taUceiv 
by Mahomet II. May 29* 145-2, who put an end to the Eastern 
empire, 1453; walled tiO miles round, 41-3. 

Copenhagen founded, 1169; made a city, 1919 i made the capi> 
UloC Denmark, 144 J » 

Corinth, kingdom of, established, 135^ befoK Chiisc 

Coik, in Ireland, built, 1170. . 

Cot^ica, dependant on Genvia till 1730; ceded to France, r770; 
offered to Germany for lao^OOoUin 1781 ; surrendered iu -so- 
vereignty to Great Bfiuinr 1794 ) reiinqui:>hed in 17}^. 

Courl^nd made a duchy, 1561. 

Cracow, in Poland, founded, 700. v 

Gronstadt built by Peter the Great,^ of Russia, 1 704. 

Damzick founded, ni>9; first walled in, 1398; adnatitted to » 
xufFrage in the election of Kings of Poland, 1632 ; put them- 
selves under the protection of i^iussia, 1703 ; compelled to ac- 
knowled^re Stanislaus King of Poland, 1707 ; the King of 
Prussia seized upon the territory round the City, 1789* 

Dnuphiny annexed to the kingdom of France, 1^49- 

Del ft city founded, 1072. 

Denmark united to Norway} 1413; separated from. ie». 15SI4 
crown made hereditary, IC6^ 

Deptford erected for the King's naval store-house, ) 5 J S. 

Domingo* St. given up by the French Governor Rocbanibefta !• 
the black troops, Nov. 19, 1803. 

Dover Castle built by Julius Caesar^ town fortified, 15il5. 

Dresden founded, 808. 

Dublin city wails built, about 888- ; its fifst charier granted,. 
1173 ; its'castle built, 1230; university toundcd,. 1491 ; siu- 
dents admitted to its univeisity,, Jan* 1584. 

Elunkirk tounded, 9^0. 

£ast Indies were first discovered by the Bomans,.but authors differ 
as to the tinae; but with certainty we kno«iii,.^that Akxandei 
the Great made extensive con<iuest» in' this country, 327 B. C» 
by the Portuguese, \^»f ; conquered in i^oo„.a^d settled by 
them in 1506^.. The first sptilen^nt was Goji.. The fir^c comr 
mercial intercourse of the fing^Ush wkh the East indie?, was a 
private ad ventOre of three ships .fitted out from Engiant^ 33 
ILWz, 1591 i only oneof them.reachedlndia ; and after m voyage 
, of three years, the commander, Capf. . i^aiicaster, was brought 
home in another ship, the sailoK havi/ig seized on his own ; but 
his information gave rise to a capital mercantile voyage, aiwl the 
first East India Company's charter op Dec. ^i». 16<H>, their 
stock consisting of,73,GOol. they fitted.out four shi^M, and meet- 
ing with succe s, have continued ever since. A new company 
est<>bUshed, idgs i the*old one ie-establishe4> 1700; agreed to 
.give gdvernment 40q,(>oo I. a year, for five years, so they , 
'might continue unmoksted, Fcb« 1769 ; hou^ huilt^ 17964 



STATES, Ac. POUNDED. »«• 

India Bit! passed, 1778 ; fcnt Judges from tnj^had AitHer^ 
1774. Dutch Ea<c India Company established, 1594. East 
India Company at Copenhagen establtsbtdj 161Q. Another at 
Bmbden, ijho. In Sweden, 1731. • 

East Angles kingdom began, 571 ; ended, 793. 

fast Saxons kif^om began, 517 ended, 746. 

Edinburgh built, 950 ; fortified, and castle erected, 1074 ; made 
the metropolis of Scotland by James III. i4Sa ; J^mes II. was 
the first King crowned the.rc, Ma;. ' 

£gypt, the kingdom of, bgan, 3188 before Christ, and lasted 
lff33 years; reduced to a province, 81 after Christ ; and sub« 
doe^l by the Turks, in 1535, The French army entered it in 
1798, and overthfcw it, but were expelled by the £ogUsh in 
1801. 

Elbing, in Prussia, founded, 1340. 

Elsineiir, in Denmark, built, 3 before Christ. 

England originally inhabited by the Biitons, a branch of the air« 
cient Gauls or Celtse ; the Western pait, in the time of the Ro* 
mans, was inhabited by the Belgae, the Northern by the Bri- 
gaates, South Wales by the Silures» and Norfolk and Sufibllih 
by the lceni*-Invaded by Julius Cxsar, 54 before Christy sub- 
dued b) Claudiua 44, and completely so by Agricola, in 85^^ 
I'he Romans kept possession till 4io->Conquered by the Saxons 
4j5, who were invited over by the ancient inhabitants, and 
they divided it into seven kingdoms, called the Heotarchy— Ra- 
vaged by the Picts and Scots, 448^Erected into a kingdom by a 
union of all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, near 400 years after 
the arrival of the Saxons, 82d ; called England by order of Egbert, 
who was the fir^t King of England, in a Mneral council held, at 
Winchester, A. D. 827. The name of England and of Englishmim 
had been u$e«l as far back as 1688, but had never before been rati- 
fied in any assembly of th0 nation—Comiuered by the Danes* 
&77 — ^Recovered by Alfred, 880- Divided mto counties and hun- 
dreds, 88C — A general survey made, and the Rolls deposited at 
Winchester, 89^>— An inglorious peace miide with the DauQs, 
aad tribute agreed to be paid annually, besides id,oool..in 
money, provided they retired and discontinued their invasions, 
995— In 100*1 the Danes broke the agreement, committed 
horrid cruelties and devastations, and the timid Ethelred II. 
paid them no less than 34,000 1, for peace, which sum mpis 
levied by a tax on all the lands in England for Danegdt, by 
which ignominious name this first laad-ux was known and o^l-^ 
lected in England, till it was suppressed by Edward the Con- 
fessor in 1051 — Williani I. revived- it as a crown jeienue-.4n 
1013 Swein rr>tally conquered England, and obliging Ethelred 
to retire to Noimandy, was proclaimed Kiog^ it remained in 
the hands of the Danish Kings till I043^william, Duke of 
Normandy,^ claimed >the cmwn, invaded Englitnd* defeated (be 
fti^ingKing, Harold II. and the English were nnxt govern^ 
by the rtonaan hot, ioo«— A netr-suivey made of JSnglalad^ 
•13 



lOd STATES, iut. SOUNDED,. 

.Mkd i)ie.resistei c^Ue4 Doorofd«y->book» being bdwever only, «fr 
alteraiion and improvement ot Alfed's, lo8o; the Uzcs were 
levied according to this survey till 13^ Hen. VIII. 1593,'wKcn 
a more accurate survey was taken, and was oallcd by the peo- 
ple the new Doomsday-book— Put under- an inccidiec by the 
Pope, for John's opposing his nomination ta the see of Canter- 
bury, 12X>0— Interdict taken off on John's submission, iai4 — > 
Alt in arms, 1215 — rnderwent a reformation in government, 
I35S— Put under an inferdict on Esfenry Vrii:*s shaking off the 
Pope*3 supremacy, I5a> — The orowns of England and Scotland 
united in the person of James Stuart,, the 6th of that name. 
King of Scotlknd, who succeeded to the throne of England, "by 
the title of James J. .1603 — ^The two kingdoms united by the 
consent ot both nations, and thenceforth named Great Bri- 
^ tain, 1707 — Ireland united to Eng;land and Scotland, and the 
whole denominated the. British Empire, Jan. 1, IS.01.. 

Erfurt,. in Thuringia; founded, 4J6, 

E&statia isle, settled by the Dutch, jn 11339. 

'Sort St. George, in India,, first settled by the English EaLst-Indift 
Company, 1020. 

Zrance, the Coumry of the ancient Gaul^ a colony of the Bcls» 
from Germany were permitted *to settle in it, 200 before Chrisc— 
It was conquered'by the Romans 25 before Christ — ^The Goths,. 
Vandals,. Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi, 
divided it amnngst them from A. D. 4 00 to 470, when the 
Franks, another set of German emigrants, who had settled*, 
^tween the Rhine and the Maine, completed the foundation of 
thfr late kingdom under Clovis — Conquered, except Paris, by 
Edward III. of England, bctweeh 1341 and 1359— An entire 
conquest by Henry V. who was made Regent. during the life of 
Charles Vl". acknowledged, heir to th6 crown, of Prance, and 
homage paid to him accordingly, 1420 — ^The English crown lost 

• all its possessions in Erancc in the reign of H^rnry. VI. between 
1434 and I450r— This is the only state in Europe that cotlld 

' lK>ast a^-peipetual succession from the oonquerors of the Western. 
' empire— fts first King. Was Pharamond, whp began .to reign in 
"418 ; Cl6vitwas the first Christian Ring, 481 — It was peopled- 
Ify the nati\es of Germany, who crossed the Rhine to invade the 
Gauls — ^The assembfies,, called the States General, first. met in 
1302, and continued* to 1614. — Scots guards were ever about tEc 
Wng, firom the reign of.St; Louis to that of Henry Il.-r-It con- 
tinued through 41- reigns of Kings from Charlemagne — King of^ 

• ttiken prisoner by the English, 1356, by EdWaid the Blacks 
' Prince =— the Tilillon tax established, 1549. The French' began 

to date fronr the birth of Chiist^ 1618 ; before ihty reckoncdi 

• from the creation— Ctueen, mother of, visited' Engl Jkndj i63»^— 
Law** banking soheme, something like the South-Sea. bubble in 
Eiiglandi took place, 17 16; destroyed, 1720. Francis I. taken 

'fTTsoner by the Imperialists^ and carried into Spain. August^ 
Uia i kiUted at a tilting mstcbj^ i&$9««-itevolaaoorjjt4j| 



OTATiSS, &c. FOUNDED. \2t 

17t9— King attempted to esQape> June Qi, 1701 ; confrmied 
the coDstitutionallaws presented him, Sept. 15, 1701 ; divested 

* of the regal dignity, was sent to the Temple for confinement, 
Aug. 10, 17©2, and was beheaded Jan. 22, 179-3, when the 
state declared itself a republic Formed into an Empire, May 5, 
1804, and one of its Generals, named Napoleon Buonaparte, a 
Corsica '• of meail extuctiun, crowned £n:ii>eror the second of 
December following. 

Flanders erected into aaearldutn, 793; made part of Fraiicfe^ - 
1795- ' 

Florence f6unde<f» 140& before Chvist. 

Frebourg^ in Switzerland* foitnded,, IIT9. 

Genevt^ republin founded, 1512. 

Genoese republic founded, 109& . 

Georg^ colony settled, tTune S2, 1732; incorporated, July 31 » 
1752. • ' 

Germany was divided krtciently into several independent states, 
which made no figure in history till 25 befare Christ, when 
they withstood the attempt of the Romans to subdue them, 
who conquered sfome patts ; but by the repeated efforts of 
the Germans were entirely expelled about A.. D. 290 — In 4^% 
the Huns, driven from China, conquered the greatest part ©f 
this extensive country ; but it was not totally subdued till 
Charlem^^^e became master of the whole, A. D. 802. He ' 
was the first emperor, and added the second head to the ea^le 
for his arms, to denote tJhat the empires of Rome and Ger* • 
many were in him united. U was called AUemaniaj from 
Alleraan, i. e. in German ' Every Man,' denoting that all na- 
tions were welcome, there. Dukea. being at this time made 
governors of those provinces, they claimed! a right to sove- 
reignty 5 hence came most of the sovereign princes of Ger- 
many. I^wis L Charlema^e's son, was the first King that, 
made this- empire indepetident, 814. It continued united to 
the crown of France til) 841. Charles III. was the first that' 
■added the year of our Lord to the year of his reign 879. 
Conrade I. was the first elected eiiiperor 912 ; he is deemed 
the first emperoS' of Germany freely chosen ; but ive have 
no authentic account of tbe elector? of the erhpire till 1273, 
when Rodolph,of Harpsburgh was chosen emperor by the 
seven electors, after an interregnum of 22 years. The elec-, 
tors, according to some, reduced to seven io 999. To briag 
. in their sons successors, the emperors, in their life-time, po* 
' Istically got them elected king of the Romans, which was k 
pa^ of the sovereignty j, the first emperoi so elected 1054, 
The elective power originated by the emperors getting their 
last will, W{hfirelijr tihey nominated their successors, confirmed 
■ before their deaths by the pxinces and great men. The em- 
fCTor Philip murde/ed 1208-. Seven electors i^rst appointed 
to choose an emperor, 1258. Lewis V. made the empire lii- 
^£en4«nt of the Holy See^ August t, 1339. Golden toUs 



m STATES, Ac. TODTNDED. 

reUtin* to the election of tlie fiopcrors, estabUshed iy 
Clwrlc'i V. of Germany, 1357* To get his son elected king 
of the Romans Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 ducat9^, 
and was foreeii to niortg^age several cities to raise the nionev, 
237(7: the dcscendaots of the mortgagees continue still in the 
possession of iheui. Charles V. horn 1500 j visited Kug^Iand^ 
' 1522 i resi^^ned his crowu to his brother, 155$,. and turned 
tp'.>nk, 1559. A reformaUon took place in thetNnpire, It»4Sw- 
The peace of Garlowitz^ when the bounds of- the German and 
Eastern empires were settled, 1$89* Rodolphwas ttie first 
emperor ai the boose of Austria^ in which family the Ger- 
man empire continued till it passed into the house of tMr- 
raine, by the marriage of the heiress of Austria, ibe eele-- 
brat«d g^een of Hungary, to Francis Duke of LK)rraine, who 
' wi»electe<l emperor, 1745. There are nine electors, three ec- 
clesiastical, and six secular, in whom isvested the right of elect* 
ing the ein|>erors of Germany. The three eeclesiastical are the 
archbishops of Mentz, Treves^ and Cologne. The secular are 
BoheiiCia, Stixony, Brandenburgb» the Palatine, Bavaria, 
and Hanover. The two last have been added in violation.of 
the golden bull, which restricted the number to seven. The 
heir apparent to the empire must be chosen by the electors, 

' king of the RomanS} to secure his succession. The emperor 
I^eopold was poisoned^ March 1, 1792. The emperor of 
Germany assumed the title of emperor of Austria^ Aug. 11^ 
1804. 

(Gloucester buHt by Arviragus, 47}. in honour of Gaudius Cssar^ 
whose daughter he married. 

Goree Isle first planted by the Dutch^ J617. 

Grand Cairo built by the Saracens, S^$, 

Oraveline founded, 1160. 

Q.ravesend erected to protect the river Thames, 1513. 

Grecian Empire founded by Alexander, 331 ^ commeuced 811* 

Gronin^en built, 433 before Christ. . ^ 

FJamburgh founded, 804 j walled, 81 K 

panover, hitherto but a village, called, 1556*; obtained the 
privileges of a city, 1.578 ; made the ninth electorate, I69i2. 

^avre-(le- Grace built and fortified, 1545. 

Heptarchy, in England, commenced, 455; ended, 8S4. 

Sildershtam founded, 818. 
olborn-bars first set up by the city of London, 134^. 
Holland, originally part of the territory of the 1^1 ga^, conquered 
by the Romans, 4T before Christ. A sovereignty founded by 
* Thierry, first count of Holland, A. V. 868 ; continued till 
1417, when it passed by surrender to the Duke of Uurgundv, 
A. D. 1534, being oppressed by the Bishop of Utrecht, the 
people ceded the country to Spain. The Spanish tyrazuiy 
being insupportable, -they revolted and foimed the republic, 
now called the Unite4 Provinces, hy the union ot Utirec^t, 
1579* Th^ office of Stddtbolder^ or caj^tam' general of the 



United Provinces) mmde hereditary m the Prince of'Olrange's 
femily, not excepting females, 1747^ A revolt formed, but 
prercnted by the Prussians, llgt. invaded by the French in 
1793, who took posseasion of it Jan. 1795, and expelled the 
Stadtholder. Erected into a kingdom by the commands «>f 
Buonaparte, and the title oM£.ing given to his brother Louis, 
hwtb, 1806. 

Holstein delivered by Russia loathe Danes, Nov. 16, 1775. 

Hull founded, 1296, incorporated by the name of Kinsston. 

i/ersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Aldeniey,. were appendages of the 
ducby of Normandy^ and united to the crown of England, by 
the first prince of the Norman Une^ 
.Terusaleq;! built 1800 before Christ;, destroyed by Titus, 70; 
rebuilt by Adrian, 130; again destroyed, 136; taken by the 
Saracens, 622; taken from the Christians by Saladin, 1190 ; 
taken by the Crusaders, July 14, M)99> when 10,000 Inhdels 
are said to have been massacred. • 

Kium built, 1359 b</fore Christ. 

Ireland ; the ori^nal inhabitants of this country are supposed 
to have been of the €el tie stock; it was divided formerly 
among a number of petty sovereigns. Strongbow, Earl of 
Pembroke, at the request of Dermot, , king o^ Leinster, in- 
vaded Ireland* and landed near VVaterford, Aug. 23, 1170. 
King Henry J I. set sail from Milfford Haven with a large 
army on board 440 transports, for the conquest of Irclami. 
He landed near VVaterford, Oct.-.26, 1171, and compleated 
the conquest i/f the whole island,. 1 172. in 1314, the Scots 
fumeiite<l a rebellion, ^nd Edward Bruce, their sovereign^ 
baving expelled the Knglish, was proclaimed king of Ireland, 
1315. Ttie Scots were driven out by the English, 1318. All 
the Jlrish wei-e ordered home, 14^3. The kings of England 
were lulled lards tjf (reland till i:>42, when Henry the VIII. 
tuok the title of king. Erected into a kingdom by a bull 
fiom Pope Paul IV. 1555. Invaded by the Spaniards, 1582; 
aifain, by ditto,, at Baltimore, 1601. Admitted to a fre«i 
trade by the British parliament, 1779 ; and released from 
subserviency of the Englicb privy council, 1782. Harassed 
by the Peep-of-day boys, 1789- Invaded by the French, 1797. 
Broke out in open rebellion in May 1798, which was sup- 
pressed in August following. Again the French mad^ an un- 
uiccessful landing at Kiilala Bay, and were all taken pri- 
suners, 1 798. Uninn jwith England took place on the 1 5th 
of Jan. 1801. 
Italy, kingdom of, began 476; ended 964 ; began again 1805, 

and Buonaparte the Corsican crowned King, May 26. 
iTent, kingd'im of, began 455 ; ended, 823. 
Lancaster was created a county palatine by Edward 111, in £&- 

v(»ur. of John of Gaunt. 
liverpooL ^raf iiKi^porated, 1299* 



ISO STTA^YfiS, fte. P0U7IDCD. 

Lomtmrrfinn kin^ be!^n 7.1 ; pnded, 771. 
Londmi fortified by tl/ie Honiattn^ 50 ; walled, and a paliirr hxuUy. 
2<H; iH.ide s bisliofirick, 6'5:i ; i-c^inkwl by AllSfd, 88o ; 
greatly dama^wl by a fif«*, «)K3, 10^7, aiwl IIW^ not paveil, 
10*)0; houses of liiiibtfp, thatched with 9Ft raw, Imttoprevtnt 
Urts uid'^rett to l)e buih; witb«toney' and covered with slateft, 
1 192, but the order not observed ^ a charter by Kin^ «John to 
the Londoners to chuse a mayor out of their owa b<»dy an- 
nually Abis office formerly was for life), t« el*»ct and remove 
their sheritfs at pleasure, 'and their common-council noen an* 
nually, 1208 ; a conimoti hunt first" apjH*inted, 1226 ;' aUefw 
nieii^ firk appointed, Ii42; the houses still that-ched ^^ith 
Ptravv, Chcapside lay out *if the eity, V246'f all built of wood, 
1300; tbi'ir privileges taken away, Iwit re<«t»)red ott^sitbrnls* 
sioii, \Mi 5 the first Loid Mayar sw^nii at WestmUtster t4iat 
went by water, 1439} the X^>rd Miiyei-*8 iihi>w iiutituft*d9 
145.4; H «bertir fined 601. for knoeMug Uw tww the Lord 
Mayory when at prayers Ut- ^. Pbnri CBthedmV 14^6; fbe. 
Thames water first tonv^yed into the city, 15«g; tht city 
chtefty bMilt tit woed, and^ in erefv respect very im?gular» 
1^*0 { the New Rii^r bPufif^bt to London, l&l!^; ftbe L«rd 
Mayt>r and sberifl^ arrested ftt the suit of two ptetended 
fheriffs, Aprif ^4^ l(f53; the ^eatest pftrt Gf the eity destroyed- 
b^'fire, l(j^; Hlkitigton and Shute, the eity sheriffs, sent 
prisoners to the Tower^ tor contiiiuSii^ a poU after the Liyrd^ 
>(ayor bad adjourned if, 168^; the charter o9 th* city de- 
claivd forfeited to the crown, June \9, 168^2; privileges taken 
Away, but restored, 1688; b«iilt a m*'insion hottse, I73i7 ^ fur«^ 

'iiished and inhabited the sanie^ ltb%; repaired Lofi^n- 
bnd<^e, 175B» when f^^rmiteiit panted tliem 15,0001. and 
perniittt<l them to pull down the ^tes, 1760; beg^an Blaeli* 
friars- bii J Ige, Oct. 31, 1760; the ccYntnonJeonncii ordeied to 
wear Wue mAzarine gowns, Sv^pt. 14, 1761 j lost their cause 
against the dissenters serving sheriffs, July 5, 1762 ; the city 

'remonstrated on the king's paying ii^^ attention to their peti*> 
tion for a redress of grievances, and was censured^ MarAk 
1770; Brass Cn»sby, Esq. Lord Mayor, and Alderman Olirer^f 
sent to the Tower by the H»iu.^e of Commons, for committing 
their m>?ssen^er, March 1771 ; trade-g^'eatly Injured by banS^ 
ruptcies, 1772 ; regulation ot ad;:!itting the Livery at Guild- 
ball,' liy Mr. Sto!i»''s scheme, 1774; the common-councilniea 
^discontinued the we;iring of their mazarine gowns in court, 

■in 1775 ; the city abandoned to the inercty of an ungoverned 
njob, July 3, 1780. Rebuilt the Compters near Newgate, 

• 17B.9. Fi-om theytrar 176» to the year 1776, the corporation 
o( Lo;;dT>!i expended the following sums for public uses, 
which shew the opuleiK»e-ot thfe city : in new paving, repair- 
itig old pTrement,. lighting, cleansing, and porcl^siiig' uid 
houses to widen streets, i?00,pOOl.; 200,0001. lor t^ie new 
bridge at Blackfriars. Sevei^al large sums l«r lMi« voadft^ .eni-^ - 



ITATES, *c. TOUNDRD. WJ 

laMikHifp iTIm iFiver, and «th^ contingencies s 900,0001. for 
repairing the. Royal £x«:han|re. Tbe jail of Newgate cost 
I0O,O0OL ImproveiitenU oaSnow4iill bep:aii at ^ a vast e\- 
jpboot t0 tbe city, l^s and without Temple-Bar, 1801. 
fWtUeheia IIoB]rital be«piii to be pulled down, in order to its 
site hekng removed, 1805. Poultry Compter repaired and 
improved, 1803. London is now supposed to contain 160,000 
houses, and t, 200,000 ijibabitauts. 

lAibec was founded, 1 140. 

JUicca republic founded, U)0. 

Lydia kingdom began 797 liefor^ Christ. 

Lyons, in France, founded 4;J before Christ; opposed tbe Na- 
tional Convention, by wboui it was besieged, and almost re* 
dueed to a^ies, in I7d3. 

Maeedon, kingdom of, began 614 before Christ. 

Madrid built B^6 before Christ ; but remained an obscure vil^ 
lage in 1515. 

Malta given to the Kni«:bts of Rhodes by the Emperor Charles 
V« 15S5 ; surrendered treacherously to the French, June 1^, 
1798. The Emperor of Russia declared lnais«*If GniMd Mas- 
ter in June, 1799- Its independence settled by tbe peace of 
1802; but as the English forces had not quitted it when the 
French a^ain showed a disposition for war, government 
thought it advisable to retahi it. 

Man, Isle of, formerly subject to Norway, then to John ^ni 
Henry III. of England, and afterwanl* to Scotland; p^overned 
by its 16rds from 1043; conquered by Heni7 IV. antlby hWa 
given to the Earl of Noithumljerland, with the title of king, 
1341 ; at whose attainder it was granted to Sir-John de Stan-* 

, ley, 1406; in this family it continued till 1594,. when it was 
seized by the Queens granted to William Earl of Derby, 
1608 ; W by inheritance to the Duke of Athol, 1735; Chris- 
tianity first established there by St. Patrick and Andrew, 
about 440 ; Episeopal see established, 447 ; conquered from 
the Scots, by 'Montacute Earl of Sarum, 1314; to whom Ed- 
ward III. gave the title of King of Man ; first Tynwald meet- 
ing about 1418 ; tbe proprietors first called Lords of Man, 
1521 ; th^*bishoprick annexed to the province of Vork, 154l>; 
island of, annexed to the crown of England, having been 
purchased by the Duke of Athol for 70,0001. 1765. 

Merciaa kingdom, began 584; ended 828. 

Milan : tlie capital of this celebrated dukedom Is reputed to 
have been bnilt by the Cauls 408 before Cbrif t. It submitted 
te the Romans 222 fiL C; was formed into a republic, A. D. 
1221 4 and lastly was governed by Dukes frum 1395 till 
1501 ; the French expelled from it by Charles V. of Ger- 
many, about 1525, who gave it to his son I^iilip II.; taken 
by the Imperialists 1796; Austria, on Naples and Sicily being 
loeded to^pain, 1748. See -Gbthsy Acadimies, Seized by the 



l53 STATES, ir. fOUNDE». 

Frcncti, '17.96 ; retaken by £!i« Austrians, M*y 17^; ta&en 
a|;ain by the* French, 18fK). 

Modena made a duchy, 1451. 

Mogul empire. The first conqnerof, was Jenfijhis Khan, /i Tar- 
tarian Prince, M-ho died t236; 'ilmer Bek' becahie Great 
Mogul, by conquest, 1399 ; the dynasty continued in his fa- 
roily till the conquest of Tamerlane, in the fifteenth centnry, 
whose descendants have* kept the throne ever since; Khouli 
Khan, the famous Sophi of Pessia, considerably diminished 
the power of the Moguls, carried away immense tfeasures 
from Delhi, and since that event many of the Nabobs have 
made themselves independent. 

Monmouth was made an English county by Henry VJII. 15S5. 

Morocco, empire of, anciently Mauritania, first known, 1008 ; 
possessed by the Romans, 25 before Christ, and reduced by 
them to a province, 50. From this time it underwent various 
revolutions, till the establishment of ihe Almovaride». Thr 
second Emperor of hi^ family built the capital, Morocco. 
About 1116, Abdalla, tbf* leader of a sect of Mahometans, 
founded the dynasty of Almabides, which ended In the last 
sovereign's total defeat in Spain, 1313. At this period, Fei 
and Trcmccen, th«n provinces of the empire, shook off their 
^ dependance. ^Io^occo was aftenvards seized by the King of 
Fez; but the descendants of Mahomet, about ISfiO, subdued 
and united the three kingdoms again, and formed what is at 
present the empire of Morocco. 

Munich, in Bavaria, founded 962, walled in 1157. 

Naples founded 3*2'^ before Christ. 

Naples, anciently Capua and Campania, kingdom "of, "b^iran, 
J 020. Great part of the country was inhahitrd, in anriynt 
tin)P<?, by the Etru^^rnTis, who built Nole and Capua. This 
territory has undergone \'^rions r^nlutions, and was di<(ia- 
guished fioui another divii^ion of Sicily by the title of The 
Kingdom of Pnglin, of which Roger, Count of Sicily, %vas 
fii-st monarch, 1127; given by the Pope to the Comted'An- 
jau, in exclusion «)f the right heir, Conradin, who was ttiken 
prisoner, and bf*head«'d, aged Iff, 1266; Charle«?, Kinj^ of 
Na])le<:, being inviteil by the Hungarians to tlv» crown of 

'' Hungary, was, when there, crowned; murderel by orderof 

the Qwec'n Regent, in her presence, who, f )r thi^, was fioon 

, after taken out of her camnge and drowned in the river Bo- 

' seth, 138C; Alphonsus, ofArraijon, united Sicily to it. And 
the Kings have been since c.illed King of the Two Sicilies, 
1442. Taken froin the French imd annexed to S;>Ain, l.V)4; 
continued with the Spaniards till 1T06, wjien it^a* taken I y 
the Empero' ; coi;qni'red by the Spaniards again, 1734, atiil 
Sfttled on TSyy Carlos, the King of Spain's son, 1736'^ he re- 
signed it to his tliirrt son Ferdinand, llrt'j. The Fn^U'h 
?*?ized on Naples ami conip«*ll»nl the King to retire tp SIrtU, 
Jan. 24, J 799, l:ut it was restored on July 10, follo^^ ing, w \wn 



"tlie Kzfi' retttroed. fa 1805, the law^l B<Hi«re)l was »pdt% 
dnven from Naples, and Joseph Buonaparte mad« king of it 
by bin brotlier. 

Narva, in Hoistein, founded 122% 

Nawiibursrh founded, 608. 

Netherlands deplared tbemselves a free ^tate, 1565 and 1769i 
became a proviiioeto Fcanee in 1794. 

Newcaslie upon Tyne built, 107S y iucorporated by King John, 
1213, 

Normaudy erected inbn a dukedom, ^7^. 

Northumberland kingdom began 547, euded 121. 

Nottingham buik, ^24. 

Nora Sctitia divided into two provincGai^ 1784. 

Oikney Isle^ sold by Denmark to Scotland, 8^9 i re-ftanted* 
1468. ^ 

Osnabnrgh Biskopric estat^iabed, 1780. 

OsiroipotbA, their kingdom began in Italy, 476; ended 554. 

Ostend, in Flanders, endured a siege of three years, and the 
garrison and inhabitants, reduced by famine, surrendered on 
capitulation to the Spaiuards, 16U4; attem|>ted to be takef 
by the French, but the scheme miscarried with great loss t^ 
tbem, owing to the minister having been deceived by bi«. 
agents, 1659; India Company chartered,, 1722 ; suppressed 
by the treMy at Vienna, 1731; made a free port, June IS, 
1781; surrendered to the French in 1789, was taken by 
the Enj^lish in 1793 { and in 1794, with all the Netherlands 
sarrendered to the French, , 

Ottoman empire begun, 1393. 

Oxford uaivcTsity, founded hy Alfred, 886 ^ its castle built, 1071 ; 
arcbdeaconiy erected, 1092 ; Beaumont Place Anisbvd, abiMit 
1128$ ehancellof*a oourt est^lisbed, 1244; hishopriek taUa 
from Lincoln, and founded, 1541 ; first public lecture in Ara- 
bic read there,^] 6^6} new theatre built, 1669; a terrible $re' 
at, 1644; again, 1671; library built, 1745; hospital begun/ 
May 1, 1772; observatory built, 1772 j visited by G^^ge ll|« 
kc, Oct. 12, 1785. 

Padua builr, 1269 before Christ ; suriounded with a wall, 4ce. 
by the Venetians, 1019. 

Paris founded, 357 ; made the 5»ipitai of France, 510; the city 
of, consumed by fire, 588; first paveii with stone^ tl86; 
bsurricadoes of, 1 588, to oppose the entry of the Duke of 
Guise; again, August 27f 1748, in opposition to t\\e regenx^y: 
first parliament there, 1302 ; old parliament recalled, Not. 
85, 1774; und^r the influence of the populace, wbo destiojped 
the public prisons, July 1789 i became again the seat of em« 
ptre uudef the Corstcan usuri^er, May 5, 1804. 

Pernan «mpire feundedy 536 before Christ. 

Feter^rgh, in Muscovy, built by the Caar^ Peter 1. 1703. 

Pisa republic ftHmded, 1403* 



t34 STATES, Ite. fOUNDED. 

Poland, once tbe^wuntry of the VaiMfcils, i»Imi Hsff it to tnvanie 
the Roman empire; it was made a duchy, 694 ; kingdom of, 
began, by favour of Otho Hi. emperor of Germany under Bo- 
leslaus, 999; Red Russia added to it, J 059^; Pomerania, tiiat 
bad been separated 180 years, again united with it, 1465 ; em- 

; braced Christianity, 965 ; order of the White Eagle instituted, 
ITO.*! ; Augustus vacated liis throne^- 1707 ; endeavoured ta te-" 
. eovvv it, 1709; pacification treaty, 1717 ; Augustus Stanis* 
iaus, carried oft by the confederates and wounded, Nov.S, 1771 4 
the kingdom seized and divided between Prussia, Ru<-8ia, 
and Germany, 1773. 80 late as tbe ].^th century, the Poles 
retained the custom of killing old men when -past their la- 
bour, and such children at were born imperfect. A general 
tevolutioVi; April 14, and the crown made hereditary in tbe 
'SaxQuy family. May 3, 1791. The Sovereignty dissolved, 
and tBb-.kingdom divided between Russia, Austria, and Pros- 
KJa, Nov. 35» 1795, and the King retired on. a )>enslott of 
' -Siio^ooo ducats. Invaded by Buonaparte, 1806. 

Pbrtugal, kingdom of, began, US9r united to Sp^n in 1580, 
""and continued sci till 1640, when they shook off the Spanisli 
' yoke.' Invaded by the Dutch, 1808. 

Prussia, anciently possessed by the Venedi, whose Kings were 
descended from A'rthirius, first king of the Heruli, on the 
Baltic, 320 before Chrirt. .The Veuttdi were cmiquered by 
the Borussi, who inhabited the Ripbaean mountaiirs. Thence 
tbe country w^s ealled Borussi, or Prussia, winch was stfb- 
dued by the- Mercian knights, sent by tbe emperor Frederick 
JI. 1215; weary of the extortions of their governors, they re- 
volted to tFageltb, King of Poland, 1219- The grand master 
of the T^tonic order conquered the Poles, and kept pos- 

' session- till 1700^ when he was made a Kinic* The King of, 
visited I^gland, 1744; seised part of B»land, 1773 and 
1795. 

matisbon built, 118^ before Christ. 

tti^, founded in 1138, by a colony of Breneners. 

Roman empire began, 44 befcwe Christ ; ended 63 after' Chribtj 

' begnn in the West, 74; ended 99^; began in the -East, 364} 
ended 1558; it was 2000 miles broadband 3000 in lengthy 

Koifie ; itis foimdatfon laid by Ronfiilos, its first King, 753 B. C, 
according to most chronologers ; by i^ir Isaac Newton's chro- 
nology, GSn B. C. They seize the Sabine women at a public 
spectacle, and detain them for wives, 750 B. C. The Romslns 
' and the Albans, contesting for superiority, agree to dhoose 

- three champions on each part to decide it.- Xhe three Horatii, 

' ^Homan knights, and th^ three Cariatii;; Albans, bein^ eleeHed 
by their rcspeSctive countries, engage in the celebrated combat, 
which by the victory of the Horatii, stibmits and unH«s Alba 
te Robe, 6^ B. C. The Cireus built, said te ha^e been ba- 
pable of containing 150,000 people, 6D& B. t)< Stfxttts Tarqnhr, 
having ravished Lucre tia^ tke Tarquins are expelled, tbt 



SWtSS, Hi. BOUNDEDt IS$ 

kUgly govemment Abeiisbed, and the republMiifi eslablUhvd 
under two annual cousulsy 500 B. C. The dictatorship first 
introduced, 493 B. C. Deoeinvirt appoint 4|^' to form a body 
ei laws» which being done, they are- written on ten tables, 
transcribed on piUars of Ivrass, and made the standard of ,fu- 
dicif I pro^edio^s, 451 B. C. The Tribunes, i&4ilee, &c. di- 
vested oi aJ I power, 4$0 B. C. Ci*eation of Cen^i*s, 443 B. C. 
Patiician tribunes chosen instead of consuls, 421 B. C. The 
cona«klsliip restored, 418 B.C. Three qucs tors fi-om amivi*;' 
the people elected, 410 B. C. Roman soldiers first paid, 4oS 
B« C. Sacked by Brennus* 390 B. C. City buriit by the 
Gauls, 318 B. C. The temple of Mars built, 380 B. C. Prsn- . 
tor, tiret appointed, 365 B. C. The first Punic war de- 
daied: before thi<s tinie^ the Romans had never carried their 
arms beyond Italy, nor encountered their enemies at sea, 
St>4 B. C. Abo.ut this tUue silver money was fii*st made at 
Rome, instead of brass betbre in use ; it took the name of 
Moneta, from the temple of Juno Moneta, where it was 
coiued, ^69 B. C. The secoiad Funic war began, 218 B. C. 
C^itol and temple of J4nus built, 207 B. C The third Punic 
war, 149 B. C. After a siege of three years the Romans touk 
Carthage, and utterly destroyed it, 146 B.C. Marlusmade 
his grand triumphal entry into Rome, preceded by an im- 
mense treasure in gold and silver, the spoils of Nuoiidia ; the 
famous Juguriha, its king, and his two sons in chains, graced 
the triamph,, 103 B. C. The Ambroiyes and Teutones dc* 
feated by Mariusr the wives of the former, being refused se- 
curity from violation, murder themselves and their children, 
102 B. C Tlxe capitol burnt, 83 B. C. Rebuilt by Dumi^ 
tian. Pompey and Julius CsBsar began to contend firU' bu« 
• preme power over the oommon-wealth, which produced a 
bloody civil war, 5d.B* C. Cssar was assassinated in the se- 
nate house, and the revolution intended to be prevented by 
thb» catastrophe was oolf hastened, .44 B. C. The Roman 
state divided into two factions by Octavianus Casar and lidterc 
Anthony, a civil war ensued, 41 B. C. The republie changed 
to an empire, Octavius Csssae having the titles of Imperator 
and Augustus conferred on him by the senate and people, 4^7 
B. C. About tbi» time the annual revenue of the Roman 
empire amounted io forty millions of our pounds sterling, 
lliecxty-of Rome was computed to have been fifty of our 
miles ia circumference, and its inhabitants, to exceed four 
millions. The famous temple of the mother of the gods 
consumed by fire, A. D, 2. A new cefisus, or numeration of 
tfa^ people, being taken by Claudius, the emptor and censor, 
- the inhabitants of Rome were found to amount to six million 
iliae hundred thousand, A. D. 4B. The number of inhabitants 
able* to bear asms were 132,419 men, in 459; in 294, tiie 
number was 270,000.; 3^8,^14^ in 159; t^nd 320^000 in 60 
B. C. TJ^e (^t|is> -Vandals*, and other barb^iroa? aatioas^of 

N a 



lU STATES, Upc. rou^DE^^. 

* tlw Nofthv tx^ijan fo invade the^RomMi etapire itbont A^!>» 
950. It is divided' inu> ft»t»r |)ari'ts Wtiveett two" einfierciTs, 
' ) M< «'esian Jiml/^oB^aiitins ; tUe basis df iu (fisAolutfon, 2&8. 
'I he seat of fiii}»ir«* rvikioved fjT)n» Rome to {VoiMtaiitinople^ 
) y C'onstikHfiiic, SW. Divided aj^aiu into tii« «»st«rti and 
i\<rMBrn eiuficps, SlU* Ritiiie l;ik«:n and plofidvrtsd by tbe 
O\ithc»4i0. By ihe Vandal, 455. By the Hcrul); 476. Is 
recovered fi»P Jn*«tTiiiKfi by KeU-a iw, 4:^7. In 547» the Gvtlts 
K^tuvk it. hi 53:5, ^arsts, another of Jfistinian's generals, 
Tt;corKjut're4 it for the ^n'^*T«»r, 1» 726, it revolted from the 
(;r(*ttk t<iu|>f?r<»r«y Vm^c^imm' a fiee state, and. wiis gx>veriied by 
a KCHAle. riuaHy, tl-e sntate afid' pec^de acknowledged 
C laiieiua^ie, Kiii" of I'iauce, as em)ier(tr of the West, nbo 
funemlered tliC city hi^ duchy to the Pope, resemng^ tlie 
s iverek^nty, \. D. BOO; tlie Popes afterwasds made them* 
g.vlves in<1epend*:nt, ami contiuned in p'>s«*hsion of thia re. 
iiuMiied alty atod its territitiie.<$, ealied the EccleAiastieal 
Siatos, ti41 l\9«. St. Pcter'«J cathedral was Luilt by P.»jrt» Ju- 
liiu; If. who died 1512; BiaiMante was the Ard»}t(>et. The 
iiihabftanrs of Kr)me, mt June 4, l/HO, amounted to 155,184, 
of whom ^(>,4b5 were iK^uLekeepei's. In this nuuiliej- were 
iiielnded d«47 /rxinks, ^SH7 stfcalar .priests, l^W nuns 1065 
students, M/O pau)«rs, 7 fi-srioes, and 5!2 persons not Ro- 
iua»w. Reduced by tlie Freneb to a RepuUic, and the Po|5e 
fctnt from Rome,' Feb. to, li.98. The Pope being restated 
to the goveVnnientv goes to Paris to crown- Hno^uiparte Em- 
jferor of the French, and {ierfbi^s that eenmony, Dec 3^ 
' 1804. 
Kost ock foundf^, 1 1G^. 

RoM'^siilon, yfee. amitwid to the kin^ora of f rapce, 1349. 
Rti^^trfji, «r Mu?Cv>vy, anciently Sarmatia, and inhabited by tKe 
6 •ytlnans; in>t Venuwned till the natives attempted, to' take ' 
ConA-tantmople, So4; feurick was Grand Duke of Novogorod, 
in this coununs A. D. 862; thetaiiiest atithentie account of 
it. in96\, VV'olili»ver -was the firtit Chri>tian kkie^. The 
Voies coiiq»iered it. alx>ut loryd; but it is unce. tain howjoftg 
■ ■fh^Y kept it. AiKJrey 1. began hi^ rtign I15«j, and laid the 
f^iUiuktion of Moscow. About 1200, the Mu Aisles Ian ars 
eonc^uer^d it. Mid' held it gulject to them tiU 1540, when 
John BasUowi2- restored it to independency. About the 
piiddTe of the I6th ceiitury, the Russians discfovcred and con- 
cjiierf-d Brberiar. Navigation frc^ra England first discovered 
by Robert Chancellor, 1554. The Tartars surprised Moscow,. 
siiKl killed 30,000 itihabitaiiis, 1571. First began their new 
jiiar, from Jan. I, 1700. Became an empire 1737, Peter 1. 
asiumins? th<t title of Empeior of all the.Russiaa, which wa& 
admitted by the-powers' of Europe in^ their fature negocia- 
tlcMis with the c<»ijtrt Df Perersbuxgh; he vi«tcd England, and 
Vorked in the dockyard at Deptfoid, l^d7- Arwolutioti, 
. .|riti)oiit bk>od'4ft0d,^ te. Uvmit q^ £li«iihet^ 1740^ ftnothor^ 



S«AI^> to FOUNDED. iBf* 

in fkvoof of the Iste Emplvssy ITSST; the Emperor John, An 
infanty deposed, 1741 ^ put to death, 17^3; the punishment 
•of the ' KnoQt abolished, I75S; the. Empress seized parted 
Folandy in 1773 and 1795. Death oi Paul I. and acevssiea 
of the present Emperor Alexander, March 1800. 

Sandwich built, 957. 

Sardinia com|u<»red by the Spaniards, 1303, in whose puscession 
' it was till W8, when it was taken by an En^siiish fleet, and 
given to the Dake of Savoy, with the title of king:. The first 
king was Victor, who abdicated the throne^ in favonr of his 
son, 1730, and died in a prison^ 1733 ; annexed to Italy, and 
Buonaparte crowned king of the whole. May 26, 1805. 

Savoy, part of ^Gallia Narbonensis, which submitted ti> the Ro- 
mans; 118 before Christ. The Alemans seized it in 395 ; the 
Franks, 199. It shared "the revolutions uf Switzerland till 
1040, when Conrad, Emperor of Germany, gave it to Hu- 
bert, with the title of Earl. Amadeus Vlfl. Earl of Savoy, 
solicited Sigismtuid, Emperor of Getmany, to erect his do- 
ininions into a duchy, which he did at Cambray, Feb. I99 
1417, The last Duke having taken Sicily in 1 7 1 3, by the as- 
sistance of the English, was made king of that country, but, 
by the peace of Utrecht, changed it for Sardinia, 1718. The 
dokcd»m of Savoy is now possessed by the King of Sardinia ; 
but great part of the country ceded to France in 179^, seized 
by the French, Dec. 1798, who wer^ repuleed in 1799; but 
subjugated it again the year following.' ' • 

Scotland^ anciently Caledonia^ history of, began 328 before 
Clwist, when Fergus 1. was sent over by the people of f reland ^ 
received the Christian faith, A. D. S03 ; united under one 
monarchy by Kerteth* II. thefiSlh king,' and called Scotland, 
838 ; divided into baronies, 1032 ;' invaded by the King of 
Norway, n^r LocKl^thond, 1^3 ; on the death of Alex- 
ander ITI.'Wais disputed by 12 candidates, who submitted 
their claims to- the arbitration of Edward I. of England^ 
1283, which gave him an opportunity to conquer it 5 it was 
not entirely recovered by tire Scots till 13 W j its regalia and 
crown taken and brought to England with the ' coronation 
chair, now in Westminster' Abbey, 1296; records of Scot- 
land, by being sent b^ fen, from England for Scotland, were 
lost, 1298';;Qr6t g«?neral assembly 6f the church held, Dec. 
20, 15S0 J Earl of Murray regent, 1567 ; Earl of Lenox re- 
gent, July 12, rSTO; JJarf' of M*r regent, Sept. 6*, J571 v 
Kart of Morton regenl, Nov. 2^, 1579, James VI. of Scot- 
land, succeediid to The crown of En«i;land, 16'03 ; this ^ro- 
anct?tl an union nf the twb crowns ; and in 1707, th^ twp 
kinijdoms were iinitejj, ui)d tdok thd slile and title of Great 
Britain. * 

Shaftesbary built, 879- 

Si»ily first peo|»led from Italy, 1262 bofore ChriRt ; separate* 
from the kingdom* of Naples, of which liittcx- Joseph B&ouat^ 
^ 3 



<paite^ a nan of oelther yt^Tow nor abttttitrffr tisiirped • tfie 
thrunu by hi* brotlier Napoleon's assistance^ 180.%. 

Ssiow hill, act of parliao^ut obtaiii^d fur impruviu^ it, Jjunie SC». 
17.95, 

South S>xon Kinjjidom be^an, 4*7 r ended 7^4.' 

S<3Utl)wark annexetl to Loi;d«in, 1550. 

Sjiaifir New, estabiUbed, 1520. 

S^aiu was &ifit civilized by the Pharuidans^ mho pofisessed (reat 
part of it; these calted in (he Carthaginians; itwas after- 
u.irds invaded by the Rhodians^ the Carthaginians however 
made new coni|uesU, 90$ ; and after the destruction of an- 
cient Tyre, became the most powerful in this country. Con- 
quered by the Romans, Sl6 before Cbrifet. Grenada and An- 
dalusia' was thii Iketica of the Romanu, and tlie rest of Spa^n 
the pioi-ince of Taragona. The several provinces now subject 
to the crown were once independent kingdoms, but became 

, one khigdoro, in 414. The Goths and Vandals overturned 
th« Roman power, 569> and continued in possession of it till 
it >as conquered by the Moors, in 711. The Moors kept 
possession till 1093. 1'be soiall kingdoms were swallowed up 
in Castile and Arragon, I4i^:2. Primacy of Toledo founded, 
680. St. James, ^the tutelar saint of Spain* since the find- 
ing of the apostle's bo^y in the 9tb century. Holy brother* 
liood ioatituted, iS60. Kingdom of, founded, by the union 
of the two.crawns of Casiile and Arragon, the Queen of Cas- 
tile having manied the King of Arragon, 14td> who assumed 
the title of Catholic Majesty. By the conquests of Navarr« 
and Gienada, Ferdinand put a complete end to the domi- 
nion of the Moors in this country, 1511; Esrurial began 
buildmg, 1569 i Fuero Ju9J^ code of laws enajcted by Cindas- 
vindus,. 6J2 ; that calleJ Les usages, formed by the Count of 
Barcelona, ro60 ; Fuero de Cuslilta, by Alpbonso IX. 1311 ; 
Fuero rtui^ by Alphonso X- li^54j Skte jtartidcs, by Al- 

. phonso XI. 13'^7 ; Rttipilction, by Philip ^L 1567 ; Nueva- 
dittur. by Philip IV. 1665 ; Novissima dilio, by Hilip V. 1723 ; 
who resigned bis crown to his son > Dec. 17S4) but on his 
son's death he reassumed it. The kingdom treacherously 
seized by Buonaparte, and given to his brother Josepb^ IdOtf. 

Stockholm built, 1!253. 

Stralsund, hi Pomeraiiia, founded, 15^09. 
Surat factory, in tJie East Indies, founded, 1 603. 

Sussex kingdom, founded by Alia, a Saxon, 419> ended 448* 

Sweden, anciently Scandinavia, kingdom of, h»gan, 481 ; 
•nit<d tp the crown of Penmark and Norway in 1394; 
Gustavus Vasa expelled the Danes, in 1525, until which 
time the crow n was electi>ei Christianity introduced there, 
8^9 ; no nobility there before IJJOO ; Nobility massacred, Nov, 
B, 1510; Ltaheranism established there by Gustavus VaAa, 
about 1525 ; popery a4)olisheiI» and the crown declared 
hereditary, 1544; Christiana, SJ^een of,, born 1C^6; began 



STATES, &c. FOlTN^Pft: l^ , 

ber rtdfsn, lSS2-p /ousdml the order of AmaraiUe^ \64A ;> re- 
.signed the crown, 15j 4; died, at Rouj**, 1689; Charles Xll. 
be^ii bis reij^n^ HdO ; Kiii^ of, made .prisoner by the 
Turks at Ben£r, after three y^ars protectioij tiierc, 171-^5 
conspiracy for aUen:igj the govejament, when Counts Brabe 
and Hume were beheaJed, 1756; revolution in the govern < 
meat^ 9,na the king made absolute, Aug. lAj .1772 ; and ag^ain 
17^i^ i, the Kin^ assasiiinated, March IG, 17^2. The la^e 
king, Gustavus AJolphus V. dethroned, and the government 
asfiunied by his uncle, the Duke of Suderoiatiia, Mai dv 13, 

Swisserland inhabited' formerly by the Helvetii, who were sub* , 
dqed b^ CiB|^ar, .^7. before Christ ; it remained subject to 
the Eomans, t^ll 9°:aii\ conquered by the Alcuians from Ger- 
many, 395; these were driven out by Clovis 1, of France, 
4$6 i became part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 8.'J8; give» 
by the last King of Burgundy t* the Emperor of Germany, 
1033, to which it belongedj till the S\vis.4 Cantons were 
formed, 1307; their fdrm of government made perpetual by 
themselves, 1315 ; and ratified by other powers, 1649; Swiss 
soldiers first in the pay of France, 1480 ; Order of the Bear 
foanfled, 1213 ; six of the Cantons are Protestants, the rest 
Roman Catholics; their independence abolished by the 
Frencb, Sept. 9, 1798; their government finally placed under 
the care of France, Oct. 1802. 

Syracuse, in tKe Isle of Sicily, founded, 709* 

I'emple Bar, act of parliament obtained fur improving it> JiuM 
26, 1795. 

Thebes built by Cadmas, 493 before Christ. 

Thome, in Prussia, founded, 1225. 

Tranquebar settled by the Danes, 1 617. 

Transylvania was given to Austria, 1699. 

Troy built, 1480 ; the kingdom of, began 1446 before Christ. 

Treves, Archbishop of, first admitted an elector, 1021. 

Tuscany erected into a dukedoiti, 1530 ; seized by the French, 
on March 24, 1799; recovered its independence, July 37, 
1799 ; but was reduced again under obedience to France the 
following year. 

United Pcovinces established, 15T9; acknowledged indepen- 
dent, 1609 ; united to France 179o. Louis Buouaparte^ 
made King of, June 4, 1806, by order of his brother 'Napo- 
leon. 

Vandah began their kin<;dom in Spain, 412; ended, 534. 

Venice. The first inhabitants of this countiy were the Veneti ; 
coaquered by the Gatils, and made a kingdom, about 356 ; 
conquered for the Komans by Marcetlus, 321 before Christ. 
The islands on which the city stands began to be inhabited by 
Italians, about 4^1 ; the first house was erected on the morass, 
by EntinopHS, who fled from the Goth^ ; the people of Fadua 
look refuge there also, and were assisted by Eatinof us in build- 



140 ' STATES, &c. FOUNDEF. 

mt; the eighty houses, which formed the first city, 413; fiist 
governed by a Doge, 697 ; bat its republic was not indepcnd* 
ent till 803 ; reduced to ashes, iipi ; nearly destroyed by the 
leagoe of Cambiay, iboo ; the Arsenal was destroyed by fire, 
1569; the conspiracy on which Otway's play is founded^ 
161^; its university founded, 1593} declared a free port 
May 11, 17S6; greatly damaged by fire, 178Q; its senaj^ 
dissolved, and it^ Goveraraent chdngfed by the French troops in 
1797 ; the Doge omitted the ceremony off wedding the 
Adriatic sea, a ceremony that had existed from 1I79* The 
French ceded the city with the adjacent country Co the Em* 
peror of Germany, Oct. 17, 1707» 
Vienna was very obscure till 1I51 ; it wis wsllecf and enlarg;ed 
by Henry I. of Austria, 1123, with the ransom of King 
Richard 1. of England; made an imperial city by Frederick IL 
1136, made subject to the House cf Austria, 11 40; besieged 
> and uken by the King of Hungary, -1400 ; besieged by the 
Turks under Solomon the Magnificent,, with an army of 300,000' 
men, ib-ig ; again in 153'2» 1543, and 1663, when the 
Grand Vizier with 100,000 men cannonaded the city, from 
July 24, to the beginning of September, without effect j tak,ea 
possession of by the French troops, 1805, and I809. 
Wales first inhabited by Britons, on their being expelled England 
by the Saxons, 685 ; divided into North Wales, South Wales, 
and Powis Land, 070 ; conquered and divided by William I. 
among the conquerors, 1091 ; Griffith the la^t King died 1137 ; 
the sovereign, from that time, was a prince only. In this 
state Wales remained unconqueied till Herury II. subdued South 
Wales in 1157 ; and in 12« 2, Edward I. entirely reduced the 
whole country, putting an end to its independency by the death 
of Lewellin, the last prince. The Welch, however, were not 
entirely reconciled tA this revolution, till the Queen happened 
to be brought to bed of a son at Caernarvon in 1284, Edward 
\ery politically styled him Prince of Wales ; which title the 
heir to the crown of Great Britain has borne almost ever since. 
Wales was united and incorporated with England by act of par- 
' liamcnt, 28 Henry Vlli. 1536 ; invaded by the French without 

effect,. 1790. 
Wa^h'ngton city, in America, founded, 1791. 
Waterford, in Ireland, built 11 6-2. 
Wf^^i Saxon, kingdom founded, 519; subdued 82 fi. 
Wiftcmberg erected ir\to a county in 1078 ; into a duchy at the 

diet of Wormes, 1495 ; into a kingdom, \SQJ, 
Worcester buiH, *^55. • 
•Vork built, lais before Christ. 
•Vprcs, in Fiandcrs, founded, ngo, * 



fuu 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 
Castles, Cathedkals^ Colleges, Hospitals^ 

AND OTH£R PuBLIC WORKS. 

AbbOTSBUIIY tbbcy, Dorsftshlre, hatU, lOia. 
A berconway castle, Caei^oaivonshire, buiiti 1>04. 
Aberifttwith casde built, liio; burnt, 1124. ^ 

Abingdon Abbey, 6<:fk8, bjilt, 941. 
Ade'pbi building, Scrand, London, buiU> 1770* 
Adrian's wall built» 121 before Christ. 
- — J-— mole, at Rome, buik, i-ib. 

A^ricola built > the rampart .cf division between England and 
ScoilaLnd, with the chain of caf tiej from the Fortb to the Clyde^' 

84. 

Agatha's, St. monastery, near Richmond, T^rksh'tre, buik» 1131* 

Albdn's, St a'ibey, Hercfordshrre, buih, 79^). 

Albion mflls btidt, 1786; burnt, I79i. 

Akamaia bridge, over the ra«;a«, in Portugal, buHt about OS. 

Aldeisgate, Lmdon, built, I6ia ; pulled down, and sold for 91 L 

April, 1761. 
Aidgate, London', bailt, 1608 ; pulled down, and sold fori??!* 

los. Ju<y^ I7fi0. 
Allington castle, Kent, batit, 1283. 

All Sou!s college, Oxford, fouaded, 1 1 37. ^ 

Alnwick castle, Northumberland, bnilt, II47. 
Ambcrley CMtle, Sussex, built, 1374. 

Amersbary nunnery, Wilts, built, 97 0. • 

Amphi«heahe, at Rome, built, 69 ; has been deprhed of its or- 

jiaments to adorn palaces, &c. but has 1 i modern chapels now 

erected within side. That at Verona is the next ia size, and, 

that at Xisnies next. 
Ams-crdam Stadthouse, built, i638 ; the Exchange, in 35J4. •, 
Andrea, Sc. Delia V'alle, in Rome, built, 1<541. 
Antwerp walled round, lioi j rewalled J5l4 j Ourse built,.. 

1531. 

Ai^ollo's temple, at Delphos, built, 434 before Christ ; buint 

down, 362. ^ 

Appian way to Rome, made 3i2. 
Artists' room in the Strand, London, built, 177^* 
Arts and Sciences house, in the Adclphi, London, built, 1772. 
Arundel castle built, by the- Saxons, in about 800, , 

Ashby de la Zouch castle, built, 13'J9. 
Ashduwn church, in Essex, built, 1020. "' 

Asaph, Sc. chjrCh ahd pahec, in Flintshire, bdilt, 500', rebuild 

J4II-2. 



14S REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 

Asylum, near Westminsttfr-bridge, London^ instttutedi 1758* 

Augustine's, St. abbev» Canterbury, built, i606^ 

Aysgarth bridge, Yorkshire, built, 1530. 

Aylmotith castle, Northtimberland, bulh, 559. 

Babel Tower began to be built, 2247 before Christ, and continued 

40 years building. 
Baliol collejte, Oxford, 'founded, l*i68. 
Baltimore House, Southampton Row, Built, 1759. 
Bain borough castle, Northumberland, built, 558. 
Bancroft*s alms-houses, Mile-end> Middlesex, built, 3735. 
Bangor cathedral built, 6i6. 
B&nk of England, London, first established, 1C94 ; house bailt, 

1732; enlarged, 177)> 1783, 1789. 
Banqueting-house, \> hiteball, Westminster, built, l607. 
Barling abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 11 80. 

Barnard's, Sir John, statue, erected in the Royal Exchange, Lon- 
don, May 33, 1747. * 
Barnwell castle, Northamptonshire, built, 1132. 
Bartholomew monastery, near Sthiihficld, London, built, 1162; 

hospital founded, 1546 ; rebuilt from 1750 to 1770. 
Basingwerk abbey, Flintshire, built, 11 31. 
Bastile at Paris, the foundations laid April 23, 1369; not finished 

till 1383 ; destroyed by the mob, and the goveinoi killed for le* 

listing them, July 14, 1789. 
Bath hospital, Somerset, built, 1738. 
Battersca bridge built, 177a 5 church rtbuilt, 1778*' 
Battle abbey, Sussex, built, 1067. 
Beaulieu abbey, Hampshire, built, 1 204. - 
Beauchief abbey, Derbyshire, built, 1183; 
Beaumaris castle, Anglesea, built, 1295. 
Beckford's, Mr. Alderman, statue, ei ected ;n Gaildhall> LondoO^ 

1770. 
Bedford priory built, 1000; rebuilt 1223 ; bridge built, 1324.. 
Bees, St. priory, Cumberland, founded, 11 20. 
Beeston castle, Cheshire, ^uilt by Randal Bundeville, 1220. 
Belfast bridge, Ireland, built, I6S2 ; bank built, 1767* 
Bergham abbey, Sussex,- built, 1160. 
Berkeley casile, Gloucestersbire, began by Henry I. 1*08 ; fi-^ 

pished by Henry 11. 
Bernard castle^ Durham, built, 1270. ' 
Berry Pompesoy castle, Devon, built, 1P70. 
Bethlehem hospital, built, 1553 ; rebuilt, 167^- 
Beveston castle, Gloucestershire, built, 1076. 
Beverley church, ii> Yorkshire, built, 711. 
Billing, Little, priory, Korihamptonshire, built, 107i>». - 
Bindon abbey, -Dorsetshire, built, 1172. 
Bingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1206, 
Birkheddc priory, Cbeshirej built, 1189. 
Birmingham, free chapel in, began by subs^riptioOi I809» 
Bishop Auklaad's palace, Durham, rebuilt, 1005. 



ftS3fARKABL£ BUILDINGS. <t4S 

BishopsgatCy London, puUcd down and soM, 1701 • 

Blackfrian Biidge voted for in Common Cooneil, )7ft3 ; biU passed 
May 17, 1756, and the first stone laid, Oct. 81 » 17M ; pass- 
able, 1766 ; finished, 1770 ; cost 150,8461. Toll houses builtj 
lane, 177^ ; buint by the lioCers and re-erected, June 7, l78o ; 
toll taken off, June 34, 1785; Sunday toU topk place, June 
94, 1780; bridge paved, 1703* 

Blantyre priory, Scotland, built, l*2gO. 

Bliburgh. priory, Suffolk, built, ilio. 

Bodiam castle, Sufiblk, built, 11 39* 

Bodleian libmry, Oxford, rebuilt and founded, 1508. 

Bolton abbey, Yorkshire, built, 11*20; castle built, 1297. 

Boston church, Lincolnshire, fbundea, 1309. 

Bothel casde, Northumberland, built, 1330. 

Botoiph*s priory, Colchester, built, 1100. 

Bow bndKC fir^ built, 1O87. 

Bow church, Cheapside, built, 1673 ; present tower finished^ 

1680. 
Box^rove priory, Sussex, built, mo. * 

Bradensti^e priory, Wilts, built, 10J6, 
Bradsore Abbey, Kent, built, 1191. 

Bramber castle and chuith, Sussex, biitlt before the oon<luest ' 
Biazen-nosc college, Oxford, founded, 1513. ' 

Brecknock castle built, 1089 ; priory built, 1100. 
Bridewell, (fbrtaierly a palace of King Henry Vlll.) London, hfAlip 

1532 ; converted to an hospital, 1563. 
Bridgewater castle and bridge, Somersetshrre, built, ia04» 
Bridgenorth castle, Shropshire, buHt, soo. 
Biinkborn ^ory, Northumberland, built, i3«l. 
Bristol cro69 built, 1873 ; taken down and removed to Sfowhead*^ 

1760 ; Exchange built, 1741 ; bridge bill passed. May 33^ 

17«D. 
British Lying-in Hotpiul, Bfowntow-street, London^ institiifed« 

1749. 
firodie castle, Scotland, built, 111 3. 

Bromholm priory, Norfolk, built, 11 19. * 

Brougham ca&tle, Westmoreland, built, lOTO, 
Bninspethcaltle,' Durham, built, 1140. > 

Buckfastre abbey, Devon, built, 919' 
Buckingham ho^se in St. James's Park, built, Y70i ; bought fo# 

the reaidence of dueen Charlotte, for 3l,000)i 17^ ; her first 

residence there, May 19, 1703. * 

Backingham castle built, 918. ' ' 

Backland pi lory buil t, 1 37 8 . . 
Bagden palace, Huntingdonshire, built, 1400. 
Baiidwas abb^t Sbropibiie, bttilt^ 1153. 

Bargh castle, StafiR)rd8hfra, built by the ftennails* ' . ' 

Burlington pier bulitt, 1097* ^ ' ' 

. Buraham priory, Bucks, built, I36a» ' ' 

Btuioughdiaj^i ^muhMM, miM«i^i6^M -^^'^ * 



444 REMARKABLE BUFLDIKGS. 

Burton abbey, StaifciHl4hif«, buiU, 1040. • 

Buiy castle/ Suftulk, buUt, lOSO. 

But ley priuiy* built, 1771* 

Byland abbi'y, Yorksbire* buiU» 1134. 

Bysbani abbey. Berk*, built, 1339. 

Caerlafenx: cafttl(^« Sctitland, built, 1G34. 

Calder priory, Cnmberland, built, 11.14. 

Calsbut cnstie, HaInpi^bire, built, 1540. 

Cambernaere abbey, Cbesbire, founded, 1134. 

Cambridge castle,' built, 1068; ^enatc-hovse be^an, K^S. 

Canterbury casUe bttih, 1075; cathedral bvuk, 11^; Westgate 

built, U87. 
CardigSkn castle built, llf>0. 
Carew castle, Penibrokesbire, built, 1 100. 
Carisbrook castle built, 692; lefauilt 1610. 
Carlisle castle built, 680; city walls bititt, 690 ; both repaired, 

1093 and 1434. ^ / 

t^artmel moRastery, Lancashire, built, 1188. 
Castle-acre priory, Norfolk, built, 1090. 
Castle-ac:e monastery, Yorkshire, built, 1085« 
Castle Cornet, Guernsey, built, 1 100. 
Cattle Risin^^eastle, Norfolk, built, LS04. 
Castle Russian castle, Isle of Man, built, 9^0. 
Castle Town castle» Isle of Man, built, 960. • 
Castles, 1100 built in Esglaiid, between 1 140 and 1154. 
Catberine-hall, Cambridge, founded, 1475. 
Catherioe-hiil chapel, Surrey, built, I330: 
Charin^-cross erected as it now is, 1678. 
Charter-house built, 137 1 ; cooverted to an hospital, 161 !• 
ChathasB, Earl of, statue erected in Guildhall, 1782. 
Cheapside^ross demolished. May 2, 1 64S. 
Chelsea college began, 1609; iinished, 1690; cost 150,0001.; 

physic garden began, 1733; bridge began, 1761?. 
Chertsey abbey founded, 664. 
Chelmsford bridge built, 1100; prisoti built, 1777. 
Chester castle rebuilt, 1084^ cathedra] founded, 660 ^ St.J«iiin'ft 

church founded, 689;. Water tower built, 1323. 
Chichester built, by Cissa, 540 ; cathedral built, 1115. 
Childham castle. Kent, erected befure 183. 
Christ-church, Krmini^am, fii«t stone of, laid Jtily S3, 1906. 
, II ■ -*»> college, Oi^ford, began 1515; comptetcd 1523. 
■ ' — — priory, Hampshire, bnilt, lOdO. 

Ghrin college, Cambridge, founded, 1505. 
Christ hospital, London, founded, 1553« 
Cirencester jibbey founded, 1132* 

Circtti at Rome, built, 605 B. C. contMned XSO,000 p«rao«8» 
Cisbunr fort, WHtahire, buitt by Citfa* 547. 
Clare-hall, Cambridge, founded, 1336. ^-• 

papham church built, 1777« 
Clarendon §nm prialinrofQceb Qt^ScoA, (wwifii, X:8U 



REMARKABLE BUiLDINOS: 143 

rierbury castle, Shropshire, bailt, 1 160. 

Clerkenwell manastery founded, 109^; burnt by a moh, \3i\ ; 

new church, first stune laid, Dec. I8» I7BB. 
Cteve abbey, Somerset, founded, 119^. 
Clithero castle, Lancashire, built, 1171. / 

Clun castle, ialop, built, 1 140*. 
CluQokvaur abbey, Caermarthenshire, built, iQld. 
Cockermoutb castle, Cumberland, built, }{)6ii. 
Cockersand abbey, Lancashire, built, 1200. 
Cocklepark tower, Noithumberlantl, built before 1 10(K 
Colchester built, 135 before Christ; monastery of St. John built, 

1097 i castle burnt, 912. \ 

CoUe^ of the Four Nations at Paris, built, 1670. 
Cold Norton priory, Oxfordshire, built, ( 160. 
Combe abbey, Warwickshire, built, 1 150. ^ 

GoBibermcru abbey, Cheshire^ built, 1134. 
Common Pleas, court of, in Westminster-hall, built, 1741. 
Compters of London, built near Newgate, ]7i^9 to l79),>cost, 

S0,473l. buildiiif:. 
Compaiiile of Sti Marco, at Venice, huiltj 4 154. 
Coningsberg castle, Yorkshire, existed in 489* 
Corfe castle, Dorset, built, 970. ' 

Corpus Christ! college, Carobrid^^ founded 1351. 

, Oxford, founded 1516. 

Cottonian library settled for the public, 1701 ; damaged by fire, 

Oct. 25, 1731. 
Covent-garden square built, 1633 ; church repaired, 17B9; bnmt 

1795 ; rebuilt, and opened again for divine sei-vice, 1798. 
theatre built-, 1733; enlarged, 1792; burnt, 

1808; rebuilt, 1809- 
Coventry abbey bwlt, 1043. 
Cuverham abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1230. 
Cowling castle, Kent, built, 1481. 
(;owes castle^ in the Isle of Wight, built, 1540. 
Cranburn priory, Dorset, built, 9H0. 
Cieak priory, Norfolk, built, 1 206. 
Crickbaith castle, Caernarvonshire, built, 1206. 
Cripplegate, London, pulled down and sold for 91 1. July, 1760. 
Cross, St. hospital, Winchester, built, 1 132. ' 

Croxton abbey, Staffordshire, built, 1180. 
Crowland abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 718; destroyed by the 

Danes, 867 ; Vebuilt, 945. 
Cummer abbey, Merionetbshire, built, 1200. 
Custom House, London, first built, 1559 ; burnt d^wn and re- 
. built, 1718. 

Daere castle, CumberKand, built before 925. 
Dartington Temple, Devon, built, 1123. 
Davingtoii nunnery, Kent, built, 1153. 
David's, i5t. cathedral, built, 1180; paUce built, 13^, 
Dartfurd priofy, Kent, buiUt 1372. ' ^ 

o 



Deal cMtlc, Kent, built, 1539. 

Denbigh abbey built, 1330 { castle built, 1280. 

Dennis' abbey, in France, built, 1140. 

Devites castle built, 1 136. 

Dionysins priory, Hampshire, built, 1124, 

D«lWyddelan castle, CaeniarvoiisUire, built, 500. * 

Domo, at Pisa, built, 1061. 

Dorchester cathedral first built, 6*86. 

Domitian's palace at Rome, built in RO. 

Domas Dei house, at Dover, built, 1^40. 

Dormitory, at Westminster scb(»ol, rebuilt 1719- 

Dorno, at Florence, beg:an in 1300 ; finished, 1444. 

Dover cattle, built by Julius Cnpsar, 50 years brfore Christ ; 

tower built, 47 ; old church built, 156; priory built, liaO; 

pier built, 154i). 
Dniry-lane theatre built, 1662; destroyed by fire, 1672; re- 

built, 1674 ; pulled down, 17(^1 ; rebuilt, 17:^4 ; burnt and 

rebuilt, 1805. 
Dublin castle, Ireland, built, 1220 ; Parliament-house ^c^an 

172d, cost 40,0001.; df*8troyed by fire, Feb. 27, )792; cus- 
tom-house b«<^an, 178). 
Dudley castle, Staflford«ihire, built, 700 ; priory built* 1160, 
DuKvlch college built, 161.9. 
Dunbar built, 1187 before Chiisf. 
Dunmow priory, Essex, Luilt, 1110. 
Dunnington castle, Berks, built, 12G0. 
Dtinoon castle, Scotland, built long belbi« 1334. 
Dunstable priory founded, ] 132. 
Dunstaburg piiory, Northumberland, built, 1280. 
Duti«taflfag6 ca&tW^, Scotland, built, 1307. 
Durham castle, built, lCt\0. 
Easby abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1 ITig. 
Eastbury priory, Sussex, built, 1270. 
£astburn bouse, Essex, built, 1572. 
East Grinstead tower fell down, Nov. 12, 1785. 
East-India house, Lcadenhall-stieet, London, built,. 172^; en* 

lars^ed, 179J)« 
Eds^i^B tower, Worcester, built, .975. 
Edinburgh castle built, p.'iO; first fortified, 1074; New College 

foundation laid, 17B.9; New Bridewell ditto, I7dl ; BaHk, 

first stone of, laid June 3, 1801. 
Edystone light -bouse, near Ph uiouth, first built, I606; blown 

down, Nov. 26, 1703 j rebuilt, 17^6; burnt down, Dec. 

1755; vpbuilt, Get. 1753; again burnt down, 1770; rebuilt, 

1774. , 
Edraoud^bury, St. roona.«tery, SuflToIk, built 683; rebuilt, 1028$ 

the arches near the East-gaf<^ built, J 148* 
E^'craont castle, Cua.berland, built, 1070. 
EHzabetb castle, Jersc y, built, 1586. 
Ely mouastciy built, b^>6 ; destroyed (>y the Danes, 870 ; rebuilt^ 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 14t 

1109; bishop's house, iiiHulborn, buitt, 1390; puHed dowa 

and converted into houses, 1780. 
£lthaui palace, built, 1290. 

Eaanuel coUe^, Cambridge, futinded, 1584. ' 

English coUe^y ai Roare, built, 854. 
Escurial, in Spain* built, 1552. 
Ksher-place, Surry, built, 1414, 
Ethelbcrt't lower, in Canterbury, built, 1047, 
Eton college built, 1441 ; rebuilt, 156.'). 
Ewelm palacCy Oxfordshire, built, 1424. 
Excise office, iii Broad-stl-tiet, London, built, 1774. 
Exeter castle built, 6a0 ; cathedral began, 10G4 ; completed^ 

14%5; new bridsje be^jan, 1770j county court house built, 

1776; theatre built, 178 J. 
Exeter college, Oxford, built, 1316. 
— : — conduit bullr, I43ff. 
Eynsbam abbey, Oxfordshire, built, 1005. 
Farley castle, Somersetshire, burnt, 1342. 
Vambam castle, Surry, built, 1138. 
Feversham abbey, Kent, built, 1147. 
Fishmonger's bail burnt, Feb. 10, 1761. 
Flaxley abbey built, lllOj destroyed by fire, 1777- 
Fleet-market opened, Sdpt. 30, n37 ; obelisk erected, 1775*; 

Fleet prison burnt by the rioters, June 7, 1780. 
Flint castle built, 1185. 
Florence bridge built^ 1330. ^ 
Ford abbey, Devonshire, built, 1133. 
Fotheringhay castle, Northamptonshire, boilt, 1408. 
Foundling-hospital, London, incorporated, lT39; buildlag hi^ 

gan. It 4!^; opened, 1756. ^ 

t'onnt.uAs abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1132. 
Fountain, in Piazxa Navona, in Rome, built, 1689. 
FounUin di Tervi, at Rome, built, 1751. 
FreemasonS'hall, Queen-street, Lincoln's-ioQ-fieldis, Lotidot^ . 

built, 1775 5 consecrated May 23, 1776. 
French Protestants hospital, London, incorporated, 1718. 
Frithelsioke priory, Devon, built, 1222. 
Fulham bridge built, 1727- 
Parness abbey, Lancashire, built, 1127. 
Galway college, Ireland, founded by Edward VI. 1551. 
Gateside monastery, Durham, founded, 653. 
George's, St. hospital, Uyde-p^rk-corner, instituted, Oct. 1^ 

1733. 
George's, St. church, Bloort^bury, London, built, 1730. 
George, Fort, in the East Indies, built, l620. 
Gtt^maus, St. priorj', Cornwiin, built, 937. 
Gervis abbey, Yorkshire, founded, 1 145. 
Giles's, St. church, Lohdon, rebuilt, 1731. 
Glastonbury abbey, ^.imerset, built, 640^ rebuilt, 954. 
OkattoA bastle, Lancashire, built, 1340. 

o3 



U8 REMAAKABtfi KtlLBJNCS. 

CloucQster in«naftt«ry, founded^ 710. 
Godalmin bridge, in Surry, began July, 1782. 
Godstuw nunnery, OjifoRlshife, consecrated, 1133. 
Convi I and Cains college, Cambridge, founded, 1348. 
Goodman's fields theatre opened, 1729. 
GrayVinnxebuilt, 16*67* 
Grace Dieu nunnery, Leicester, 1151. 
Green castle, Caernarvonshirey built, 1 138. 
Greenwich hospital instituted, 1694 j first began to receive dis- 
abled seaman, 1737 ; had the Derwentwatcr estate flr^ven it, 

1'735 ; injured by a fire, Jan. 177d ; chapel rebuilt and opened 

for service, Sept. 2, 17«9. 
Gre!«faam college founded, ^681 ; pulled down, 1771 ; and the 
' Excise-office built upon tne spot, 1774. 
Gretham hospital in Durham, built, 1220. 
Guildford castle, Surry, built before 1036 } tower fell down, 

April 23, 1700. 
Guildhall, London, built, 1416; Council chamber, 1425; the 

front and porch, 1431; burnt, 1666; repaired, 1669; beau* 

tifi«d, 1762; front rebuilt, 17^9. 
Gu/s hospital, Southwark, built, 17:21. 
Gysburgh priory, York«hire, founded, 1 1 19. 
Jlacknej' coach office, in Surry-street, Strand, London^ burnt 

down, 1770; removed to Somerset-place, 1782. 
Hadley castle, £ssex, built, 1306. 
Hagmon priory, Salop, built, 1 100. 
Hales-Owen Abbey, Shropshire, built, 1215. 
Hales abbey, Gloucestershire, built, 1246. 
Halling-house, Kent, built, 1183. 

Kampton Court palace, built, 1525 ;« bridge began, 1750. 
Harlach castle, Merionethshire, built by the Britons ; rebuilt^ 

876. 
Harwood nunnery, Bedfordshire, built, 1150. 
Hastings castle, Kent, built, 1070. 
Havard college. New England, built, 1650 ; burnt down and 

rebuilt, 1764. 
Haverfordwest castle, built about 1700. 
Haugmond abbey, vShropshire, built, 11 10. 
Hawarden castle, Flintshire, built, 1250; demolished, 1643. 
Henry Virs chapel, Westminster, built, Jan. 18, 1502. 
Heralds' coiregc instiluted, 1340; house built, 1670. 
Hereford cathedral^ built, 1107; Western tower fell, 1786. 
Hertford college, Oxford, founded, 1740. 
Hertlebuiy, ca&tle, Worcestershire, built, 1268. 
Hdver castle, Kent, built, 1340. 
H)ck8*s hall, Smlthfield, London, built, 1612; pulled down, 

1782. 

, Cltrkenwell, foundation laid. May 20, 1779 j 

finished, 1782. 
Higbam Ferrars college, Northamplon&hire, built, 1422. 



Hinchinbrook priofy, flimtiii«:<ioYishire, built, lt)74, 

Holland priory, Lancashire, founded, 1319^ 

Holm Cultru.n abbey, Camberlsind, built by David King of 

Holy-Rood-ho'use, Edint)urgb, buitt, 1128; rtpairtd, ml 

Holyhead, Anjlesea, church buitt, 1291. 

Holy Crass church, Tipperary, in Ireland, bu\lt, 1169. 

Hyde abbey, near Windiestef, founded, 1130. 

House of Commons, Westminster, repaired, 134B, 

Holdenby bouse, Northamptonshire, built, 1585. 

Horse guards, Westminster, built, 175S. 

Huntingdon castle, built, 921. 

Hurst castle, Hartpshire, built, 1539. ^ ,^^ 

Hustmonceaux castle, SusSeJk, built before 1066. 

Hylton casUc, Durham, built, 930. 

India-house, Leadenhall-street^ London, built, 17^6. 

Ipres tower, at Kye, built, 1160. 

lAsfboTSt^^^^^^^ incrporat^a. 1669 . «lUec6A 

hospital incorporated, 1610 ; Royal, near Kilmiinham, dittd, 
1683 ; Dublii workhouse established, 1728 i Charitable inftj- 
maryopen«i> 1723; Stephen's hospiUl incdrporated, 1730; 
iSt. ktricWs founded, 174-5; incivrporated, 1746; Ij^ng;"^ 
hospital esUblished, 1745; incorpOTated, 1757 j Mer^ei^s^ 
i^porated, 1750 j St. T^fifcbolas's "P*^"ed,J753 j Lock lA- 
idtoted, 1755; Charitable loan, ditto, 175^ ; Venereal opened^ 
1758; Dublin hospital, ditto, I7fi2. 

Islington church, Middlesex, rebuilt, Aug. 28, 1751. > 

JlainS^'s, St. built, 1530; conreited to a palace, and ^e p^* 
made, 1536; one of the wings destroj^by Urt, m$. 

Jerusalem tediple built, lGfSI4 before C^m. ^ 

Jesuit's church, in Rome, built, 1573. . 

Jesus collfege, Cambriage, founded, 1496. 

-, Ojiford, founded, 1571. . 

Johr^'s. St. college, Cambridjfe, t^^^i ,ci^ 

— , Oxford, founded, 155t. 

John's, St. church, Milbanfc, W^minster, consecratea, S^^ 

24, 172^5 burnt S6pt. 26, ^^f^? ^tr^^li' hnUt IttQlL- 
_1-L- monastery, near Smithfield, London, bu^lt,. 10^^ j 

burnt down by Wat^^ler's rabble. 1^81. 
John of daunts house bear Lincoln, built, 1397. , . , 

tatharineball, Cambridge, foUndfed, 1472.. ^^^^x^ Ku?* 

^Iworth ci£rf,,WarvVickshire, built, U2!(>i ^'^^ ^^^^ 

fcjVbtiage built of wood, \t^9i of stone, bfegan ms j.dp^ied^ 

jLX^l^^h%n, in St. (ieorgeVfelds, Soutbwark b^^^ 
^l75Tr^la?^^.'n76 ; burnt by n^f-s .^^^^^^ ^^^^i "^ 



150 R£MARKABL£ BUILDINGS.^ 

King^s eoUeg^e, Cambridge, founded, -1541. 

■ , Aberdeen, founded, 1500. 

———in Nova Scotia founded, 1798 ; charter granledi 
• May 12, 1802. 

Kirkbam priory, Yorkshire, built, 1 122. 
Kirkstall abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1153. 
Kirkstead abbey, Lineolnsbiref built, 1139. . 
Knaresborough castle, Yorkshire, buihy 1 100. 
Lacock nunnery, Wilts, built, 1133. 
Lambeth chapel founded, 1169; palace built, 1184. 
Lancaster castle built, 124, by Agricola, tlie Roman General. 
LandaffcathedralbuiU, II20. 
Lanecroft Priory, Cumberland, built, 1 169* 
Lanerk castle, Scotland, founded, 1314. 
Languard foft, Essex, built, 1618. 
Latton priory, built before 1270. 
Launceston castle, Cornwall, built by the Romans. 
Leadenhall, London, built, 1446. 
JUeds oastle, Kent, built, 857 •, rebuilt, 1071. 
Leeds priory, Essex, built, 1306. ^ x 

I-ieibuni castle, Kent, built, 1190. ^ 

Leicester abbey, built, 1 143. 
Li'itli bridge, near Edinburgh, had the first stone laid, Sept. 

23, 1788. Wet docks founded, 1801. 
Lewes priory and castle, Sussexy built, 1078.' 
Litchfield cathedral built, 656; rebuilt, 1148. 
LilleshaH priory, Salop, built, 1104. 
Lincoln cou*'ge, Q^ford^ founded, 1427. 
LincolnVinn square inclosed with rails, 1737* 
LincoInVinn, London, built, 1229 ; converted fron> the Bishop 

of Chichester's palace to anion of eourt, 1310 ; theatre built^ 

1696. 
^ ■ ■ chapel finished, 1626 j new buildings erected* 

1782, 
Lincoln castle haiit by the Romans; cathedral,' bailt| lO^O* 

■ - palace built , 11 49. 
Xiiicliiden abbey, Scotland, founded, Il(&. 
Xindisiarne monastery, Northumberland, founded, 651 ; rebttilt, 

1014. 
Llanstephen eastle, Caernarvonshire, built, 113^. 
Llanthony monastery, Monmouthshire, built, U 10. 
Lock hospital, Knightsbrid^e, instituted, 1746. 
London-bridge built of wood, 1016; burnt, 1136; rebnilt with 

timber, 1163 ; built with stone, began in 1176, finished 1^09; 

kouses tfn it pulled dov^n, and the whole repaired, 1758 ; when 

the temporary bridge was, April 11, 1758, butHt ; and madb 

passable again for carriages in ten days. 
.r~-~ water works erected on the briuge, 1682 J burnt 1T7^* 

■ ■' 'i dispensary instituted,* 1770. 

■ bospiui, Mile £i4, iutituted, 1740; IbuadftliMi ku4» 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 151 

June lOt 1752; incorporated, 1153 ; medical theatre opened > 

Oct. 27, 1785. 
London lyin«;-in- hospital, in Brownlow-street, instituted, Marck 

30, 1750. 
■ stone, in Cannon-street, first placed there by the Ro- 

mans, 15 before Christ. 

' ^_ wall built, 306. 

■ workhouse, Bishos^te-street, instituted, 1611. 
Louth Park abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139. 
Louvre, in Paris, built 155:2 } its front built, I66B. 
Ludgate, London, sold^nd pulled down, 17^* » 

Ludlow castle, Salop, built, 1097. 
Lug«^rshall castle, Wilts, built, 1199* 
Lulworth caftle, Dorset, built, 1610. 
Luke's, St. hospital, Moorfields, began July 31, 1751 ; built 

in the City Road, 1785. 
Lying-in-hospical, in Old>slreet, be^ti to be built, 1770. 
Lyme castle, Kent, built before 791. 
Ma^alen college, Oxford, founded, 1479. 

-*■ ■ ' ■' , Cambridge, founded, 1519. 
Magdalen hospital instituted, in Prescot-street, GoodiB«if»> 

fields, 1758 j in St. George's- fields, built, 177*. 
Maisoa<-^a hospital, Dover, built, 1!2S29* 
Malmsbury abbey built, 643 ; castle built, 1134. 
Mannorbeer easile, Pembrokeshire, built, 1088. 
Mansion-house, London, built, 1739$ inhabited, 1759. 
Marcellus's Theatre at Rome, built in 80. 
Marischal college, Aberdeen, founded, 1593. 
Maria del Fiote, at Florence, built, 1300. 
Mark's Palace, at Venice, built, 450. 
Marsh castle, Guernsey, built by the Danes. 
Marine Society-house, Bishopsgate^street, London, befauii April' 

3e, 1773. . 

Mark's, St. chut-ch at Venice, built, 82^. 
Martin's St. church m Canterbury, built, 182. ' 

■■■ ■ io the fields, Westminster, built, 17^. 
Mary's, St. abbey, York, built, 1088. 

■ priory, Thetlord, built, 1104; old hous» built, 

1075, 
Mayfields plaee, Sussex, built, 988. 

Maxtoke castle, Warwickshire, built, 134&; pfiory built, 1387. 
Mercer's chapel, London, huih, 1 187. 
Merchant Taylor^s School founded, 15G8. - 

Merlin'ft «ave, in Richmond gardens, mads, 1735. . 
Merton cdUege, Oxford, founded, 1'247« 
Mettingham castle «nd college, Suffolk, built, 1335« 
Meuse, Charing-cross, Westminster, built, 1732. \ 

Michaelham priory built, 18J0* 
Michael, St. or Vale castle^ Guernsey, buU|» 1100; 

taat» M17. 



15S REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 

Michael, St. mount monastery, Cornwall, built^ 1030. 

|4iddiebam castle. Yorkshire, built, II90. 

Middlesex bofipital instituted, 1745$ built, 1755; hoQMofcor* 

rectioB finished* 172K. 
Middleton abbey, Dorset, built, 938. 
Military Asylum, foundation laid, June 19, 180 L 
Minerya's Temple, at Athens, built, 450 before Christ. 
Montacute priory, Somerset, built^ 1070. 
MoAtgomery castle rebuilt, 1093. 
Monument, London, began, 1671 ; finished, 1677 s repaired, 

1786. 
Moor^ate, London, sold for 16.61. and puUed dowii, 1761. 
Moorfields, London, levelled and plantetci, 1614 f quarters form- 
ed, g^ravdled^ and planted, 1740; division wall pulled down, 

1754 ; road made to cross it, 1 7 86; formed into an. elegant 

square, I79K 
Morpeth castle, Northumberland, built about 1S30* 
Mont Orgueil castle, Jersey, built, 1000. 
Mount, St. Michael, on the coast of France, built, 96$ ; eom- 

pleated, 1070. 
Mole at Athene;, built, 130. 
Museum, (late Montague house) purchased by parliaioent, 1753-; 

inhabited by the military, 1780. 
Museum, the LevereaA, built by Mr.'Parkinsoa, 1766; first ee- 

cupied by the Suriy lastitution, 1808. 
Kaworth castle, Cumberland, built, 1330. 
>Ieath abbey, Glamorganshire, built, 1150; castle built» 1090. 
Nether hall, Essex, built, 1^30. 
Netley abbey, Hants, built, 1239; castle boiU, 1540, 
Newark castle, Nottin^amshire, built, 1140, 
> " ■ ■ -r*' pribry, Surry, built, 1 Ipl. 

Newcastle-on-the-Tyne castle built, 1081 ; bridge rebiiilt, 1T79. 
Newcastle*ander-Line castle built, 1340. ^ 

New church. Strand, London, opened, Feb. 1, 1730-1. 
New college, Oxford, founded, 1375. 
New cut from the river Lea to Umebowe, i^ned^ Sept. 17>^ 

IfTO. 
New Forest, Hampshire, made, 1079* 

Newgate, in the Old Bailey, London, built, 1776; bdnt by the 
. ridtfW,jBfi©6, ITtOt rest<Mred 1781. 
New river first brought to London, 1614} tfaetr olQke m Saltt- 

bury-court, bnilt, 1770. 
NewtonV Sir Isaac, statue erected in Trinity ooUee^^ €^^»^ 

bridge, July 5, 1755. 
Kewsted abbey, Nottingbamsbire, built, 1160. 
Norton priory, Cheshire, built, 1210. 
Norham castle, Durham, built, 1 100. 
litffvHcb etfdiedaa tegais IO96. 
Nottingham castle built, IOCS. . ^ ^ 

"^MceDame dMudi, ift Ptuis, buUt, WQi 



REMARKABLE BUILDINGS. 153 

Nuneaton nunnery* Warwickshire,, built, 1170. 

Niiiley abbey, Bucks, built, 11^2. 

Oakham castle, Rutlandshii e, built^ 1162. 

Odtam castle, Hants, built, 11^0. ' . 

Offa's dyke made, 774. 

Okehampton castle, Devon, built, 105^, 

Old Bailey Sessions- house, London, built, 1773 ; enlarged, 1808» 

Olreston priory,~Liiicolnsbire, built, 1160. 

Opera-bouse, Hay-market, opened, 1704 ; burnt, 1789 i and the 

foundation of a new one laid, April 3, noo ; and used as a 

play-house, Sept. 28, 1791. 
Oransey abbey, Scotland, built, 5G7. 
Oriel college, founded, 1337. 
Orford castle, Suifolk, built, 10^5. 
Oswego fort, on Lake Ontario, America, built| 1727 > rebuilt ia 

1759- 
Osyth's, Si, priory, Essex, built, 1120. 
Otierypriory, Devon, built, 1060. 
Oose-bridge, at York, rebuilt, 1566. 
Oxford castle built, 1074; theatre bUilt, 11 69 j library built^ 

1745 i hojBpital began. May 4, 1772;. observatory built, 1772* 
Paisley monastery, Scotland, founded, 1160. 
PantfaeoD, at Rome, built, 2.5 before Christ. 
, in Oxford-road, London, first opened, Jan. 27, 1772; 

converted to an opera-house, March, 1791 ; burnt down, Jan. 

14, 1792. 
Park, St. James's, drained by Henry VIII. 1537; improved, 

planted, . and made a thorougbfore for public use, 1668 } de* 

coy removed, and drains 'filled up, 1775. 
Parliament hou^e, Dublin, built, 1729> at the exp^nce o£ 

40,0001. but was destroyed by fire, Feb. 27, 1792. 
Pavensey castle, Sussex, built by the Romans. 
Paul's, St. London, built on the foandatiort of an old temple of 

Diana, 610; burnt, 964; rebuilt, 1240, having been 150 

years building; the steeple fired by lightning, 14-1.3 ; rebuilt, 

having been in great part burnt down, 1631 ; totally destroyed 

by fire, 1666 ; first stone of the present building laid, 1675 5 

finished, 1710; and cost 1,000,0001.; first service performed 

Dec. 2, 1697. ITie iron balustrade round the church yard is 

three furlongs and one- fifth. 
Paul'is, St, school, built, 1510. 
Peele castle, in the isle of Man, bnilt before 1245. 

• . — , Lancashire, built, 1140. 

Pembroke cpllege, Oxford, founded, 6:20. 

■ ball, Cambridge, founded, 1343. 

Pendragon castle, Westmoreland, destroyed, 1341 ; repaired, 

1660. 
Penmon priory, Anglesea, built, 540. 
Peterborough cnethedral built, 1200. ; 
Pttcihousc coUegc, Cambridge, founded, 1257» 



M4 REWARItAftLE fttllLDfNGS. 

Peter's, St at Rome, b^n 1514, finished i«t39. 

Pharos, of Alexandria, built ^91 before Christ. 

Physic gaideo, Oxford, begafi, 1 6 5a 

■ Chelsea, began, I73a. 

— Cambridge, began, 1763. 

Physicians* college, London, founded, 1519* 

Piazea Fountain Navona, at Rome, built, i6S0. 

Picte walls, between England aild Scotland, bultt 85, by Agri- 
cola, repaired hy Urbicas, 144; Adrian built one from New- 
castle to Carlisle, m ; Severus from sea to sea, 203. 

I^icton castle, Pembrokeshire, built before the eonquest^ and is 
now entire. 

Plashey castle, Essex, built by the Romans. 

Pontcfract. or Porofret castle, Yorkshire, built 1069. 

frorchestcl" ca^tlb, Hampshire, buift by the Romans. ^ * 

Powis castle, Montgomeryshire, built, 1 1 1 0. 

Powderham castle, Devonshire, builr, 970. 

Propyleum, at Athens, built 433 before Christ. 

Putney bridge built, 1 796* 

Pyramids in Egypt, built, 14S0 before Christ., 

Pythkgoras* school, Cambridge, built, 1093. 

Queen's college, Oxford, founded, I34f>. 

, Cambridge, founded, 144S. 

^ ftaby cbsfle, Durham, built, 1020. 

lladclivian libraiy, Oxford, began building, May 12, 1^37 ; 
opened April 1 8, 1749* ^ 

Ramsey abbey, Huntingdonshire, built, 060. 

Ralnb^s charity commenced, i758. 

Ranza castle, Arran isle, Scotland, built before 1380. 

tUvensworth castle in Yorkshire, built, 1030. 

Reading abbey founded, 1100. 

Reculver abbey, Kent, built, 669. 

Restorinel castle, Cornwall, built, 1100. 

Rheims Cathedral bui]t> 840. 

Rudland castle, in Wales, built before the Cbnquest, Teboilc, 
loas; repaired, 1281. 

Rialto, at Venice, built, 1 570. 

Richmond palace built, 1 498 ; bridge, Surry, b^an baildTn|[^, 
Aug. -id, 1774 finished, 177^ 

•——-^—castle, Yorkshire, built, 1070. 

R'ChboroQgh castle, Kent, buitt by ihe Romans. 

Rippon monastery, Yorkshire, buiU, 07 7. 

Rivaulx abbey, Yorkshire, built, IIOQ. - 

Roche abbey, York-hire, built, 1147. 

Rochester bridge built, 1302 j carhedral, 610; repaired, 1080$ 
castle built, 1070. 

Rockingham castle, Northamptonshire, built» 1070. 

Roirs chapel, Chancery lane, London, built, 1202} masters' 
house built, Sept. 18, 1717. • 

Roman highways made io Britain, 41 5. 



«eilA]||U>LB BOIUUNOS. 155 

Romt*i w»]It hnih, «od clie sewers iiiadc» «o3 \ tbe great Circus 

made, which woyt^ contain iso^OOQ pcfsoiiiy and t|ie m&plc 

of Jaaiis bailt, ao7. 
Rothsay castle, isU of i:ute, Scotlaody baiU before 1368. 
Round Towen, in Irdaod, were built aboiu sas j were caiUed 

Clochtheach, or House of the DeUi Mid weit boiic by tbe 

Danes, or Ostmen. 
Royal £xchangc» London, built, 1500; titled royal by Qaeea 

Elizabeth* Jan. ig* J>71, buint, lG0fk i rcbuiU» 1070 i fe- 

paired and beautified, Sepc 38, 1709. 
Royal Observatory, in Greenwich Park, boiU, lOJA* 
— - Sociely apademy. Strand, London, ^it scone laid, June 4, 

me. 
•——- Institution founded, 1799* 
Ramsey abbey, Hants, built, 979. 
Saltwood castle, Kent, built by the Ronaans. 
Salisbury cathedral began building, April 38, 1230; finished 

li58, cost 40,000 in<^. 
Sampson's, St. church at Guernsey, bttil^ lUl. 
Sandibrd castle, Doisa, built, 154Q. 
Sancta Casa, or the Holy House of Loretto, pretended to have 

been brought by arigels from P^kstine in iliyria, in i«oi { 

pillaged by the Fieqch, Feb. 12, 1797« when tiie stmveof the. 

Madona was conveyed to rai is. 
Sandal castle, Yorkshire, built, I317. 
Sandown ca^ile, Kent, built, 1 >09. 
Sandgate castle, Kent, built, X540. 
Sandwich bridge built, 1756. 
Saturn's temple, in t^ome, built, 407 B. C, 
Saviour's, St. church, Southwaik, built, 1099. ^v 

Savoy palace. Strand, London, buUt, 134^; cooveftcd Xq «ia 

hospitaL 1549; burnt down, Maich 3, ]77(J. 
Sawley abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1147. 
Scarborough castle built, 11 40; rebuilt, 1170. 
Scone abbey near Edinburgh, (ouiKkd iii4 ; burnt by the popu- 
lace at the- Reformation, I.V99; afterwards rebuilt j Charles U. 

wds Che last King crowned in the present Kirk ; made the rest* 

dence of the Count d'Artois of France, 1798. 
Seve.us's wall, built in the North of England, 203. 
Sewdley castle, Gloucestershire, buiU, 144*2. 
^hap monastery, Westmoreland founded, 1 1 89- 
ShHkespeare*< monument, Westminster abbey, erected 1741 • 
Mierborne castle, Dor-et, huiit, 1107. 
Shrewsbury abbey, ^aitip, built, ioa3 ; castle built, 1084. 
Sion abbey, Middlesex, built, 1414. 

■ college, London wall, built, 1094. 

Simpscn s hospital, Dublin, lor blind and gouty merit esublished 

and built, 1780. • 

Six clerks office, <^ haiicery-lane, London, built, 1770. 
Skipton castle, Yorkshire, built abuut 107V« 



• 15rf REMARKABLE BUJLDINGS.- 

SmalKpox hospital. Cold-bath fields, instituted, Sept. ad, I74d. 

Somerset-house, Strand, London, built, 1549; .pulled down, 
1770, and beg^an to be rebuilt in its present UBte ; the Kavy 
Office, Pipe Office, Victualling Office, and other public ofEces, 
removed into it in 1788 ; Terrace fell down, Dec. 26, 1798 ; 
had 30^,134 1. gjd. granted by parliament to defray the ezpence 
of its erection to the year 1788, and 1500 U addition in 1798, 
and 2 550 1, in isoi. 

Somerton castle, near Newark, Lincolshire, built, 1805. 

Sophia, St. at Constantinople, built, 566. 

Sorbonne, at Paris, founded^ itt50. 

Sbuthwell palace, Newark, Nottinghamshire, built, 1518. 

Stadthouse, at Amsterdam, built, 1649 i finished, I655. 

Stafford castle, built, 1070. 

Stamfore castle* Lincolnshire, built, 0*23. 

Stock- Exchange, in Capel-K^ourt, foundation of, laid^ May ib. 

1800. 

Strasburgh Cathedral built, 1035; St. Tower, I04g. 

Stratford upon Avon monasteiry,^ built, 1070. 

St. Stephen's chapel, now the House of Commons, Westminster, 

built, 1115. 
Stratflour abbey, Cardiganshire, built, 1104 ; rebuilt, 1238. 
Swansey castle, Glamorganshire, built, 1113. 
Sydney Sussex college, Cambridge, founded, 1598* 
Tam worth castle, Warwickshire, built, 914. 
Tavistoke monastery, Devon, built, gai. 
Temple, London, founded by the Knights-Templars, 1185; 

Middle Temple hall built, I57i; their present church built, 

1240. 

Temple-bar built, 1679. 

Tenby castle, Pembrokeshire, built, 1079. 

Tetbury church, Gloucestershire, rebuilt at the expence of 3,6.58 1. 

I6s. and the pavement and pews cost 1000 1. 178. addition; 

opened, Oct. 178 J. 
Tewkesbufy abbey, Gloucestershire, built, 1 102: 
Theobald's house. Heirs, pulled down, 1765. 
Theseus' temple, at Athena, built 4-18 before Christ. 
Theiford monastery, founded, 1109, 
Thomas's, S|. hespital, Soutbwark, founded, 1553. 
Thornbury castle, Gloucestershire, built, 15 10. 
Thorncy abbey, Cambridgeshire, built, 972. 
Thornton college^ Lincolnshire, built, 1174. 
Thuitleries, in Paris, built, 1577* 
Tilbury (brt, built, 1145. 
Tiltey abbey, Essex, built, 1152. 
Tinterii abbey, Monmouthshire, built, 1131. 
Tiverton castle, 'Devonshire, built, 1 1 1 0. 
Tower of London, built, 1078 ; walled in, 1099, 

of the VMnds at Athens, built 550 years bcfurc Christ. 

«..-«-. at Pisa, built, 1174. ♦ 



R£MARKA9tE BUILDINGS.' 157 

Trajan't pillar erected in Rome, I14» 
' ptaz^ built at Rome in lOO . 

Treasury office, Westminster, built, 37*2* 

Trematon castle, Cornwall, built bcfoic the Conquest, and yet 
entire. 

Trinity house, London, founded, \it\bi incorporated, 108:>, 
built on Tower-hill, 1795.- 

Trinity college, Cambridge, founded, 1536. 

————college, Oxford, founded, 155i. 

— * — 'hall, Cambridge, founded, 1360. 

Tunbridge castle, built, 1090; priory, built, 1094. 

Tupholme priory, near Lincoln, built, ii6o. 

Tyncmouth castle and priory^ Northumberland, built, 709. 

Tychfield abbey, Hampshire, built, 123^ 

Val de Grace, in Paris, buik, 1006. 

Vatican library, founded, 1448' 

Valle Crucis abbey, Denbighshiie, built, IQOO. 

Versailles palace, France, began, 1^87 ; fini&hed 170H. 

UlTcrscroft priory, Leicestershire, built, n07* 

University college, Oxford, founded, 87*2. 

Upnor castle, boilt, 1561. 

Wadham college, Oxford, founded, 1613. 

Walmer castle, Kent, built, 1639. 

Walsingham priory, Norfolk, built, 1070. 

Waltham abbey, 1063; cross built, 1999. 

Walton bridge erected, 747 | rebuilt, 1786. • 

Wapping new Dock, had its first stone laid, June f7, lt02^ 
opened, Jin, 80, 1805. 

Warden monastery, Bedfordshire, built, ]]39. 

V^'arwick castle, built 912 ; rebuilt, lo72» 

Weverley abbey, in Suity, built, 1128. 1 

Welch hospital, Gray's irm-lane, London, erected, i;7f. * 

cathedral, built, 704. 

Wcstmalling. abbey, Kent, founded, 944. 

Wenlock abbey, Salop, built, 1081 ; monastery, 660. 

Westhani abbey, Essex, founded, i ] 54. 

Westminster abbey, built by Ethelbcrt of Kent on the ^fpot where 
stood the temple of A}K>llp, 914; rebuilt, 1 065; again re- 
built, 1269; made collegiate, 1560; 'towers built, 1732; 
and North porch repaired, 1750;- damaged by fhe, July 7, 
1803. 

bridge began, fept. la, 17««rfiret *tone laid, Jan. 

29, 1738-0; centre arch finished, March* 3, 1 741-3 ; last 
arch, Aug. 1746; pier sunk and repaired, Scot, i, 1747; 
opened for passengen> Nov. ]7> 17 so; and cost 429,650 K 

hall built by ^Villiam Rufu'^, 1098; rebuilt 1899 



by Ricliard II. repaired, 1748; slated, 175^; beahtifled an.d 
repaired, 1782 ; went through a general repair in 1003, at tii'c 
expeneeof ld,oool. 4 

iafamary instituted, 1720. * • , . 



1M tJNIVERSlTIES FDUNDECft* 

Wcstmintter lying-in hospital instituted, i^ffs. 

— patacc built^ logs ; burnt, 3-298 ; -again 15«0. 

• school founded, 1070; again, t>y Queen felizabeflj, 

1500. 
Wethcihall priory, Cumberland, ^uilt, V9S6* 
Weymouth castle built, 1 539. 

Whallcy abbey, Lancashire, built, 1179. ^ 

Whitehall, Westminster, built, by Cifditial Woolsey, 1^45 ; 
d:<ma,^ed by fire, 16OO; consumed June 5, 1697-fi j gateway 
puUeci down ttid carried <o Windsor, 1 740. 
Whitby monastery, Yorkshire, fuunded, 1075, 
Whorewell nunnety built, 079. 
Whij^ofc canlc, Herefordshire, built, 1074. 
Winchcomb monastery, Gloucestershire, founded, fioo. 
M'inchelsea monastery built, 1310; castle built, 1543. 
W^inchcster college founded, 1.397 ; cathedral builf," Urt 6 ; p&t^ce 

began, I68a ; north- ^ate built, 1290. 
W'inds, Tower of, at Athens, built 540 before Christ. 
Windsor castle built, 1-J64 ; chapel built, 147^3; college fonnd- 
tid, 154 0,; terrace made, I6«7i chapel thoroughly repaired and 
opened, Oct. 17, 1790. 
XVingfield castle, Suffiilk, built, before the Cotiqucst 
Winifre/d'a Well chapel built, 1490. 
Witham priory, Essex, built, 913. 
Wolvei Hampton cathedral founded, 006. 
Woolsey college, Ipswich, founded, 1529. 
"VVooburn abbey, Bedfordshire, founded, 11 45. 
Woodstock park made, the first in England, 1153, 
M'oolwich church rebuilt, 1732, academy finished, 1741* 
Worcester college, Ojtford, founded, 17135 infcorporated, 174«. 
■ ■ — cathedral built, 1055. 
Worksop abbey, Nottinghamshire, built, 11 03. 
Wyraondham monastery founded, lios. 

York monastcrv founded, 107s;; cathedral bttilt, e^S ; rebalh, 
1075; St. Mary^s abbey built, io«8; Ousc bridge builf> 
1500^ castle built by WilHam the Conqueror, rebiilt 1701; 
Mftiiiion-house built, 1798. 
Yarrow monastery, Durham, built, 6; 4. 
Zecca^ at Venicey built, 15 70. 



I2NIVERSITIES F0UNX>fcO. 

AbcHDEEM rounded, U77« 
Abo^ Finland, lOtO. 
Alba Julia, Transylvania, lC29* ^ 
-^itorf, Francooia, i&si. 



Andrew^, St. ScocUfid, J411. 
Anjoii, 1044 i enUrged, 1364. 
A^i$noa, France^ 1368. 

Basil, Swtsicilandy 1468* ^ v ^ - 

Bezancon, Bargandy, 1540* 
Bologna, Italy, 423. 
Bragcsy French Flanders, 1095. 
Caduns, or Quercy, France, id 20* 
Caen, Normandy, 14]7> 

Cambudge began fii^y according to some others, Qoo ; revlvedt 
mo. 

— , Nrw England, projected, 163d. 

Cologn, in Germany, refoanded, 13 89. 

Com postclla^ Spain, 131 -. 

Conimbiia, Portugal, 1U0I ; -enlarged, 1508. 

Constantinople, 4 25. 

Copenhagen, 147 ; enlarged, ISSg^ 1$09* 

Cordova,. Spain, 908. ' 

Cracow, Poland, 700 ; enlarged, 1402. 

Dijon, France, 1722. 

Dillingin, Swabia, 1565. 

Dola, Burgundy, 1426. 

Donay, French Flanders, 1&62. 

Dresden, Saxony, I6g4. 

Dublin, isgi. 

^inburgh, founded by James VI. 1 580t 

Erfurt, Thmingia, enlarged, idgu. 

Evora, Portugal, 1550. 

Fcrrara, Italy, 13 J 6. 

Florence, Italy, enlarged, 1438. 

-Franeker, Frtesland, 1585. 

Frankfort, on the Oder, 1506.* 

Friburg, Germany, 1460.. 

Geneva, 1365. 

Gressen, 1607; united' to M^arptti|;, 1626». 

Glasgow* Scotland, 1450. 

Goettlngen, Hanover, 1734* 

Granada, Spain) 1637. 

Gripswald, 1547. 

Groningen, Friesland, 1614» 

Heidelburgb, Germany, 1846. > 

Ueimstadt, or Jala, Brunswick- WoUeojnUtlc, 15^6^ 

Jena, or S»la, Tharingia, 1548* 

lagolstadt, Bavaria, 1573* 

ILoningsberg, Prussia, 1544* ' 

Leyden, Holland, 1573. 

LeipaiCy Saxony, 1409. 

Louvaine, Flanders, 926 ; enlarged, 1437» 

Lyons, Francp, 680. 

Marpurg, Uesse^ 1S27* 

9% 



ISO ACAPKMIW INSTlTUTliD, Ac. 

Mechlin, Flanden, 1440. 

Mentz, 1483. 

Montpeller, 119O. 

Moscow, 1754. 

Munster, 1491 • 

Naples, 1316. 

Orleans, France, 1313. 

Oxford, 886, 

Paderborne, l»V3. 

Padua, Italy, ti79* 

Palenza, 1209; removed to Salamanca, 1340. 

Papia, 791 ; enlarged, 1361. 

Paris, 703. ' 

Pcrusia, Italy, 12 90. 

Petersburgh, Russia, 1747* 

Pisa, luly, i»30; enlarged, 1487 and 1633. 

Poictiers, France, 1430. 

Prague, Bohemia, 1360. 

RonthieiT, Scaumberg, 1619. 

Regmont, Prussia, 1544. 

Rhemes, 114*5; cnhrged, 1560. 

Rostoc, MecklenbuVgh, 1415. 

Salamanca, Spain, 1340. 

Saragossa, Arragon, 1474. 

Sena, JEtruria, 1387. 

Stville, Spain, 1517. 

Sorbonne, France, 1253. 

Sirasburg, Germany, 1588. 

1'houlousc, France, 8O9. 

Toledo, Spain, 1518. 

Ireves, Germany, 1473. 

Tubingen, Wirtemberg, 1477» 

Turin, 1413. 

Valence, Dauphiny, 1475. 

Vcirice, 1593. 

Vienna, 1336. 

I'psal, Sweden, 1477' 

Utrecht, Holland, i636. 

Wurtzburgh, Franconia, 1402. 

VTirtemburgh, Saxon j, 1503. . "- 



ACADEMIES INSTITUTED ON THE CONTINENT, &c.' 

America, Province pf Massachuset*s Bay, Arts andSciences^ 

1780. 
Berlin, 1700, a Literary Society incorporated wkh k, 1744. 

Prussian Sons •£ Nubility, 17^9 $ Architeaure, 17iHK 



AOWEXnES INSTITUTED, &ei 16? 

Bbfbsnt for Physic and Mathematics, I600 i Acts and £cieace9# 

1714* 
Brescia» 1620. * 
Brest, Military, 10M. 
Caen,,. Belles Lettres, 1709. 
Copenh«igen, Polite Arts. 175S». 
Cortona, Etruscan, 17-iO. 

Cremona^ 1500 ; renewed, 1007* Ufldcr the tklesOf Dis«uti«. 
Dromiagholm, Polite Arte; 1753» 
Dublin, Arts, 1750. 
Brfurt, Sciences, 1755* 

Horence, Belles Lettres, 197-2. De1a>Cnisca» 1(83. 
Geneva, Medical, 171>. 
Gcooii, for painting, Scalptnre, &c. 1751. 
Germany, Natural i^istory^ 1652.. Military^ f753» and IftS ; 

Mediaal 16l7^ 
Haetlem, ScieQce8t.l70O« 
Lisbon, Royal Historical, 1799# 
I^oos, Sciences, . Belies Lettres^ 1 700 ; Royal 8ocieti« of Phyw 

sie, Mathematics, and Arts« united in i758. 
Madrid, Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture, 1753. 
Mantua^ Viligaatt, for-Sdenceh, 1704. 
Marseilles, - elFes lettres, History and Cnttcisniy 1720. 
Massachuset's Bky, Aru and Sciences^ i730» 
Milan, Sciences»,i7i9> 
Naples, Aru anu Sciences, . 1540^. 
Rismes, . Royal, 1632. 
Ptelua, Recovrati/ for Poetry, 1610^ 
Palermo, Medical, 1644. 

huH, Sorbbnne,. tor DiTittky,. 1350 ( Pkintin^, ISOl; Mitoje^. 
1543; Eloquence and POetry> 1095; Royal of Intfcrtptions» 
and Bslles Lettrts,^ I60a ; Painting snd Sculpture, IM* ; 
Architecture,. 1671 ; Royal. oi* SuEgeiy> 178 1 ; Agriculture^ 
1701. Royal Mil itaryv 1751; Natural Philosophy, 1 7 90. 
Parma, lanominatr, ,1550 ; Cremona,. 1560 ; renewed at Dftonritt, 

1007.. 
Bcrousa, of the- Iftsansats . 1 501 ; of Filirgiti, or the Lovers of lo^ ^ 

dustry, 1574; improved, 10 >2. 
Betersburgh, Sciences, 1734. MaiUty^,l732« School of Affts^. 

1704. 
Philadelphia, Sciences, 1749.. 
Prussian Academies reformed^ ^Sd< 
Rome« Umortsti, for Poetryv 1611 ; Fsimascier, 1635; Ilifecondi« 

1653 ;.Paintii^,.l665; English, .1752. . 
Spain, Royal Military, 1751. 
Stockholm, Royal of < Sciences, 1739r BelkiLettres^ 179%1. 

Agriculture, 1781. 
Turkey, Military, 17f 5. 
Toulon, Military, .16(l£. 
Upsal, Sciences, 17S0U 
Venice, Mcdic^d, 17gJl. f(^i 



1<^ SOCl£m£S» G0MPANJ£8» fiK. 

Verona, at first Music, 1543. 

Warsaw, Languages, Histor}', and Chronology, 1753. 



COMPANIES, SOCIETIES. OFFICES, &c. INCORPO- 
RATED. 



African company fi»UbH?hed, 1618, 1762. In 174«, Oo- 
vemment owed tbe. Comp<iny 11,686t800l. and its divided 
capital amounted to 10,780,OOOh both which continued to 
.1776. 

Agriculture Societies established in England, 1787. 

American philosophical society instituted, Jan. 2, 1673. • 
-Amicable society incorporated, 1706, 

Antiquarian soeicty ineopporated. Nor. 3, 1751. 

■ at Kdinburgh, iauituted, Dec. 18, 1780* 

Apothecaries company, iiondon, incorporated, 1617. 

Armourers company, London, incorporated, 1423.' 

Artillery company revived, 1610. 

Artists, society of, London, incorporated, Feb. 26, 1765. 

Arts and Sciences, society of, London, instituted, 1753. 

' ' society established at New York, 176>. 

Arts, Royal, at London, ifistituted, 1768. 

Augmentation office established, J 794. 

Bahkers company, London, incorporated,* 1 307* 

Jiaalcof Anisterdamj founded, 1609; of Venice, 1157; of Rot- 
terdam, 1635. 

; England established, 1693. Bank notes at 13 asd 14 

per cent. dis. and 15 and SO | also paid three per cent, on 
their bank notes once in three months, 1697. The dividend 

^ Ml their stock raised from 5. to 7 per cent. March \9, 1780* 

Lent government, in 1693, the sum of 1,300,0001. at 8 

^ p^f cent* I n 1^9(?, their stock amountedr ioi S,20 1 ,1 7 1 1. . lOs. 

In 1709, they augrmented it to 4,402,3431. when they ad- 

^ vanoed governm^t 400,0001. ? jyid jn 1714, anotli^ loan of 
1,500,0001. In 1742, •• government was indebted tp thftm 
3,200,0001. 

Bank of Scotland established, 1^95. 

7--^ of Copenhagen, 1736. 

— of Berlin, 1765. . .. 

•— - Caisse d'Escompte, in France^ 1776. ■ 

"» '* at Petersburg, J786. 

jftarbeY-Surgeons company, London, incorporated, \W9, 

BHrnardN-inn society, in Chancei^-lane, cof^menced, 1445« 

Blacksmith's, company, London, incorporated, 1577. 

^i '. 



^CIBTiiES, COMPAlilES, Ac, 169 

Blackwell-hall Factors company, Londcxi, establUb«dy I j»l6. 

Bowyers corapanyy L«ndon, incorporated, l^^O. 

Brewers company, London, incorporated, 1436. 

Bricklayers company, London, incorporated, 1568. 

British herring fishery incorpomted, 1750. . 

— — linen company erected, 1746.* 

■ mineraiog^ical society commenced, 1799. 

i— — — Museum established, 1753. 

Society incorporated; for' extending tbe flsl)eri«s> 17S6» 

Butchers compaoyy London, incorporated, 1604. 

Cabinet council first consfituted, 'April 25, 1670. 

Cap-makers company, London, incorporated, I6^i0, 

Card-makers company, London,' incorporated, 1629. 

Carpenters company, London, incorporated, 1344. 

Charitable corporation instituted, 1708 j abolished, 1731. 

Chatham c^est first established, 1582. 

Chelsea water-works company incorporated, 1722. • 

Clement's-inn society established, 1471. 

Clergymen's widows and orphans corporation established iq 
England, July 1670. f \ 

Clerg3'men'S sons, &c. society, established io Scotland, Oot« 
1794. 

Clifford'^-inn 'society began, 1345. 

Cloek-makers company, London, incorporated, 1632. . \ 

Cloth-workers company, London, incorporated, 14^2. ' ;' y 

Coach -makers company, London, incorporated, 1^7. ' "> 

Comb-makers company, London, Incorporated, 1650* 

Commissioners of Sewers first appoinled, 1425. 

Companiesfirst established in London, 1198* ^ ( 

Cooks company, London, incorporated, 1481.. ) 

Coopers company, Lqndon, incorporated, 1501. 

Cordsvainers company, London, incorporated, 1410. : 

Curriers company, London, incorporav^, 1605. 

Cotters coinpany, London, incorporated, 1417* 

Drapers company, London, incorporated^ 1439. 

Dublin society incorporated, 17oOk 

Dyers cpmpany, London, incorporated, 1469. ' 

East India company, at £ml)den, establishi-d, 1750. 

»■ ■ ' ' in England, established,^ 1600; tbeirstocll 

then consisting of 72,000L when they fitted out four ships { 
and, meeting with success, they have continued ever since; In« 
dia stock sold from 360 to 500 pec cent. 1683 ; a new company 
established, 169B ; the old one re*established, and the two 
united, 1700 ; agreed to give government 400,0001. per aiw 
nnmy i^or four years, on conation tliat t^ey might continue; 
unmolestied, 1769 ; in great confusion, and applied to pariia^ 
ment for assistance! 1773; judges sent from England by go<< 
»emment faithfully to Administer, the laws there, to the com* 
pany's senraots^ April 2, i774V. Board of Controul iAstitoted^ii, 
1T84. ^ ^., : i.,, ..,.. . ,«t ' 



I(f4 nCIfenCS, COMMIIIE^, fte. 

£adt India compatij of Sweden erected, Maruh 1731. 
of Fraace, estaMi>bed, 1^275 aT)oljsljea[ 

bv the National Aasemblj, and the trade laid open, Jan. 26,. 

179U 

• of Holland, inrorporated, I602. 



East-land company iocorporated, 1579. 

Embrnidenrrs company, LondoT^, inc^i-porated, 15i)l* 

£ii(Clisb copper office incorporated^ 16^1. 

Exci se ^ofBce'formed, 1 64.1 . 

Pan-Uiakers company, Luiidon, incorporated, \709» . 

Farriers company, London, iiicor; orated, 16^3. 

Felt^makersc .mpany, London, incorporated,. 1604. 

Fishermen's company, London, incorporated^ 1687* 

Fishmongei^s company, London, incorporated, IbiSm^ 

First-fruits office, established, 1543. 

Fletchers company, London, incorperated, 159^.' 

Founders company, London, incorporated, 1614; 

Frame-work-knitters company, London, incr>rporatedj X6C4» 

Fruiter^rf company, London, incorporated, 1604.' 

Furriers company, London, incorporated, 1509. 

FnrnivalVinn society bcpin, 156^; 

Gardeners company, Lnnd^in, incorporated, I6l6ir 

Gi^-vl'er^ company, London, incorporated, 1448. 

Clas^sellers company, Lendon, incorporated, 1664. 

Glaciers company^ London, incorpii rated, 1537. 

Qi vers t!tiin|atiy, London^ incorporated, 1556, 

Gitid and Silver Wire-dncwers company, London, incorporated^ 

1633. 
Goldsmiths company, .London, incorporated, 1327. 
GrayVinn society l»e§an, 135T; house built," 1687. 
Grocers company, London, incorporated, 1429. 
Gunsmiths company. London, incorporated, 1638. 
Haberdasher^ft Company, London, iiieorporated, 1407i. 
iiackHey-eoach office establislted, June 24, J 694. 
HKi n I .'urg^h' company, incorporated, 1296. 
Hand-in-hand fire-office incorporated, 1696^ 
Hat-hand makers company^ London, incorporated,* I6S8, 
Hawkers and Pedlars Iicence-ofBce> 1697* 
Herald's college instituted, 1340. 
Herrin^c fishery established, Sept, 2,M750. 
Highland society for apricultUTe instituted, Feb. 1785... 
Horner? company, Lcjndon, incorporated, 1638. 
Hudson* -'-hay company incorporated, 1670. . 
Humane society instituted, 1774. 
ynif-hoMers company, London, incurpprated, 1515. 
Irish wuVkini^-schoiils society, incorporated, Oct, 1773.'. 
Ircnimonpirs c«impany, London, incortK) rated, 1464. 
Joiners company, London, incorporated, 1564. 
KmsN college, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, feOnded ami xiicoipo* 

rated by charter^ Oct. 7^ 180^. 



SOCIETTESp COMPANIES, &c. ifoi 

Lead oflfiocL established, \$0^. 

L.eather«seUers company, London, incorporated, 1443. 

Lincoln's-inn society established, 1310. 

Londun Assurance-office charter granted, 17l6> 

■ Incorporated, and obtained their first charter fot «lect- 

iog" ma^strates, 1208. >. 

—— Institution jcommcneed, 1805. 
Loriners company incorporated, 1488. 
Lyon's-inn society established, 1420. 
Marine society established, 1756; to whom W. Hicks, Esq. left 

3001. per annum, 1763 ; incorporated, 1772. ' , 

Masons company, London, incorporated, 1677. 
Medic2d society, at Dublin,, instituted, 1785. 
Mercers company, London, incorporated, 1393. 
Merchant-Taylors company, London, incorporated, 1466. 
Mine and Battery company incorporated, 1568. 
Mines, Royal, established, 1565. 
Mint o6icej in the Tower, established, 1066. 
Musicians company, London, incorporated, 1604. 
Naval Asylinn instituted by the Duke of Clarence, 1801. \ 

Navy office founded, Dec. 4, 1644. 
Needle-makers company, London, incorporated, 1656. 
New-inn society founded, 1485. 
Ostend company erected, January 1722-3; abolishedj Marok 

1731-2. 
Paper-stainers company, London, ineorpbrated, 1680. 
PaintinflT, academy of, in London, incorporated, 1768. 
Parish clerks, London, incorporated, 1232. 
Patten-makers company, London^ incorporated, 1670. 
Pensioners, the band of, established, 1 590. 
Pewterers company, London, incorporated, 1474. 
Philanthropic sooiety commenced* 1788. 
Physicians college incorporated, Sept^ 23, 1518. 
Pitt-makers company, London, incorporated, 1636. 
Plasterers company, London, incorporated, 1500. 
Plumbers company, London, incorporated, 1611. 
Poulterers company j London, incorporated, 1503. 
Preston Guild established, 1172. 
Promotion of Christian knowledge, society for the, established^ 

1699. 
Propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, society for the, in-, 

corparated, 17©1» 
■— ■ in New England, society of the^^ ia- 

corporated, Feb. 7, 1662. 
Raine'a charity began to* portion out four young woman, 1758. 
Reformation of manners, society for^ formed, I698. 
Royal Exchange Assuraoce office charter granted, 1716. 
Royal Miners company incorporated, 1564. 
Royal Society, London, instituted, Dec. 30, 1660 ; inQorporated^ 

■1663. . ' 



leff SOCIETIKS, COMPANIES, &^ 

Koyal Institution of Great Britain commenced, 18O0v 

Rsyal Society of Am instituted in Lundoa, n6d» 

—— of Musicians, 1*85*- 

Russia company incorporated, 1555. 

Sadlers compaiiy, LondoiH incorporated, 1280». 

ShU o!^ce establiiihud, 1 684; duties formed, June 15, VfOSl 

Sallrrs company, L<mdon, incorporated, 1558. 

Samant.iA Society, at the London H'lspital, commenced, l^tQl, 

Scot6 ct>qx>ration began, 166^. 

Scriveners cuaipany,. Londo«>,. incorporated, l6l 6, 

Seamens i\idows corporation ecectcd, Oct. 13, 1733. 

Secretary of State'fr office bejican, 1530. 

Sliipwri^hts company, Loudon, incoiperated, 1610. 

Sick and wDuiidtfd- seamen's iiicoiporaiion began, June 249 1747. 

Silk-tbrow!>ters coiopany, London, incorporated, l-6i2^. 

Ston college, London- wall, founded, 1623; incorporated, k664« 

Skinners company, London, incorporated, IS'il,. 

Soap-makers- company, London, incorporated, 1638. 

Societies fii-st established in London, 1 198. 

Society fur abolishing the common method of sweeping^ chimnies 

commenced, 1802. 

" tor bettering tBe condition of the poor,.insr(ituted 1796^ 
■ ' fT>^ the celief of persons confined for small debu, oaiu- 

mei»ced, 1772: 
Soufh Sea company began, May 6, 1710; its bubble, 1720 ; its 

director's estates, to tbe amount of 2^000^0001. value seised, 

1721; compounded with Mr. Knight, their cashier, for 

lOjOOOL who had absconded with 100,0001. in 1720 ; and he 

returned te England, 1743. 
Spectacle-makers company, Ix)ndon, incorporated, 1630. 
Stamp-office established, 1164. 
Staple's-inn society established, 1415. 
Starch -makei's company, London, incorporated, 1632»> 
Stationers company, London, incorporated, 1556. 
Surgeons company, London, incorporated, 1745* / 

Tallow-chandlers company, London, incorporated, 1463* 
Temple, three societies of the» (Innerj Middle, and Oater)^ 

1340; founded, 1560, 
Thavfc*ii-inn society established, 1519; dissolved, 176dw 
Tin-plate workers company, London^ incorporated, 1 670. 
Tobacco-p)pe>makers company, London, incorporated, 1663. 
Trinity house founded by Sir Thomas Spert, 1512 }f inQorp<»ff»tecl> 

1685. 
Turkey company incorporated, 1579. 
Turners company, London, incorporated, 1604. 
Victualling office instituted, Dec. 10, 1663. 
Vintners company, London, incorporated, 1437- 
Upholders company, London, incorporated, 162';^. . , 

Wardrobe, gi-eat, in Scotland-yard, established, 1485» 
Watermens company, Londoa, incorporated, 1550^ 



ItEVlGIOUS INSTITUTIOXS, &c. 167 

^a-x^handlers company, London, incorporator!, •1484. 
Weavers company. Tendon, incorporated, 1 !G4. 
Welch copper-office incorporated, 1694. ^ 

Wheelwrisrhts company incorporated, 1 670, 
Vork-builfHngs water-w^rks company lacorporated, \S9U 



RELIGIOUS INSTirUTfONS, COUNCILS, SACRED 
WRITINGS, &c. &c. 

Acts of the Apostles written, 6a. 

Advent Sunday first observed, 433; the number determined, 
1090* ^ 

A^nu^.Dei, or '' O Lamb oT God who taketh away the sins •£ 
tbe world," &o. first appointetl in the Litany, 6b9. 
I ■ !■■■■ ' ^st consecration in 1565. 

All Saints festival TniKituted, -S^S. 

All Soiils festival established, 1604. 

Anathemas first brought into the church, 387* , 

Andrew's, St. festival instituted, 359. 

Annates, or first-fruits, instituted, 1306. 

Annunciation €A the Virgin Mary observed, 350. 

Anthems first introduced into the church service, 386. 

Apparitors fitst instituted, about 1234. 

Appeals to Rome first poetised from England, 697* 

Archdeacon, the first in England, 1675. 

Articles of reli«;ion, six published by Henry VIII. 1536; 42 
published without consent of parliament, 1 553. ; tlie 43 re* 
doced to 39, Jan. 1563 ; received the authority of parliament, 
1571 ; 104 drawn up by Archbishop Uslier, for Ireland, l6lds 
established, 1634. 

Asccnsioo-day first commemorated, 68. 

Assumption of the Virgin, fenivai of, instituted, 813* 

Atbanasian creed said to be written^ 340. 

Auricular confession first introduced, 1215. 

AufTsburg confession of faith made, 1 550. 

llanns, publication of for marria«^p, instituted, 1^10. 

Bartholomew's, St. festival instituted, 1130. 

^ads first used in the Papists' devotion, 1093« 

l^nefices began about 500. 

fiible history ceases, 340 years before Christ ; Septuagint v^iv 
sion made, 384; first divided into chapters, ]i^53. The firrt 
English edition was in 1536 } the first authorised edition in 
£nglaiiil, was in lS39t the second translation was ordered 
to be veacl in chvfrches, 1549 ; the present translation finish* 
tU, Sept^ 1(1 1 9 ^emitted by the Pope to he transited iQt« 



16B REUGIOUS INSTITUTfONS, &c. 

all the languages of the Catholic states, Fe>« S6, 1759; the 
follow iii{r is a dissection of the Old and New Testament : 



In theOld 


Testament 


In the New 


ToUl 


Books 


.^9 


2T 


6S 


Chapters ^ 


929 . 


260 


1,189. 


Verses 


23,214 


7,959 


31,173 


Words 


592,493 


181,253 


773,746 


Letters 


2,728,109 


838,380 


' 3,56S,480 



The Apocrypha has 183 chapters, 6081 verses, and. 125, 185 
words. The middle chapter, and the least in the Bible, is 
the 117th Psalm ; the roid(lltt vevse is the 8th of 1 18tb Psalm $ 
the middle line is the 2d book of the Chronicles, 4th chapter, 
and 16th verse -, the word and occurs in the Old Testament 
35,535 times; the same word ih>the New Testament occurs 
10,684 times; the word Jehwnh occurs 6,855 times. 
Old Testdmenti The middle book is Proverbs; the middle 
chapter is the 29th of Job ; the middle verse is the 2d book 
©f Chronicles^ 20th chapter, and the 13th verse ; the least 
verse isnhe Istbook of Chronicles, 1st chapter and 1st 
verse. 

New Testament, The middle is the Thessalonians 2d;' the 
middle chapter is between the 1 3th and 14th of the Rumoins; 
the middle verse is the 17th of the 17th chapter of the Acts; 
the least verse is thq 35th verse of the 11th chapter of the 
Gospel by St. John. 

The 21st verse of the '/th chapter of Ezra has all the letters 
of the alphabet in it. 

The 19th chapter ef the 2d book of Kin^, and the 37th 
chapter of Isaiah, are alike. 

The book of Esther has 10 chapters, but neither the words 
Lord o^r God in it. 
Bisliops, their translation first instituted, 239 i were nppointed 
by the people, 400 ; first in England, 694 ; first in^ Denmark, 
.939; made barons, 1072; precedency settled, 1 075 ; banished 
Ei^land, 1208; consented to be tributary to Rgme, 1245; 
deprived of the privilege of sitting as judges iiC capital of- 
fences, 1388 ; the first that suffered death in England by the 
sentence of the civil power, 1405; six new ones instituted, 
1530; elected by the King's Con^ed^EHre, 1535 ; held their 
sees during pleasure, 1547; form of consecration ordained, 
1549;~ seven deprived for being married, 1554;" several burnt • 
for not changing their religion, 1555; fifteen consecrated at 
Lambeth, 1559% expelled Scotland, 1689; twelve impeached, 
and committed for protesting against any law passed in the 
House of Lords during the time the populace prevented their 
attending parliament, 1641 ; their whole or^er abolrshed by 
parliament, Ort. .9, 1646; nine restorrd, and eight new one* 
consecrated, Oc^ 25, 1660} regained their teats in th« House 
of Peers, Nov. 30, 1661 •, seven committed totbeTower^ for 
not> ordering the King's dei^laration" fo^ liberty of con9(9eO(» * 



. REUGIOUg INSXITUHO^S^ Ac. ^:k69 

to be re^ tUruugbQut their 4k>cesQ},. 1688 ; ti^ su^pemled 
for not taking the oaths to K\x\s, WiUi^nip. 1^8^; deprlve^iy 

fiisboprics of England and Wales, according^ to the antiquity 
•f their innitution. London, an archbishopric anc) iTiatr-}- 
politan of England, founded byXucius, the first Christian 
king of Britain, 185 j see Bede, Dugdale; Laudiiff, 186; 
Bangor, 516; St. David's, 519, (tfee archbishopric of Wal«s, 
from 5^0 till 1 100, vfhen the hisuop submitted to the arch- 
bishop of Canterbiwry as bis metropolitan) ; St. A«ijjh*s, 547 ; 
St. Augustin, or Austin, made Canteruiu> the metropolitan 
archbishopric ; by order of Pope Gregory, 0y6; Wells, 6*04; 
Rochester, 604 ; Winchester, 650 ; Litchfield and Coventry, 
656 ; Worcester, 679 ; Hereford, 680 ; Durham, 690 ; Sjdi^r 
and Man (with jurisdiction of the Hebrides in ScoilandJ, 838; 
Exeter, 1050; Sherborne (changed to Salisbiiry}, 1056; 
York, archbishopric, 1067; Dorchester (changed to Lincoln), 
1070; Chichester, 1071; Thetibrd (changed to NorwicW, 
1088; Bath and Wells, ib.> Ely, 1109; Carlisle* U33. The 
following six -nere founded upon the suppression of the mo- 
nasteries by Henry VHI. Cheste**, Peterborough, Gloucester, 
Oxfoil!r, Bristol, Westminster, 1538 } Westminster was united 
to London, 1550. Canada made a bishopric in 1793. 

Burial places first permitted in cities In England, 742 ; forbi4- 
den within towns in Poland, 1792. 

Candle-light first introduced into churches, 274. 

Canon -law first introduced into England, 1147. , - 

Canonical hours for prayers instituted, 391. 

Canonization first introduced by papal authority, ,993. 

Carditials were originally the parish priests at Home; title b«« 
gan tu be used, 308; college of, founded by Pope Pascal I. 
817 ; did not elect the Popes till 1160; wore tlni red bat (to 
remind them, that they ought to shed their blood, if re- 
quired, for religion), aniHvere declared princes of the church, 
1222 ; the cai'dinals set fire to the conclave, and separated, 
and a vacancy in the papal chair for two years, 1314; Car- 
dinal Carassa was hanged by order of Piu'j IV. 1560; iis^'as 
Cardinal Poli, under Leo X. ; title of Eminence first ^Lvea 
them by Pope Urban VIU. about 1630. 

Catechism, a short one published by the Bishop of Winche3(ef, 
1552. I , 

Christian, the term of distinction first given the disciples of 
Christ at Autiocb, 40. 

Christianity was propagated in Spain in 36 ; in Britain, 60 j^or, . 

, as others say, in the 5th century j in Franconia and Flanders, 

in the 7th century j in Liombardy, Thuringia, and Hesse, in 

the, 8tb century ; in Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, 

in the ^th century;, in Hungary and Sclavonia, in the JOtli 

«- century; in Vandaiia find Prussi2i| in the 11th century ;,. in 
Pomei^auia and Norway, in the 131;h century i in Livonia, 



1^0 ftELTGIOUS TNStmJTfONS, ftc. 

Lithuiiniaiy %n(i part of Tartary, in the Idth century; !h 
Sckivonia, part of Turkey, and the Canary istes, in the 14th 
«entary f in Africa, at Guinea, Angola, and Cong^o, in the 
15th century; made great progress in Prussia, both the 
Indies, and in Chins, by the Protestant faith, iii the I6th 
century; reinstated \tt Greece, &c. &c. in the I7th century. 

Christmas-day first observed as a festival, 98. 

Cburch-niusie introduced into worship, 350 ; choral service first 
used in England at Canterbury, 677 ; changed tfaroii^hout 
England from the use of St. Paul's to that ofSarunn, 1418 ; 
first performed In English, May 8, 1559- 

Church-wardens. and overseers instituted, 1127. 

Church-yards first consecrated, 317; admitted into cities^ 740. 

Circumcision instituted, 1897 before Christ. 

Commandments given to Moses, 1424 before. Christ, , 

' , Creed, and Lord's Prayer, translated into the 

Sa^on language, 181. 

Common Prayer published in English, with the authority of 
parliament, 1548. 

Conception of the Virgin, festival of, instituted, 1387. 

Conclave for the election of Popes, first ordered, 1374. 

Confession, auricular, introduced, 1254. 

Confirmation touk place, 190. 

Consecration of churches instituted, 153. 

. . of bishops,' the form ordaSned, 1549. 

Copes instituted, 256. 

Corpus Christi, th(* festival o^ appointed, 1265. 

Councils That at Jerusalem, when the first controversy was 

discussed, 48; at Antioch, 2^9 ; at Aries, 314, at which three 
English bishops were present; the first Nicene one, w"hen 
328 fathers attended, against Arius, 325 ; the first at Con- 
stantinople, when Pope Damasus presided, and 150 fathers 
attended, 381; that at Sarrtis, when 376 fathers attended, 
400; the first at Enhesns, when Pope Celpstine presided, 
and 200 fathers attended, 43 1 ; that at Chaleedon, when Pope 
lico presided, and 600 fathers attended, 451 ; the second at 
Cbnstantinople, when Pope Virgilius presided, and 165 fathers 
attended, 553; one called the Milevetah council, 568; at 
Constantinople in 600; at Rome in 64,9; the third at Con- 
Btar^inople, when Pope Agatho presided, and 2^ fathers at- 
tended, 680 ; the second at Nice, when Pope Adrian presided, 
lind 350 fathers attended, 787 ; the fourth at Constantinople, 
when Pope Adrian presided, and 101 fathers attended, 869; 
that at Vercellus, when Pope Leo IX. presided, 1053 ; the 
Laferan one, when Pope Calixtus H. presided, and '300 fa- 
thers attended, 1112;' the second Lhteran one, when Pope 
• Innocent II. presided, and 1000 fathers attei^ded, 1139; the 
third Latersn one, when Pope Alexander III. presided, and 
300 fathers attended, 1175; the iourth Lateran one, when 
»V)pe Inhotfettt 111; presided, and U85 fathers attended, 1215 



RELIGIOUS INSTlTUTiONS, 5cc 171 

And 1317; at Lyons, 1^55 anfl 1274;. that, at Vienna, ivbeq^ 
Vupe Clement V. presided, ftiid 300/atber8 attended, Uilj 
one Bx. Constance, when Pope John XXII. and Mirtin V. . 
prfr^ded, 1414 ; the ^ixth Lateran one, when Pope Julian UU ' 
and Kus IV. presided against Luther, 1546. There have 
been &evc;ral other provincial covncils, and oihcrs, as that of 
Avi^on, in France, and at Bituria, in Tuscany, H'SIj at 
Tours, in France, 1448 ; at Florence, in Italy, 1449; at Ttn 
ledo, in Spain, 1473 ; ai Aspurgh, in Germany, 1548 ; at Co- . 
)o^, in Germany) 1 548 i ^t Treves, in Germany, 1 548 ; at 
Colony in Germany, 154i^; at Mentz, in Almaine, 1549; 
and at Nuoaantia, in ^pain, 1550. 

Cieed, Lord's Piaycr, &c. permitted in the Saxon Janguage, 74<I. 

Crucifixes painted in churches and chambers, first intrdfiluccd, 

461. 

Cap, sacnimental, restored to the laity, 1547* 

Dedication of churches introduced by Bishops. 

Dispensatioas first granted by ihe Pope, It200. 

Easter established, 66 ; controversy determined, 6G7 . 

Hlevation of the Host introduced, 1222. 

Epiphany, the feast of, institute^, 813. 

Exaltation of the Cross instituted, 629. 

Fasts established, la^. • . 

Festival of the Jews,' the princip?Ll^ being the feast of the taberna> 
cl^,' is celebrated by them to this day ; it was instituted by 
Moses in the wilderness, ^gb B. C. but was celebrated with . 
the greatest magnificence foe fopr^een days, upon the dedication, 
of the teninle pf Solomon, .I0p5 before Christ. They carried* 
bo9^ loaded with fruit in ptopession. 

FadvB)sof Christmas, Easter, 4$cension9 and the Pentecost, or 
AWbiuuntide, first ordered to be observed by all Christians, 08. 
Rogation days appointed, 469. Jubilees in the Romish (;harcb 
instituted by Pope Bonifiice VUI.'idoo. (At first they weie ob- 
served every hundred years, but future popes reduced them to 
fifty, and then tp every period of twenty-five years.) 

First fruits and tenths instituted by Clement V. iso6 ; first col- 
lected in England, 1310 ; granted by Qtueen An^e for the relief 
ofpoorcte^y, Feb. 7, 1764. 

Fonts instituted, 167. 

Gloria Patrt, the dozolog^y of, first used, 882. 

Godfathers and godmothers first appointed, lao. 

Hallelujah and Amen fir&t introduced by Haggai the prophet, sd^ 

B.C. 
Holy water first ns^d in churches, 12o. 
Homilies diawtaup by Archbishop Cranmer, 15«7. 
Image-wofship iwroduced, 71* i sopijressed. in EngUnd,, 1546 j 
- in Hungary and Germany, 1785. 

Independents, such as hold the independency of the church, &f 
that each congregation may govern themselves in religious mat- 
ten. Presbyterians and Anabaptf^ts aice.now a^re^^ wit^ tbqn ; 



iry RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, &c ^ 

ibe Anabaptists always were. T^eir first meeting-house foanded 
in England was that by Mr. Henry Jacobs, 1616. 

Impropriations : before the destruction ot the rnpnastcriesy by 
Henry VUI. J530, many livings were in their possession ; the 
great tithes they kept themselves, allowing the small tithes to 
,tbe vicar nr substitute that served the church. On the suppres- 
sion of the monasteries, Henry VIII. disposed of these great 
tithings among his favourites. 

Indulgencics first disposed of lur money, 11 90. 

Inquisition, Court of, began, 1204 ; abolished in Naples, 1782 ; in 
Tuscany, 1785. 
, Invocation of the Virgin and Saints began to be practised, 593. 

James's, St. epistle written, 59. 

■' — the festival of instituted, 1089. 

January 30, ordered to be observed as a fast, 1660. 

Jeremiah wrote his Lamentations, 610^. C. 

Jesus Christ was born, Monday, December 25, A.M. 4O04, 
year of £om^ 7^5 ; his baptism by John, and his first minis- 
try, 80 ; celebrated the last passover, and instituted the sacra- 
ment in its room, on Ihursday, April n ; was crucified, April 
a i arose, April 5 ; and ascended, Thuisday, May 1 4 foHowiog, 
in the 83d year of bis age. 

John, St. the baptist's, festival instituted, 488'. 

— ^ the apostle, wrote his epistles, 92. 

>■ - the evangelist, wrote his revelation, 96 ; his gospel, 97 ; 

his festival instituted, 313. 

Joshua, book of, written, 141^ B. C. ' 

Jubilee among the Christians at the end of every century, insti- 
.luted by Pope Boniface VlII, 1300: this was celebrated after- 
wards every ,50 years, by order of Clement VI. Urban VI. re- 
duced it to every 33d year, and Paul 11. to every 25 years, at 
which period it is now fixed. 

Jude, St. wrote his epistle, 71 ; festival instituted, 1030. 

hissing the Pope's foot first practised, 709. 

Knee ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus, 12/5, 

lAtin and Greek churches united, 1004. 

Lent, the fast of, instituted, 142; in Kent, 640. 

Lights fiist used in churches in the' day-time, 409. 

Litanies first used in churches, 443. ^ 

Litany first used in England, in English, 1540. ' 

Liturgy first read in Scotland, 1638. 

Luke, St. wrote his gospel, 55; feast instituted, 11 So. 

jMark, St. wrote his gospel, 44 ; feast instituted, 1090. 

Marriage in Lent forbidden, 354; forbidden the priests, 1015; 
first celebrated in churches, 1226. 

Martin's, St. festival instituted, 612. 

Matthew, St. wrote his gospel, 44. 

Mahomet began to promulgate his opinions, 604. 

Mass first used in Latin, 39^; in t educed into England, 680; 
'elevation required prostration, iJioi.' 



MLiQIMS WnnVTWlHi, ^,' iit: 

Mattiiday Thursday ceremoay commence in 130<. 

Matthias's, St. festival instituted, lOtfO. 

Michael's, St. festival instfCtited, 487. 

Monks fiist associated, U28. 

Nativity of the Virgin Mary ioiUtated, 69s. 

Nicene creed made, 8a>. 

Oigans first used in chuiclies, 791. 

Patronages of churches began, 40d. 

Papal usurpatiDn tooic place, dQJ. 

Pardons at ooronations first granted in. England, lSa7'; 

Passover instituted, Monday, May 4, 1491 $ cdebrated ill tht 
new temple^ April 18, 315 B. C. 

Paul, St. wrote bb first iipistle to the Corinthians, and that to the- 
Galatians, 51 ; first Epistle Co the Thessalonians, 51 ; second 
Epistle, 58 ; second Epistle to the Corinthians, aild that to the 
Fhilippians, Ephesians, Colossian^, and Philemon, 02 ; to the 
Hebrews, 03 1 first Epistle to Timothy, and that to Tites, ^5 y 
second Epistle to Timothy, 60 , festival instituted, 818. 

Penance first enjoined as a puni> hment, 157- ^ 

Pentateuch, or the live books of Moses, written, 1453 iefof 

Christ. 
Pentecost established, 08.. . 

Peter, St. wrote his first Epistle^ 6q ; his second Cpisde, ee.. 
— pence first granted to the Pope, eet . 
-*— , St. and Paul's festival instituted, 8 J 3. 
•— ^, St.. ad Vincula's festival instituted, 81 7^. 
PSz, or Box, to4:ontain the Host, ordered by the Latenn eeenoQ/ 

iai5. 
Pope, the title of, formerly given to all bishops. TbeEmperery. 
in 606, confined it to the bishops of Rome, and then their 
power began ; Hygenus was the flfrst bishop of Rome th^ 
took the title, 154.— Leo I. elected May H), 440 ; died, 46U 
The Pope's supremacy over the Christian church first esta-- 
blished by Boniface III. G07.»The custom of kissing the 
Pope's toe introduced, 708.«-Pope Stephen HI. was the first, 
who was caitied to the Later^n on men's shoulders, 75g. ' 
THe Pope's temporal grandeur cemmehced, 755 <*>-Ser|nus II. 
was the first Pope that changed bis name on his election, 844. 
Johli XIX. a layman, made Pope by dint of money, 1<>94.>«»- 
The first Pope that kept an army was Leo IX. 1054 —Their 
assumed authority carried to such excesses as to excommuni- 
cate and depose sovereigns, and to claim the presentations of 
aU church benefices, by Gregory VI 1. and bis successors, from 
1073 to 1^00. — Pope Gregory obliged Henry IV. Emperor of 
Germany, to stand three days, in the depth of winter, bare- 
footed, at his ca8tl6-gate, to implore his pardon, tOT7. ■ ■■*■ 
Pope's legate caught in bed with a prostitute, 1 19&—- A^ 
Celestine III. kicked the Emperor Henry iV.'s crown* efff Mt 
head, . while kacehnfi^ te^ shew his px^Kogativr ef .tmddnv ilkA . 
• 3 



174 RELiqiOyS(|N3TITUTIQNi»»^^^ 

unmaking kings, 1191.^Tbe Pop^fi authority 6rst i|itio. 
ducedinto (England, 1079; abrogated' by parliaoicnty 1534. 
The Pope demanded an annual sum for every cathedral and 

— monastery in Christendom, but refused, 1226.-^Dollected the 
tenths of the whole kungdom of Eugland, 123G. — ^Residence 
of the Popes removed to Avignon, where it continued 70 
years, 1308. — ^Their demand, on England refused by parlia- 
jnent, 1363. — Three at ene time, aU pretending tu infallibi- 
lity, in 1414.— -Leo X. made a cardinal at 14 years old; 
elected Pojie, March 11, 1513, aged 36 ; died, 1521.— -Cle- 
tnent VII. b«:gan to reign, who brought pluralities to their 
consummation, making his nephew, Hippulito, Cardinal de 
Medici^, commendatory universal, granting Co., him all tbe 
vacant beueBces in the warlcL fur six months, and appoiiit- 
iug him usufructuary from the first day of his possession, 

1523. — Rome sacked, and Clement imprisoned, 1527. 

Moved their resiJeMce to Avignon, 1531.— The ord Pope 
struck out of all English books, 1541.— Kissing the Pope's 
toe, and some other ridiculous ceremonies, abolished, and 
; the order of Jesi^its su])presse!d by tlie late Pope Clement XIV. 
l^T3.-*-Vi8ited Vienna, to solicit the Emperor in favour o£ 

the church, March 1782.— Suppressed monaneries 1782, 

Destittfte of all political intfueuce in Europe, 1787. — Burot 
in effigy in Paris, l^Iay 4, l^Ol. — Made submission t«» the 
French Republic, 1796.— Expelled Rome, Feb. 15, 1798. 

Praying toward the jEast first ordained by the Pope, 632. * 

Prostratioii at the elevation of the Mass ordained, 1201, 

Protestantism tolerated in Germany, 1624 ; in Bohemia, 1707. 

|?i»alms of David translated by Sternholu and Hopkins, 1552. 

Purgatory, the doctrii^ of, invented^ 250 j introduced iuto the 
church, 593. 

Purification of the Vii^gin, festival of appointed, 542. 

Purple, the, giving the Cardinals by Paul II. 1465. 

Reformation began, 1330; completed, 1547. 
> Registers, parochial, first appointed, 1538. 
. Religious houses dissolved in England by parliaqnent, 1537 5 in 

• Germany, by the Emperor Joseph, in 1782 and 1785. 

Rosary, or heads, first used in Romish prayers, 1093. 
.Sabbatical year, the first, 1451 B. C. 

Sapctuaries instituted, 617- 

Scriptures ordered to be read in monasteries in Britain^ ^46. 

Septuagint said to have been found in a cask, 217. 

Shaving of priests first introduced, IG9. 
< ..Simoti^ St. and Jude's festival first instituted^ 1090. 

Sjnging in churches established, 67. ^ ~ . 

..i^uiomon wrote bis Ecclesiastes, 981 B* C 
5 itfousors first instituted, 130. ' ' 

k^t^^ding at the reading of ihe gospel introduced, 406.' 
;. ^,u|Sf jnacx of ^ Pu{t«f Above the IjUnper^r introdiwed, 607. 



REU<n(»tS OF EBRf^P£AN:STATfi^. \^j. 

Surplices first used in churches, 31^ . 

Talmud, the, made, il7 B. C. 

Tenths of church livings first collected in England, 1S2?. 

Thomas's, St. festival instituted, 1130. 

Tithes given hv Moses to the tribe of Levi, 1490 B. C. ; first 

granted to the church in England, 786 ; established by law 

by the Lateran council, 1200. 

first collected in England, 750. 

Transfiguration, festival of, first ob^rvcd, 70D. 
Transubstantiation opposed by the English ohurcb, about 1000 j 

received it between 1000 and 1066. 
Trtuity, the word first applied to the persons o! the Godhead^ 

150; festival instituted, 635. 

' Sunday appointed by Pope John, 1334, 
Unction, extreme, practised in the first century ; in commooi 

use, 550. 
Uniformity took place in England, 166S. 
Visitativn of the Virgin, festival of the, instituted, '1389. 
Vulgate edition of the Bible discovered,- 218. ~ . 

W^er mixed with wine in the Sacramt^iit, first introduced 

122. ' 
Whitehall preachers appointed, March 17, 1724. 
WhKsuntide festival instituted, 81.^. 
Worshipping images introduced into' England, 763 ; forbidden 

in Hungary, 1785. 



RELIGIONS PF EUROPEAN. STATES. 

Austria (an empire). Papists. 

Bavaria (a kingdom). Papist*. 

Bohemia (a kingdooi), Papists and Lutherans. 

Brandenburgb (amarquisate), Lutherans, Calviuists, and Pa- 
pists. 

BiUBswick (a dukedom), Lutherans. 

Cologn (an archbishopric), Papists. 

Courland (a dukedom), Papists and P. otestauts. 

Denmark (a kingdom), Lutherans. 

England (a kingdom), dmrefa oj^fingiand'f and all others. 

France (nn empire). Papists. 

Genoa (a republic), and the Jews tolerated. 

Germany (empire), Panists, Lutherans, and Galvinists. 

Greece (part of Turkey), Mahometans, Jews, &c. 

Hanover (a dukedom)', Lutherans, Calvinists, ftc. 

Hesse' Cassel (h landgraviate), Luthevaas, C&lviiusts> and Pa- 
pists. - • '. 



V($ HfiLTGIOUS 0RBlSlt5> SECTS, &c« 

Holland (a kingdom), Calvmtsts, Papists, Ac. tolerated. 

Hungary (a kingdom), Papists and Protestants. 

Ireland (alcmgdom), all relig;ions tolerated. 

Italy (a kiugtiooiV Papists. 

Lucua (a republic), Pipists. 

Malta (an island) , Papists. 

Mantua (a dakeilom), Papists. 

Mecklenlmrgfa Schwerin (a dukedom), Lutherans. 

Mecklenborgh Strelitz (a dukedom), Lutherans. 

Milan (a dukedom), Papists. 

Modena (a dukedom), apists» 

Naples (a kingdom), Papists. 

Norway (a kingdom), Lutherans. 

Osnaburgh (a bishopricj. Catholics and Protestants. 

I^alatine (a prfncipality), Papists and Lutherans. 

Parma and Placentia (i dukedom), Papists. 

Piedmont (a principality), Papists. 

Portugal (a kingdom), Papists. 

Prussia (a kingdom), Lutherans, Calvini<?ts, and Papists. 

Russia (an empire), Greeks, Calvinists, and Lutherans. , 

Sardinia (a kingdom). Papists. 

Savoy Ta dukedom). Papists. 

Saxony (a kingdom)^ Papists and Lutherans. 

Scotland (a kingdom), Presbyterians, Episcopacy tolcsated. 

Siberia (m the Russian empire), Greeks and Armenians, 

Sicily (an island), Papists. 

Spain (a kingdom). Papists. 

Sweden (a kingdom), Lutherans, Popeiy albolished, 1544. 

Swisserland Cantons (a republic), six are ProtfcsUpts, seven are 
Papists. 

Tartary (an empire, partly in Europe), Armenian^ Mahome- 
tans, and Greeks. 

Triers (an archbishopric), PiqMSts. 

Turkey (an empire, partly in Europe), Mahometans, Jews, 

and Christians. 
Tuscany (a dukedom)^ Papists. 

United Provinces of North America (a republic), Prot^tants,. 
&c. 
- Venice (a republic), Papists, Greeks,, aad-Jews. 



wfisBaBOSBsm- 



RELIGIOUS .ORDERS* SECTS, &c. 

AbSTINENTS, a sect that 4Mgan 170. 
-Adamhes, aaeet of .heretics, bc^aii i30^ 9&mfffi^»,ll^^^ 
Agnacobites, fanatics, began, 701. 
Aihigenses bad ^letr origin^ 1 160U . 



KELIGIOUS ORDERS, SECTS, &c. 177 

Anabaptists began, 1525; arrived in E&el^nd. 1549. 

Anchorites began, 1255. 

Angeii<e», ajwjct of heretics, A. D. 4S4. , 

Antinomian sect began, 1538. . ' 

Antonines began, 32^. 

Arian sect began, 290. ' 

Armenian heretics began, 1229. 

AuJr»wtines began, 389 ; first appeared in England, 1250. 

Bartholomites, sect of, founded at Genoa, 1307. 

— suppressed by Pope Innocent X. 1650. ' 

^rnabites, foundation of, in France, 1^33. 

Basil's, St. began, 354. - 

Begging friars established in France, 15^7. 

Beguines began, 1208. 

Benedictines founded, 548. 

Bethlemitesbegany 1248. 

Bonhomraes began, 1257. 

Bohemian brethren, the sect of, began iH Bohemia, 1467. 

Bngentines began, 1370. 

Brownists, sect began, 1660. 

Calvinists,- sect began, 1546. 

Canons regular began, 400. 

Capuchins began, 1525. - ^ 

Cardinals, began, 953} red hats given them, 12425 the purple, 
1464 ; the title 0/ Eminence, 1644. 

Carmelites began, 1 14 1 . 

Carmes established in France, 1254. 

Carthusians began, 1084. 

Catharine's, St. began, 1373. 

Cele>tines began, 1272. 

CbapHnes began, 1284. 

Cistertians began, J 094, 

Ciaraval began, 1 1 14. 

Crossed fnars began,. 1170. ~ 

T)ominicians began, 1215. 

riagellantes, the sect of, arose, 1259. 

Franciscans began, 1206 ; settled in England, 1217- 

Grey friars began, 1122. ^ 

Hermits began, 1257; revived, 1425. 

Holy Trinity began, J 2 1 1 . 

Humbled began, 1164. 

Jacobites began, 1198. . 

•lesuans began, 1367. 

Jesuits' society began, 1536; expelled England, 1604; Vf^nic^, 
1606; Portugal, September 1759} France, May 5, 1602} 
Spain, 1767 } Naples, 1768; Rome and Prussia, 1773; order 
abolished, Aug. 17, 1773; in Prussia and other states, 17J6j 
revived in Russia, 1784. ' , » • 

Jesus, the sistefs of, society bfgan, 1626. 

Lollards began, 1313. ' * *' - . • 



178 TrrUpS OF HOHOUA, *c.. 

Lutheran sect becaQ> 15)7. 

Mahometan sect began, 622. 

Manichees sect began, :U3, 

Methodism commenced, 1734, 

Mi nimes began, )450, 

Minors begaif, 1009. 

Monks first associated, 328. 

MoBavians, or Unitof Ffatrum^ appeared in Bohemia. 1457; in 

England, 1737. 
Muggletoniant sprung from L, Miiggleton, a joumgrmaa tay- 

lofy 1647* 
Ophites began, 187. 
Orebites began, 1422. 
IVlapan sect began, 382. ' ^ ' 
Penitent women began^ 1494. 
Poor women began, 1212. 
Predestinarian sect began, 371. 
Protestants began, 1529. 
Puritans be^an, 1545. 
Publican sect came first to England, 11^2. 
Quakers sect began, 1650. 
Quietists began, 16B5. 
Repentants began, J3$0. 
Sacramantaiians began^ 87^ 
Swedenbergians sect began, 1780. 
Theaiins founded, 1594; established at Parifii 1^44. 
Trinitarians, order of, instituM# 1 1^8. 
Tiltheites arose, 560. 
Ubiquarian sect began, 1540. 
Unitarians began, 1553. 
^ Ursnlines established, 1198. 
Valley began, 1218. ' 
White coats began, 1396. 
"White monks ^gan, 1319. 
Whippers began, 1055. 



MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS KNIGHTS, ANP TITLES 
OF HONOUR. 

AdMIRAT., the first in England, 1297. 

— high, the first in England, 1387; held by commission 

since Nov. 1709. 
^diles first created at Rome, 971 B. C. 
Alcantara, order of knightheod instituted, 1160. . 
Alexander, St. knighthood began in Russia, nOO. 



TITLES or HbNOUR, &c. I7d 

Aldermen of London first »ppolnted| 1243. </ 

Amaranta, order of knighthood in Sweden, began 1653. 
Andre^y St. Order of knighthood instituted in Scotland, 809 ; 

renewed iu Seotland, 1452, 1605; in Russia, 1698. 
Angelic knights of $t, George were instituted in Greece, 456. 
Anthony, St. in Hainault, order of knighthdo^ began in Ger* 

many, 1S8S ; in Ethiopia, 357* 
Annunciation order instituted in SUvoy, 1362. 
Annunciade, ^f St« Michael, order of knighthood, began in 

Mantua, 1 61 8. 
Argonauts, the, of St. Nicholas, order of knighthood^ began in 

Naples, 1383. 
Avis, order of knigbthoodi. began in Portugal, 1147. 
Band, order of knighthood, instituted in Spain, 1232. 
Bannerets first created in England, 1300; renewed by Henry 

VII. 1485. 
Baron, the title first by patent in England, 1388. 
Baronets first created in England, 1611. ' 
— — - of Nova. Scotia first created, 1625. 
Bath, order of knighthood instituted in l^ngland at the coronA« 

tion of Henrv IV. 1399; renewed 1725. 
Bear, order of knighthood began in Switzerland, 1213. 
Black Eagle, order of knighthood in Prussia, instituted, 1701* 
Blaxe, St. o^der of knighthood at Aeon, bccan 1250. 
Blood of Christ, order began in Mantua, loOd. 
Branderkbui^gh had its first Marquis, 925. 
Brictan, orcSr of knighthood, began in Sweden, 1366. 
Broom Flower, order of knis^lithood in France, began 1234. 
Brotherly Love, order of knighthood, began 1708. 
Burgundian cross, order of knighthood, began 1535. 
Calatrava, order of knighthood, instituted in Spain, 11^6. 
Carpet, order of, made in England, 1553. 
Catbarine, St. order ot knighthooil, began in Palestine, 1063. 

• : — St. order of, in Russia, began 1715. 

Catholic Majesty, the title of,^given the King of Spain by the 

Pope, 739. 
Censors first erected :Lt Rome, 413 B. C. 
Champion' of England first used, 1377- 

Christ, order of knighthood, l)egan in Portugal, 1319; in Li- 
vonia, 1203. 
Cltristi.in (;harity, order of knl;;1itbood, began in France, 1590. 
. ....I. King, the title first given Lewis IX. of France, 1469; 

annulled by the National Assembly, 1791. 
Cincinnatus, order begnn in America, 1783. 
Common-council of London first appointed, 1208. 
Commissioners of sewers first appointed, 1425. 
Conception of the Virgin, order began, I619. 
Concord, order of knighthood, began in Brandenbnrgh, 1669. 
Consuls fiur9t made at Rome, 307 B, C 
Cornwall, the first' duke of, 1337. 



18» TITLES OF HONOUR, ite. 

Coroners officers of the realm in $25» 
Creation by patents to thies fii-st used by Edward XW 1344. 
Crescent, order of khigbthood, be^an in Naples^ 1448. 
Crown royal, order of knis^bthood, began in France, 802. 
Decemviri, first creation of, 450 B. C, 

Defender of tbe Faitb, tbe title of, given to tbe King wf Eng- 
land, 1520, ' 
Dennis, St. order began in France, 1267. 
Dey of Tunis first appointed, IMO. 
Dictators began at Rome, 498 H. C. 
Doctor's degrt-e began in England, 1607. 
Dog, order of knighthood,* began 1070. 
Don, a title first taken by the King of Spaio^ 759. 
Dove of Castile, order of knighthood, began 1379.' 
Dragon, order of knighthood, in Hungary, began 1413. 
Diike, title of, first given in lEngland to Edward, son of Edward 

III. March 17, 1336. 
Duke, Grand,' the title first given to the Dukes of Tuscany by 

Pius V. 1570. 
Duke, first created in Scotland, 1399. 
Ear of corn, order, began in Britanny, 10.50. 
Earl first used by King Alfred in 9&, as a substitute for that 

of King. 
Earl, the first created in England, Oct. 14, 1066. 
Earl-Marshal, the fifst in England, 1383. 
Electors of Germany began, 1298. 

Elephant^ order of knighthood, begah in Denmark, 1478. 
Eminence, the title of, first given to Cardinals, 16M4. 
Ennine, order of knighthood, began in France, 1450 ; in N.i- 

ples, 1463. 
Esquire, first used to persons of fortune not attendants on 

knights, 134.^. 
Garter, order, began April 23, 1349 ; alteration in, 1557, and 
1788. It IS remarkable, that this is the only order which 
has been granted to foreiga princes'. Ofthis illustrious order 
there have been — 

Eight Emperors of Germany, 
Five Kings of France, 
Three Kings of Spain, 
One King of Arragon, 

Seven Kings of Portugal : '- 

One King of Poland, 
' ' Two Kings of Sweden, 
Six Kings of Denmark, 
Two Kings of Naples, 
One King of Sicily and Jerusalem, 
One King of Bohemia, v 

Two Kings of Scotland, 
Five Princes of Orange, 
And ^4 foreign Electors, Dukes, Margraves, ^^nd'Couiits. 



flTLES OF HONOUR, «c. isi 

Garter, King of Arms, first appointed in England, 14 iO. 

Gen net, ofd.er pf kni<^bcjioo^, btegan in France, ^-I'O i in ^pain* 

190. 
Generosity, order Of knighthoo4 in Brandenb-urgh, began 168 &• 
Gens d'Arms order bcgan^ 36Q. 
Gfmlemen, ihe ftrst use of the dUtinction, 14:30. 
George, St. order begjin in Cartnthia, 137a ; in Spain, 1313; 
in England, 1349; in Austit4f U70 i at Rome» 1430 i iQ 

Genoa, tinic univoowh ; in, V^cnlce, 120». 
George, St. d'AIiama, order of kiiighthood, began 120i. 
Geron, St. order ot knighthood in Germany, began 11^4, 
Gladiators,'' ord^ of, began in Uvonia, 1204. 
Golden Fleece, order of knighthood, beg;an in Flanders, 1^32, 

Shield and Thistle, order began, l37o. 

High Constable of Ecgland^ the title discontitiued but on par* 

licular occasions, 1521, 
Holy Ghost, order of knighthood, began in France, l4S8i re- 
stored, Jan. ly 1559; abJished, 17QI ; at Rome, i19Sl« 
Holy Trinity, oider of knighthao4, began lau. 
Ho>pitallers, order of knighthood, began I0c^7. 
Hubert St. in Juliers, order of knighthood, be^gan in Gexmany, 

147a. 
James, St. Order of knighthood, began in Spain» 1030; in P^/^ 

gal, 1310; in Holland, 1'29Q. 
Je^us Christ, order of knighihood, began in France, JiQOj ia 

Ramie, 1^20. . ' 

John, St. and St. Thonias, of Aeon, order began, \.358. 
— • — , St. of Jerusalem, order began, 1099 » ren^oved to Rho^le ; 

130O ; to Malta, 15-22 ; suppressed in England, 1540. ^ 
Julian, St. of Alcant^tra, order of knighthood in Spain, beg4(i 

U70, ■ 
King of England, the title first used, 820; of Ireland, 1542 j of 

Great Britain, 1605. 
of France, the title assumed by the king of England, and his 

arms quartered with the English, and the motto *' Dieu ec 

Man Droit,*' j^rst used, Feb. '21, 1340. Relinquished, Jan. }, 

1801 ; 
— of the French began, 1791 ; abolished, 1792. 
Knighthood first used (n England, i<97. 
— , all its orders abolished in France, July 30, 1791, by 

the National Assembly. 
Knot, order of knighthood, began in Naples, 1U51. 
La Calza, order of knighthood, 'began in V'enice, 1 aq% 
La Scarpa, order of knighthood in Spain, began U^q, 
^Lazarus, St. order of knighthood, began 36ri, 
Lily of . Navarre, order ol' knighibuod, begun 1048;, of AffUgop, 

began 140=3. 
Lord High Constable, the office h^t^itdxy till M^X^ 
Lord High Steward, the tirst appointed for a doronation was 

ThoQUS^'sqcond son of >iemy IV. ^ the firsi fos. thw uiai of 
R 



^4»9 TITfcfiS OF HOKOUR, &c 

a peer, vns Edward, E^rl of Devon, on (he afnigunent of 
John, earl of Huntingdon, in the same reign. 
'Lnsd Lieutenants of counties io&ututctf, July 34, 154Q. 

Lord Steward of the Household, so ^•called since 1540 ; before he 
was stiled Grand Master of the Household. 

Lbrettft, order of knji^hthood, begin at Rome, 1587. 

Louis, St. Qidprof kalghihootl, began May 10, 169S j abolish- 
ed 179J. 

.Lord Danes, a title used in London, lOOO. 

Lord Mayors of London first appointed annually, 1308. , 

Majesty, the title used to Henry VIIL of England. 

Malta, knights of, alias Knights 'Hospiullers, alias Knights 
of St. John of Jerusalem ; the foundation of that order laid, by 
opening a house fer the reception of pilgnms at Jerusalem, 
•104 8; became a regular monastic order, ip90, and a military 
Older, 1 1 1 8 ; took Rhodes, aiid were called Knights of Rhodes, 
1310 ; being expelled from thence by the Turks, the' Emperor 
Charles V. gave them the island of Malta, 1523, and they were 
called Kuightsof Malta; expelled England, 1540; did great 
^ezploits against the Infidels, 1595 ; conspiracy at Malta to de^ 
troy the whole order, for which 125 Turkish slaves suficfcd 
death, June 20, 1749. 

Marian Knights. See Teufonie Order. 

Mark, St. order began at Venice, 800; revived, 1562. 

Mary, $t. the Glorious, order of knighthood, began in Italy* 
1233 ; at Rome, 1618. 

Mary, St. de Merced^ order of knighthood, begai\ in Spain* 

1218. ' , ' ^ 

'Mary.Theresa^ or Royal order for Ladies in Spam, instituted 

1792. 
Marshals of France institute, 1430; abolished, 179I. 
Martyrs, the order of knighthood, in Palestine, began 183 0* 
Master of the ceremonies first appointed, ieo3. 
Mauritians* order of kiiighthood began in Savoy, 1490; restored* 

157*3. 
' 'Merit, a hiilitary order of knighthood in Prussiai inrtitutcd, 9^30. 
'Michael, St. oider of knighthood, began in Frahcc* 1460 ; in 

Germany, ICIS; in Naples, time unknown. 
Montrjia, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1223. 
Mo<44, oTder of knighthoo<}, began in Sicily, 1464. 
^lountjoy, order of knighthood, began I6t5; ceased, 1221. 
NVble Passion, order of knighthood, in Saxe Wels^enfels, lin^tfL 

1704. 
»Oak of. NaVarre, order of knighthood, began in Spain, ;7,^H. 
.OrdoDisciplinarum, order of knighthood in Bohq^oia, began *^ 

the Emi*eror Sigisraund. 
.Our Lady and St. George of Montesa, order of knighthofri in 

Spain, 1317. 
Passion of Jesus Christ, Order of kntghihood in France, be^aa 1382* 
Patrick, St. order of, in lreland,,bc|;.an I;cb. 25^ i;83. 



riTLES OF ttONOUK, l-c. 183 

Paul, St. ofdtr of knighthood, began at Rome, 1540. 

Peers of France began, 778 ; abolished 1790. 

Peers, twelve created at once by Gtaeen Anne, 17 U ; 00 made In 

seven ycai » precedini^, 1 7n 8 . 
Peter, St. order ot knigj^chood, began in Rome,'l5!aD. 
Pius otier of knighihood, at Rome, began i50O. ' 
Poet Laureat, the first in England, 1487. 
Pope, the title first assumed, 154. 
Porcupine, order of knighthood, began in France, 1393. 
Portglave order, began in Livonia, i ly^. 
Precious Blood. See Blood of Christ. 
Re^lempticn, order of knighthood, began lau. 
Red Eagle, in Prussia, revived, 179*2. ' 

Round Table, order of knighthood, began, 510; revived, 1844. 
Rosary, order of knighthood, began in Spain, time uncertain* 
Rupert, St. order of knighthood, began in Gfrmany, I7aa. 
Saviour, St. order cf knighthood, began in Spain, 1118. 
Secretaries of State first appointed, 1 530. 
Sepulchre, order of knighthood, begarv in Palenttnc, 1093. , 
fieraphitns, order of knightbood, b^n in Swedes, I<dd4. 
Sh^rifl^ first appointed, 1079. 

in London first appointed, 1189* 

Ship, order of knighthood, began 125-2. 

— «- and Double Crescent, order of Itnighthood, began in France, • 

1909. 
Sincerity, order of knighthood, in Saxony, began 1090. 
Slaves of Virtue, order of knighfhood, in Germany, ^began 1001* 
Star, order of knighthood, in France disused, 1455. 
Stephen, St. order of knighthood, began at Florence, 1561. 
Swan, order of knighthood, in Cleves, time immemorial^ 
Sworn, ofder of knighthood, in Cyprus, began 1 495 ; in Sweden 

in 1529. 
Templars, Knights, th)( first hiitttary order established, ni8; 

all of tliem arrested in France in one day, being charged with 

enormous crii^^es and j^eatridies, when 59 of them were burnt 

iHvc in Paris, Oct. 13, 1807 5 destroyed by Philip of France^ 

1842 
Teste Mofti, «»rder of knighthood, in Wirtcmburg, began lOSi. 
Teutonic, or Marian order, began 119*2; abolished, 1832$ re* 

vived in" Prussia, 1592. 
Thistle, order began, 6IQ ; instituted, 1540; revived, if^, 
-— — of Bourbon, order began, 1370. 
Thomas, St. or St. John of Aeon, the same. 
Titles of Families abolished in France, 1790. 
Tribune? of the people began at Rome, 495 j military ones, with 

consular powers created, 445 B. C. 
Trinitarians, order in Spain began, 1594. 
Truxillo, order of knighthood began in Spain, 1397. 
United Ladies for the Honour of the Cioss, order Of knighthOod 

in Gt^rmany, began 1600. 



U4 ENGLISH SOVEllEIGNS. 

Virgin of Mount Carmel, order began in France, 1G07. 

•• Mary, order of knightbqod, began i«2Sa. 

■ ■ the most Glorious, order of knighthood, beg;an at 

-Vrscount, the first in EnRlanti, Feb. 1*2, 1440. 
Wales, prince of, title began, liSl. , 
"Warfare of Christ, order ot knighthood, began in Whit^RuFSia, 

i:ja5 ; in Poland, i;o5. 
Wing of St. Michael, order of knighthcod, began in Portugal, 

ll«5. 
Woidimer, St. order of knighthood, established in Russia, 1682. 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



n 



EFOIR the Romans came into this island, the Britons, who 
then possessed the country, were divided into several nations^ 
each of them governed by their own kings : and when Britain 
became a member of the Tcmaa empire, many of their tribes 
had their pioper kings, who were suffered to govern by their 
own laws, provided they were tributary. Such were C'-ogitk^niss 
«nd Prastitagus mentioned by TfC^tus. Lucius, who is said to 
be the first Christian king died in V81, and left the K-oman 
empire heir to his kingdom ; and Coilus, the father of Helena, 
mother of Constantine the -Great. After the Romana bad 
quitted BrUi^in, upon the irruption of the Ooths into Italy, during 
the reign of Honorius, that is, in 410, the regal goveinmeivt 
teturned to the Briions, who chose for their l-ing Constantine, 
brother of Aldroinus king of Biitanny, in France, a prince of 
the British blrod, to whom succe< ded Con«^tantine, his son ; 
then V ortigern, who usurped the crown ; but.Mng harassed by 
the Scots and Picts in 448, to maintain f) is usurpation first 
called in the Saxons, at that time \^>yetmg a'ong (he coa^t of 
Britain, in 440. '1 hese havit^ got sure footing in the island,^ 
never left the l:ritons quiet till they were posses^^ed of the whole. 
VVnd though they were overthrown in many bittties by king Vor- 
timer, the son and colleague of Vortigern, and afterwards by 
king Arthur, yet the Britons were, sown after his death, so 
broken and wet^kcned, tliat they were foired at last to retreat, 
and exchange the fertile and plain part of Bi-itain for the moun- 
tains of Wales CHdwallader, the last king of the Britons, bcean 
to reiiiji 683, killed in battle Lothair, king of Kent; and Ethel- 
w<>td, king of the West Saxons, turned monk, and died at 
Pome. Thus the Biiious left the stpge and the Saxoos entered. 
By these the country was divided into seven kingdoms, called the 
He) tarchy ; Kent, the first kingdom, was in Julius Caesar's 
' time, the sovereignty of four petty princes, and never jcalled a 
iNngdom till Hcngtst erected it into one. 



T 185 ] 

The year of the Rei$n of the Sovinreig^ns of En^and,- corres- 
pondin^ with the year of Christ, frum 1066 to 1809. 

W. Conq. 
Oct. 14. 

I 1066 

8 1067 

3 )06>i 

4 I06d 

5 1070 

6 1071 

7 1072 

8 1073 

9 1074 
10 1075 
U 1076 
12 1077 
U 1078 

14 1079 

15 108U 

16 1081 

17 1089 

18 1083 

19 1084 
go 1085 
31 1086 
S3 1087 



W.Rufus, 
Sept. 9> 

i 1087 

5 1088 

3 1089 

4 1090 

6 1091 

6 1092 

7 1093 

8 1094 

9 1095 
10 10^6 
41 1097 
13 1098 

13 1099 

14 llOO 

Henry I. 
A«g. I, 
vl .1100 

di 1101 

3 1103 



1 * 


110 J 


13 


1146 


36 


il89 


9 1224 


^ 


1104 


13 


1147 


.— > 


«—«-. 


la 1335 


6 


1105 


14 


1148 


Rich. 1. 


1 1 132^ 


7 


1106 


15 


1149 


Ju 


iy9. 


13 1327 


8 


M07 


16 


1150 


I 


1189 


13 1338 


9 


1108 


^l 


1)51 


3 


1190 


14 1229 


10 


1109 


l1^ 


1153 


3 


1191 


15 1230 


11 


llIO 


19 


1153 


4 


1192 


16 1231 


13 


lUl 


20 


1154 


5 


1193 


17 1233 

18 .1233 

19 1234 


13 
14 


1U2 
1113 






^ 


1194 
1195 


Henry II. 


7 


15 


1114 


Oct. 25, 


8 


1196 


20 1235 


16 


1115 


1 


1154 


9 


1197 


21 1236 


17 


1116 


3 


1155 


10 


1198 


23 1237 


18 


1117 


3 


1156 


11 


1199 


33 123« 


19 
20 


1118 
1119 


4 
5 


1157 
1158 






34 1239 

35 1340 


John. 


31 


1130 


6 


1159 


April $, 


36 1241 


32 


1131 


7 


1160 


1 


1199 


37 1243 


23 


1122 


8 


1161 


3 


1200 


28 .1245 


34 


1123 


9 


1162 


3 


1201 


29 1244 


25 


1124 


10 


U63 


4 


1202 
1303 


30 1245 


36 


1125 


11 


1164 


5 


31 1246 


37 


1136 


13 


1)6.^ 


6 


1204 


32 1247 


38 


tl]27 


13 


1166 


7 


1205 


33 ,124i5 


39 


1128 


14. 


1167 


8 


1206 


34 124e 


30 


1129 


15 


1168 


9 


1207 


35 1250 


31 


1130 


16 


1169 


10 


1208 


36 1251 


32 


1131 


17 


1170 


11 


1209 


37 1253 


33 


1132 


18 


1171 


13 


1210 


38 1253 


34 


1133 


19 


1173 


13 


,1211 


39 1254 


35 


1134 


30 


1173 


14 


1212 


40 1355 


36 


1K)5 


21 


1174 


15 


1213^ 


41 1356 






•32 


U75 
1176 


16 
17, 


1214 
13; 5 


42 1257 

43 1358 


Stephen. 


33 


Dec. 2. 


34 


1177 


18 


1216 


44- 1359 


1 
3 


1185 
IIS6 


25 

26 


1178 
1179 






45 1260 

46 1261 


Hen. 111. 


3 


U$7 


37 


1180 


Oct. 19, 


47 1263 


4 


lUB 


28 


1181 


1 


1216 


48 1263 


5 


1139 


39 


1183 


3 


1217 


49 1264 


6 


1140 


30 


1183 


3 


1318 


50 1265 


7 


1141 


31 


1184 


4 


12)9 


51 1266 


» 


.1142 


33 


1185 


^ 


1220 


53 126T 


9 


Ji^a 


33 


1196 


^6 


1231 


1)3 ^368^ 


10 


iil44 


34 


1187. 


7 


iim 


54 1369 


U 


U45 


35 


1188 


8 


1333 


55 IS<0 



Ii3 



•[ 186 ] 



5« ICTl 


6 


1312 


32 


1357 


H^n 


.IV. 


17 


1438 


57 1278 


7 


13ia 


83 


135H 


Sep 


. 29, 


18 


1439 




8 
. 9 


1314 

rii5 


34 
35 


1359 


1 


l'^99 


)Q 


1440 
1441 


I'A^M I 


13 BO 


2 


moo 


20 


Nov. 16, 


10 


in 6 


36 


1361 


»^1401 


21 


1442 


I l-'ni 


Tl 


1317 


^7 


1362 


4 


1402 


22 


.1443 


2 1 273 


12 


1318 


38 


1363 


5 


1403 


23 


i444 


3 1274 


13 


1319 


39 


1364 


6 


1404 


24 


1445 


4 1275 


14 


1320 


40 


1365 


7 


1405 


25 


1446 


5 1276 


15 


1321 


41 


1366 


8 


1406 


26 


1447 


6 1?77 


ir> 


1322 


42 


1367 


9 


1+07 


27 


1448 


7 1278 


17 


13-f3 


43 


1368 


10 


1408 


28 


1449 


8 1279 


18 


•1324 


44 


1369 


11 


1409 


29 


1450 


9 J2fi0 


19 


1325 


45 


1370 


12 


1410 


30 


1451 


10 V>81 


20 


1326 


46 


1371 


13 


1411 


31 


U5« 


n 1282 


«-_ 




47 


1372 


U 


1412 


32 


1453 


12 12N3 

13 12S4. 


E'w. III. 
Jan. '25, 


48 
49 


1373 
1374 






33 
34 


14.H 
1455 


Hppiy V. 


U 1285 


1 


1326 


50 


1375 


Mar. 20. 


5 


1456 


15 12^6 


2 


1527 


51 


1376 


1 


1412 


56 


14:.7 


16 1287 


3 


1328 


52 


1377 


■2 


1413 


37 - 


14.58 


17 1288 


4 


1329 


_ 





3 


14;4 


38 


U5S^ 


18 1289 


5 


1330 


Rich, 11. 


4 


1415 


39 


1460 


19 '1290 

20 1291 


6 


1331 
1332 


June 2, 
*1 13(77 


5 

6 


1416 
1417 






KHw. IV. 


21 129« 


« 


1333 


2 


1378 


7 


1418 


Mn 


rrh4. 


22 1293 


9 


13r4 


3 


1379 


8 


141^ 


1 


14*^0 


23 1294 


10 


1335 


4 


1380 


9 


n2a 


2 


1461 


24 1295 


11 


1336 


>5 


1381 


10 


1421 


3 


14(2 


25 1296 


12 


1337 


•6 


1382' 


11 


1422 


4 


1463 


26 1297 
S7 1298 


13 
14 


1338 

1339 


7 
8 


1383 
1384 






5 
6 


14f.4 
1465 


Her 


.VI. 


28 1299 


15 


1340 


9 


13«5 


Ang 


'31, 


7 


1466 


29 1300 


16 


1341 


TO 


1386 


1 


1422 


8 


1467 


30 1301 


17 


1342 


11 


1387 


2 


1423 


9 


1468 


31 1302 


18 


1343 


12 


1388 


3 


1424 


10 


146^ 


32 1303 


19 


1344 


13 


1389 ^ 


4 


1425 


11 


1470 


33 1304 


90 


1345 


14 


1390 


5 


1426 


12 


1471 


34 1305 


21 


1346 


15 


1391 


6 


1427 


13 


1472 


35 1306 


22 


1347 


.16 


1392 


7 


1428 


14 


1473 


36 130^7 


23 


1348 


17 


1393 


8 


1429 


15 


1474 




24 

25 


1349 
1350 


18 


1394 
1395 


9 

10 


14.30 
1431 


16 
17 


1475 

1476 


Edw. n. 


19 


July 7. 


26 


1351 


2« 


1396 


tl 


1432 


18 


1477 


1 J 307 


27 


1352 


21 


1397 


12 


1433 


19 


147S 


2 1308 


2g 


1353 


22 


1398 


13 


1434 


20 


\4r,9 


3 1309 


29 


1354 


23 


1399 


.14 


1435 


21 


1480 


4 131G 

5 1311 


30 


1355 






15 
46 


1436 
14d9 


oo 


1481 
1483 


31 


1356 






h 



24 I4S3 

E.lw. V 
April 9. 

1 14S3 

Rich. III. 
June 'W, 
J 1483 

2 1404 

3 U85 

Hen. VII. 

1 
2 

4 
i 
6 
7 



1485 
148!) 
143^ 
1488 
1489 
1400 
1491 

8 141^2 

9 14.^3 

10 i4P4 

11 1495 

12 1496 

13 14^7 

14 1498 

15 1499 

16 1500 

17 J501 
38 ;302 

19 1503 

20 1504 

21 1505 
2*2 1506 

23 1507 

24 1508 

25 1509 

HeniVIII. 
Wkpril 22, 



1509 
1510 
1511 
151-2 
1513 
1514 
I5i» 



8 


1516 


9 


1517 


10 


1518 


M 


1519 


1*2 


1520 



£ 187 ] 

6 155a 

Rlizab.th 
.Vov. n. 



13 15'2l 

14 1522 

15 ' 1523 

16 15 24 

17 1525 

18 1525 

19 1527 

20 15 '2b 

21 U29 

22 1.V30 

23 1531 

24 i:>;52 

25 1533 

26 15.''4 

27 1535 

28 '1.5;3es 

29 13.:7 

30 15'?8 

31 1539 

32 1540 

33 1 )41 
.■J4 1542 

35 1543 

36 1544 

37 1545 

38 1546 

K'tw. VI. 
Jan. 33. 

1 1546 

2 15*7 

3 1548 
4« 1549 

5 1550 

6 1551 
• 7 1552 

8 1J55 



Q. Mary. 
July 6. 
1 1553 
2' 1554 

3 1555 

4 • 1556 

5 1557 



J 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
Id 
16 
17 
IS 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27^ 
28 
29 
80 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
^38 

r^9 

40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 



558 

5yj 

561 
56'2 
5h3 
564 
p65 
^66 
5i'»7 
56S 
:;69 
570 
571 
572 
57o 
574 
.>75 
576 
577 
578 
579 
580 
581 
582 
583 
^4 
5«5 
586 
587 
583 
589 
590 
591 
592 
5^3 
51^4 
5^5 
596 
597 
598 
599 
600 
601 
602 



James I. 

Mar. 24. 
I 1602 
2^ 1603 
3 l'J04 



1605 
1606 
1907 
1608 
I. .09 
1610 

10 l':ll 

11 fc)I2 

12 161J 

13 1614 

14 1615 

15 1616 

16 1617 

17 1618 

18 I61W 



19 
20 



1620 
1621 



21 1622 

22 ir23 

23 1624 

24 1625 



Clipr!«s 1. 
.May 29. 

1 1625- 

2 16. '.6 

3 1627 

4 1628 

5 1629 

6 16 

7 1631 

8 1632 

9 1633 

10 1634 

11 1615 
12^ 1636 
•13 16S7 

14- 1638 

15 1639 

16 1640 

17 1641 

18 1642 
19- 1643 
SO 1644 



21 1645 

22 TfS46 

23 1647 

24 1643 

Char, U. 
Jh\u y.), 

1 f643 



I649 
1650 
1651 
1652 

t6;,4 

l6-,rf 

10 1657 

11 16.;8 

12 1659 

13 lof.O 

14 1661 

15 1662 

16 16fi3 

17 1664 
13 1665 

19 i66t» 

20 1667 

21 J6.:s 

22 1669 

23 1670 

24 I "7 I 

25 1672 

26 1073 

27 lfi74 
23 1675 

29 1676 

30 1677 

31 1678 

32 1679 • 
83 1580 

34 1681-. 

35 1683 

36 16'8I 

37 1^64 

38 168^ 

James 11;* 
Feb. 6, . 
X l«d5 



Ida 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



i 16S0 


9 


1707' 


2 


1728 


31 


1757 


23 


17M 


3 1087 


7 


1708 


8 


1729 


32 


1758 


24 


1783 


4 1684 


8 


1703- 


4 


1730 


;33 


1759 


25 


1784 





10 


1710 
1711 


5 

6 


1731 
1731 


>i34 


1760 


26 
27 


1785 


' 


178« 


W. & M. 






Feb. 13, 


11 


1712 


7 


1733 


Geo 


.III. 


28 


1787 


I 1688 


13 


1713 


8 


17=34 


Oct 


. 25, 


iO 


1788 


a i68g 


13 


171.4 


9 


1735 


1 


1760 


30 


1789 


a 1690 






10 


1736 


2 


1761 


31 


1790 


.4 1091' 


George I. 


11 


1737 


3 


1763 


33 


1791 


5 1692 


Au£. 1, 


12 


1738 


4 


1763 


33 


1792 


6 I693 


1 


1714 


13 


1739 


5 


1764 


34 


1793 


i 1694 
8 169^ 


3 


L715 
?716 


14 


1740 


6 


1765 


35 


1794 


3 


15 


1741 


7 


17O6 


86 


1795 


9 I696 


4 


I7i7 


Id 


1742 


8 


1767 


a7 


1796 


10 1697 


i 


171S 


17 


1743 


9 


1768^ 


38 


1797 


11 1698 


6 


1719 


18 


1744 


10 


1709 


39 


1798 


13 1699 


7 


17*20 


19 


1745 


11 


1770 


40 


1709 


ir 1700 


8 


1721 


20 


1746 


12 


1771 


41 


1600 


14 1701 


9 


1722 


21 


1747 


18 


1772 


42 


1801 


15 170i 


10 


1723 


22 


1748 


14 


1778 


43 


1603 




11 


1724 


23 


1749 


15 


1774 


44 


1803 


Anne. 


VI 


1725 


'24 


1750 


16 


1775 


45 


1804 


March 8, 


13 


1726 


25 


1751 


17 


1776 


46 


1805 


1 I70i 


14 


1727 


26 


1752 


18 


1777 


47 


I806 


,2 1703 
3 1704 






27 
28 


1753 
1754 


19 


1778 


48 


I8O7 


Geo. II, 


20 


1779 


49 


1808 


• 1705 


June 11, 


29 


1755 


31 


1780 


50 


1809 


* 1706 


1 


I7i7 


30 


1756 


32 


1781 







iV.B. Every king's reign begms at the death ofchis predeccKor. 
• For example, George lU. begjin Oct. 25, 1760. The first 
.year of his reign is eomplcte, Oct. 35, 1761. 

THE HEPTARCHY. 

The kingdom of Kent contained only the county of Kent : 
its kings were. 



] Hengist began 
S Eske 

3 Octa 

4 Ymbrick 
h Ethelbert 
« Edbakl • 

7 Ercombert 

8 Egbert 
^ Lothaire 



454 
488 
51S 
534 
568 
616 
640 
664 
673 



10 Ed?ick 

11 Withdred 

,^ CEadbertandT 
^^ "iEdelbert / 

13 Etiielbert alon« 

14 Aldric 

15 Ethelbert Pren 
1* Cudred 
17 Baldied 



684 

685 

725 

743 
'?60 
794 
799 
805 



ThU k'Higdom begaa 454^ end^ 8^3. Its ^rst Cbr isUaa kin^ 
was Ethelb^it, 



ENGLTSl! SCn^EREIGNS. 



IBd 



TfM kni;^d6ra of Sutttb Saxons contained the counties of Su$. 
sex and Surry : its kings were. 



1 Ella bejitrt 

2 Cissa ^ 


4yi 

514 


^rC!nig:sil ^ 
**\Qaicelm 5 


611 


S Chevelift 


5.90 


7 Canowrilch 


64:3 


4 Ceolwic 


5.9^2 


8 AdelWach 


6-14 


5 C.'eoluph 


•597 







This kins^doin began 49 1 > ended 6H5, Its firtt Christian king 
Vas Adelwach, 

1 hi- kingdom of Kist Saxons contained the counties of Essex 
and Midille.sex : its king^ were,^ 
1 Erchenwin began * 

3 Sl«d(U 

3 Sebert 
rSexred 

4 i Siiwuri 
tSio^ebertJ 

5 SigeSert the Little 

6 Sigefiert the Good 

7 Sxvithelrae 
This kingdom began 527, ended 827. Its fiS'st Christian kine 

was Serbert. 

The kingdom of Northumberland contained York-^hire, Dur- 
ham, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northum- 
herland : its kings were^ 



.} 



527 


8 Sighere and Sebbi 


665 


537 


9 Spbbl 


683 


59^ 


m /'5J:;herdand1 
*" X Seof.id / 


694 


61$ 


11 Uifa- 


700 




19 Ceolfred 


709 


623 


Hi Suitbred . » 


746 


653 


14 Sigered 


1B9 


655 


. 





1 EUa, or Ida, began 
S Adda 

3 Clappea '.. 

4 Theodwald 

5 Fiidalph 

6 Tlieodorick 

7 Athfilnck 
• Athelfitd 
9 £<Iwin ' . 

lO.Osric 

11 Oswald . 

IS Osiivy 

13 Ethel ward 

14 E«:frid ^ . 

15 Aikfr^d ., 

16 OsieilX ^ 
This ki'n-^dom 

kinji was Edwin. 

The kingdom of Mercia contained the counties, of Hunting- ^ 
don, Rutland, Lincoln, Ntnthanipton, Leicester, Derby, Not- 
tiivgh%m, Ovford, Chester, Salc)p, tiloncc'ster, Worcester, Staf- 
ford, Warwick, Buckingham, Bedford, and Hertford. Its kings 
were, 
1 (Veda began . S^S I 3 Cheorlas . . 61^ 
. . 5a5 1 4 Pend* , • 6^5 



547 
55» 
5S6 
5752 
673 
579 
586 
59i 
617 
633 
6ri4 
643 
653 

6;o 

685 
705 
began 547, end«d 8^7 



17 Ccnred 

18 Osrick 

19 Ceohilphe _ 

20 Egbert ." 

21 0<wMlph , 

22 Edilwald 

23 Aiuied 

24 Etheldred 
35 Alswald I. 

26 Osred JI. 

27 Ethelred restored 

28 0«bald 

29 Ardulph . 

30 Alfivrald 11. 

31 Andred 



716 
718 

737, 

758 
7vS9 
765 
774 
77i^ 
7«9 
790 
796 
797 
^07 
810 



Its first Christian 



t Wibba 



190 

•5 Peada 

6 Wolfbere 

7 Ethelred 

8 Ken red 

9 CeoIre4 

10 Ethelbald 

11 Ofta 



ENGLlSrf SOVEREIGNS. 



655 
65J) 
675 
70* 
709 
716* 
757 



12 Egfnd 

13 Cenolf 

14 Kenelme 

15 Ceolwulf 

16 Bnrimlf 

17 Ludecart 
19 Whiglafe 



794 

795 
819 
819 
8?I 

825 



Its first Cbristiaji king 



, 9 Kihwald began 


656 


9 Adwulf 


664 


It) Alswiild 


€di 


,, fBeofnaartdl' 
" X EtljelbertJ * 


749 


12 Beorna alone 


753 


13 Ethelred 


761 


14 Ethelbert . 


790 



Its first Christian king 



This kingdom bc»an 582, ended 827 
was P«ada. 

Th« kiiig^domof East Anjfles contained the counties of Suf- 
folk, Norfolk, Cambridge! aud the Isle of Ely: its kings were, 

J Uffk begjm ^ 575 ' 

2 Titillus . . 578 

8 Redwaid . . 599 

4 Erpenwaid . ' . 624 

5 Siffebert . . 636 

H^^^ ' • ^ 

7 Ethelhere . T 664 

This kingdom began 575, ended 792. 
was Redwaid. 

The kingdom of West Saxons contained the counties of Corn- 
wall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, and Berks : jt» 
kings were, 

m f Census, Escwinl ^^^ 

^^ \ andCentwin/ ^^ 

11 Ceadwatd . , GiiS 

11 In* . ; . 688 

13 Adelard . . 726 

14 Cudred . . 740 

15 /Sigebertandl ^ 

IC Brithrick . . rR4 
^ . _ .17 Egbert . .800 

This kingdom began 519, ended 828. Its first Ghrisdaii king 
wasKfngilfs. 

The Saxons, though they were divided into seven kingdoms, 
were, for the most pjirt, subject only ' to one monarch, vfrho 
was stiled kin^ of the English nation j the mort powerful, giy- 
ing the law unto the others, and succeeded as follows : — 
HENGIST, first monarch of Britain, landed In the Isle of Tha- 
net, 449; laid the foundation of the monar«hy in 455; de- 
feaied Vprtimer at Crayford, in Jan. 457 ; massacred 800 
British Kobles, on Salisbury plain, May 1, 474. He hore in 
his standard the white horse, blazoned in the same manner as 
now borne by the dukes of Brunswick. He was born at Au- 
pria, in Westphalia, re gncd 34 years,. died in 484. 
ELLA, second monarch, lauded at Shorebam, in Sussex*,' in 
477 J assumed the title of kicg of the South Faxons, in 451 : 
died in 499. 



1 Cherdic began 


519 


» Kenrick 


534 


3 Che^'iine 


560 


4 Ceolrick 


592 


5 Cecdulph 


598 


. f KingilU } 
IQuintheliB 5 


. 611 


7 Ceonowalch 


' 643 


8 Adelwalcb . 


648 


9 Sexburga 


672 



SNGLISH SOVEREIG>iS, l»\ 

^HCRT>IC» tliird mou%rcb» arriv«*<l in Britain, and Qvercame 
Artbiv, near Chardy ta Samersetihire, 5Ii) ; began tbe king- 
dom of t^ West Sax»ns, the saint year ; died 534.^ 
KBNRICK, second kin^ of tbe West Saxou% fourth monarcb^ 

eldest son of Chenlie, succeeded in 634 ; and died in 560, 
CHEJVELINE,v third kin^ of the West Saxons, aud fifth mo- 
narch, succeeded his father, HGi) ; seizeil on Stissex iu S90 ; 
abdicated in 5$^l ; and died in banish tpent in 592. 
ETH&LBERT, fifth kin^ of Kent, and sixth monarch, in S92| 
St. Attgu3tine ^first arrived in bis d^iniuions, who, with bis 
followers, were entertained by tb? king at Canterbury, where 
they settled J to whoie doctrine Ethelbert became a convert. 
He gave Augustine an idol teinpl^ without the walls of tbe 
city^ as a burial-place for him and his successors* which was 
converted into the first monastery. Tbe king was the first 
that caused the laws of the land to be collected^ and trnns- 
latiiNlr'inrto Sa^on. He died Feb. 24, 617, and was burled tl 
CanU^bury. 
REPWALD, third king of tbe East Angles, seventh monarch, 

616; hediedb'i4. 
EDWIN the Great, king of Nortbumlierland, succeeded,, as 
eighth mouarch, in 624. He was the first Christian, and the 
second king. of N.)rthumberl;and. He lost his life in a battle 
at Hatfield, OcjL 3, 633. 
OSWALD, third king of Northumberland, and ninth monarch, 
tn 634* ,Ue was slaii) at Masei field, in Shropshire, Aug. \, 
C4S.. 
OSWy, fourth king of Northumberland, tenth monarch, on 
Oct. 13, 634^ He defeated Penda, the Mercian, and Ethel- 
fed, king '(if tbe East Auglen, Nov, 6, o55. He died Feb. 15» 
610. 
\^OL.FHERE, sixth king of the Mercians, eleventh monarch, 

in 670 1 died 674, and was buried at Peterborough. 
ETJtii^^K^D, seventh king of Mer<*ia, and twelfth monarch, 
in ^75. He di^suiated part oi Kt'iit, and in 677 destroyed 
Jlocliester, and many rdi^ous foundations; to atone for 
which be beejtore a mvnk, 703, and died Abbot of Bradoey, 
in 716, 
CENRED, bis nephew, eighth king of Mercia, and thirteenth 
moaareh, in 704, reigned four years* a*iid following bis anelc*s 
example, became a monk. 
CEOLREl), son to Ethelred, ninth king ctf the Mercians, and 
fourteenth monarch, in 709, was kiUed in battle with the 
West Saxons in 7X6; and was buiied .it Litchfield. 
ETHCLHALP J. tenth king of the Mercians, fifteenth mo- 
nai'cb| in 716; built Crvyland Abbey, in Lincolnshire. Me 
was slain by bis own subjects, when be was leading bis troops 
again^ Cutbred, tbe West Saxon, at Secondine, three miles 
from Tamworth, in War^vicksbirc, and wasburi^ at Repton, 
ift Derbyshire, iu 756,. 



I9f KXGLI5II SOVEIIEIGXS.' 

OFPA, the eleventh kin* of the Mercians, and the sixteenth 
mt»Tjarch, 7")7 He was born lame, deaf, and blind, which 
•jutiimed till h« arrived at m;i;diood. He took up arms 

• agfiiiiit ICent, slew tl\elr king at (>fteford» and conquered that 
kingdnn, H« caused a ^reat trench to be du^ trom Bristol 
to B^^in^werk, in Flintshire, a5 the bound iry of the Briton^-, 
who harboured in \Vale«, 774. Offa first ordained the sound- 
ing of trumpets before the kitiijs of England, to denote their 
ap{Tearanee, and require r«S|:ejt, He admltLed his Son, E^-. 

' fi")d, a partner in his sovereignty j and out cf devotion, paid 
a visit to Ro.ne, where he made his kingdom subject to a tri- 

• bute, then eall'Hl Peter -pence, and procured the canonization 
of Sr. Alhan, At his return he built St. Alban's mQiiastei y, 
in Hertfordshire, 79.J. He died at Ota^y, June 29, 794, and 
was buried at Bedford, in a chapel since SwaUov«ed up by the 
river Ou«;e. 

EGFRYD, twelfth kinj of the Mercians, and seventeenth mo- 
narch, July 13, 7.94; but died Dec. 17 following, and was bu- 

• ried at St.'AlbanN. 

CENOLF, thirteenth king of the Mercians, and eighteenth too- 

narch, in TOr). He courjuercd Kent, and gave thai kingdoni to 

Cndred, 79^5/ He built Winchcomb monastery, in Glouces- 

• tershire, where he led \.he captive prince, Pi en, to the altar, 

and released him without r.iu^om or entreaty. He died in 

• 819, ^nd v/as buried at Winchcouib. 

BOBERT, seventeenth kin* of the West Saxtms', and nine- 
teenth, bur fit St sole monarch of the Eu^lish. He conquered 
Kent, and laid the found ition of the sole monarchy in 82J, 
Mhich put an end %o the Saxon Heptarchj', artd was solenialy 

• crowned at Winchester, when, by his edict, he ordei-ed* all 
the South of the island to be called England, 827. He died 

• Feb. 4, 8:^*7, and was burfed at Winchester. 
ETHKLWOLF, eldest son of Ejrbert, succeeded his father, 
" notwithstamlinif, at the time of Ejjbert's death, he was 

Iwshqp of \V inchesttr. In 84G he ordainfH tithes to be col- 
lected, and exempted the cleigy from rcgMl tributes. He vi- 
' tittd Rome in 847, confnmvng the g^i'ant of Peter-peiice, and 
ajjreed to pay Rome 300 marks per ann»m. His son Ethel- 

• !»alil obliired him to divide the sovereignty with him, 356", 
lie. difd Jan. 1.3, 8*>7, and was buried at Winchester. 

BTHELBALD II. eldest son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 857. 

He di(?d J>tc. *^0y 860, and was buried at Sherborn, but re- 

moved to Salisbury. 
ETH ELBERT H. second son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 8G0, 
•' and was harassed fjreatly by the Danes, who were t^puUed 

and vanqni^ud. He died in 866, was Cuiied at Sherboru, 

ai»d was succeeded by 
BTHELRED '1. third son of Ei!i»e1wtdf, in 86G, when the Danes 

apain harasfed his kingdom. In 870, they destroyed the mo- 

nasCfiHes of Bradney, Crowland, Peterborough, Ely, and Hun- 



tiiigdon, when the nuns uf Coldingh.im defaced thcmselrtgs t« 
avoid Uvejr pollution; ^nd in E^st ^n.^lta thpy murdere(T Ed- 
mund, at £dmund.sbury, in Suffolk. Ethflred overthrew the 
Dalies, £71 ; at Assendon. He had nine set battles with th« 
Panes in one year, and was wounded at Wittingham, whic^ 
occasioned his death, A()ril 27, 872, aiid was buried at Win- 
borne, in Dorsetshire. 
ALFRED, the fourth son of Ethel wolf,- succeeded in 872, in 
the 22d year of .his age ; was orowntd at Winchester, and is 
distinguished by the title of Alfred the Gi oat. He was hora 
at Wantage, in Berkshire, 849, smd oblig(>d to take the field 
a<;ainst the Danes within one month after his coronation^ at 
.Wilton, in Oxfordshire. He fought sevqn Kittles with them 
in 876. In 877 another succour of Danes arrived, and Alfred 
was obliged to disguise himself in the habit of a shepherd, in 
the isle of Aldersej', in the county uf Somerset, till, in 8*769 
collecting his scattered fnend.<», he attacked and dtfeat^ 
them, in 879, when be oblipjed the o:realert part lif their 
army to quit the land ; in 897 they w jnt up tJie river Lea, 
and built a fortress at Ware, where king Alfred turned olF 
the course of the river, and left their ships dry, which ubli^d 
the Danes to remove. He died Oet. 28, 901'. He formed a 
body of laws, afterwards made use of by Edward tho Con- 
fessor, which was the ground-work of the present. He di* 
vjded his kingdoms into shires, hundreds, and tithinij^.^, and 
obliged bis nobles to bring up their childreii to learn'n"-; 
and to induce them thereto^ admitted none into office im|es.s 
they were learned) and to enable them to procure that learn- 
ine:, he founded, the university, of Oxford. He was buried at 
Winchester. 
EDWARD the Elder, his son, succeeded him, and was crov^ned 
at Kingston upon Thames, in 901. In 91 1, t.e<din^ Priuce of 
Wales, did homage to Edward for Vts principality. He died 
at Farrihgdon, in Berkshire, In 924, and was buried at Win- 
chester. 
4THELSTAN, bi9 eldest son, succeeded him, and was crowjied 
with far greater magnificence than usual^ at Kingston u|>on 
TbaoMS, in 929. In 937 he defeated two Welsh princes, but 
soon after, oa their making submission, he restored them 
tlieii estates. He escaped being assassinated in his tent^ 
938, which be revenged by attacking his enemy, when fivj& 
petty sovereigns, 12 dukes, and as army who came to the 
assistance «f Analf, king of Ireland, were slain ; whfch battle 
-was fought near Dunbar, in Scotland. He made the princes of 
Wales tributary, 939; and died Oct. 17, 940, at Gloucester. 
EDMUND 1. the fifth son of Edward the Elder, succeeded at 
the age of 18 ; and was crowned king at Kingston upon 
Thames, 940. On May 26, 947, in endeavouring to part two 
^hawere «(uarrelUng, he received a wound, of which he bledt# 
4eath» ^nd was buited at Glastonbury. 

8 



hm ENGLISH SOVfeTtEKSNS. 

SOREIT, liis brother, aged *J8, sueceed^d in -5)47, an^ ^^as 
crowned at Kiiit^ston upon Thames the 17th of August. He 
died in 955, and Mas bwried at Winchester. 

iDVVY, the oldest son of Ediwund, succeeded, and was crowned 
at Kingston upon Thames, in 955. He had frreat^iissensions 
with the rlerjjy, and bajiiished Dunstan, ^eir ringleadW, 
^which occasions little credH to be g^iven to the character the 
•priests give him. He died of grirf in 9^59, after a turbulent 
reigii of four years, and was buried at \Vin<*hester. 

feOGAR, at the agfe of 16, succeeded his brother, and was 
crowned at KiH.fCSton upon Thames, in 959, and a^artr at 
Bath, ln'972. He imposed on the princes of Wales a tribute 
vf wolves head?, that for three years amouirted to 300, each 
^ear. He obliged eight tributary princes to row bim in a 
htir^ on the river Dee, in 974. lie died -July 1, 97I» and was 

* buried at Glastonbuiy. 

iSnWARD the Martyr, his eldest «on, succeeded bim, being- but 
16 years of age ; was crowned by Dimstan, at Kingston upua 
Thames, in 973. . He was "stabbed hy die mstructiuus of his 
mnother-in-law., as he was drinking at Corfe-caa^tle, in the isle 
of Purbeck,'in Duraetshire, on March 18, 979- He w^s fii-st 
buried at Wareliam, without any ceremony, but removed 
three years after, in great pomp, to Shaftesbury. 

^THELDRED II. succeeded his half brother, and was crowned' 
at Kingston upon Thames, on April 14, 979. In 982, his pa- 
lace, with great part of London, was destroyed by a great 
tfire. England was ravaged l)y the Danes who, in 999, receiveil 
, atone payment about 16,(J001. raised by a land-tax, called 

' Danegelt. A general mastocre of 'the Danes on Nov. 13^ 
100^. Swein revenged his count rymfn*s deaths, 1003, and 
^id not quit ik^ kingdtun till Etheldrpd had paid him 3€»0OOL 
'which be the jvar follmVing -demanded as an annual tribute. 

, In the spriiig of 1008 they sttbdued. great part of the king- 
dom. To stop their progress, it was agreed to pay tb«»*i>anes 
, . 4e,000L to quit thekiwgdora, 1012. In the space of 20 years 

• ' they had 469i,6?Tl. sterling. Scon Aft^r'Su'cliI entered tbe 

Humber agaiti, when Etbeldred retired td the H\u oP Wight, 
and sent bis sons, with their mother Emma, i«t4» NornijUndy 
,to her brother, knd Sweln took possession of tbe whole king- 

• dom, 1013. 

1SWEIN was proclaimed king of England in 1013, andtioper* 
json dispufed his title. 'His fir$t act<}f Sovereignty was an in- 
supportable tax, which be did not live to se« collected. He 

• -died Feb. 3,.10J4, at Thetford, in* Norfolk. 

.CANUTE, his son, was proclaimed 'March 1014, and eitd««- 
voured to gain the affections 6f his* English ijubject^, but ^ itft- 
out puccess, retired to Demnark, and 

^^TKELRED i«tumcd at the itrvitation of bis mibjects. Canute 
■wturned, 10 15,' soo» afttr he had left England, and landed 
tttiSaiidwJiCh. fitlicdiic^d f«tSrcd't4)'tUe'ttottli, but l^r^^^ii^ 



« tiMtdb witlr the Jaaneg, . be lost the aflfeetioiu o£ hk wbje^iSf. 
and rethinsf to L(m(ion,lie ex]»ired April 3-}y>I016« 

EDMUND IRONSiDis; bU sun, was crowivd m Km^tom> 
up^a Ttiames, April 1015^., b.t by a dts:^'^eenlellL among the 
»f»bilUyy Canute %va«-liWwUe cruwii'd at Southampton. Iii< 
June followiug^ Canute totally routed Edmund, at Asscndon, 
in fi^sex, w^ho soon after met Cauiiti! iuthe isle «»f Alderuey,. 
if» ( btt Seven*, where a peace was conchi«ied, and the kinird/Mo^ 
divided between them.. Edmutid did not survive above % 
month after, bein^p muiderul at Oxford Nov. ii), 10 IG, before* 
he Had rci^ucd.a \^ ar. lie left two sons and two daughieri ; ' 
from one of> which daughters James I. of En^laiid desi*eud«d, 
aod fftom him <:eor^e III, 

CAKUTC was eitablisbed 1017; made an alliaore with Nor- 
jnaiuly, aad married Kmuta, Etbolrfd's widow, \0\6i ma^e 
a voyage to DtMunark^ attacked Norway, and took po98e8»ion' 
of the crown, I02d ; died at Shaftesbury, 10i(>; and waslbu- 
ried at Winchester. ^ 

HAROLD I. his son, began his reipn, 1036; died April 14,* 
1039; and was succeeded by his younger brother. 

HARUrCANUTE, king of Deum;irk, who died at Lambeth,. 
1041} was buiied at New Winchester, and succeeded b^ a 
son of queen £inma, by her first busb;uid, Ktheldred II. • 

BDWARJL) the Confessor was born at Islip, in Oxfordshire^ be«- 
gaa his reign in. the 40tb year of bis a^e. He was crowneii 
at Winchettert 1042 ^ Uiarricd'Editha, daughter uf^' Oodwin, 
•arl of Kent, 10t43;: remitted the- tax of Dan«g:elt, and was 
the first kin«: of England that touched for the kiiigVeril, 
1052 ; died Jan. 5« 1066, aged 65 ; wa« buried in Westmiii'- ' 
ster-abbcy, which be rebuilt, where bis bones were cnshrii^d 
in gold, set with jewels, 120€. Enuna, hi« inoi4)er» dled« 
1052. lie was sUccecKled liy 

HAROLD II. son of the earl of Kent, who bn^an inlOG^; 4e-* 
feated by Ids brother Tosti and tl>e king of Noi^vay, whii ftad ' 
invadi>d his donuniuns at Stamford. Sept. i'.^, 106(3 ; but Has 
killed by the Normans at Hastings, Oct# 14 follow in<r, . 

WILLIAM J. duke t><'^\orroandy,;i decceudant of ( aiiutr, hortt 
1027 ; paid a visit to Edward the Coiifesrior, in England, 

' 1051; bi'trothed his daujtrhter to Harold II. lor>8; made a 
claim of the crown of England, 1066 ^ invaded Eng^laiid, « 
landed at Fevenscy, in Sussex, the same year j defeated the 
English troo{i6 at Ha-«u.n^s,.on Oct. 14, 1066, when Harold 
was slain, and Wiliiam assuoudthe title of Conc|ueror. He ' 
was crowned at Westminster, Dec. 2.9) 1066 ^ invaded l^ot- 
Und, 10Q2; subverted die English constitution, 1074 3 re- 
fused to swear fealty to the Pope for the crown of England ; ' 
wounded by his son Robert, at Gerberot in Normandy, 107.0 ; 
iiivaded France, 10^6 ; soon after fell from his horse, and 
contf acted a rupture ; he died at H«f>mentrude, near Rouen, , 
iii N4Mrt^aiidyy lii^7i was buried..at Caea> imd sucoeedydin 
s2v 



W ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. 

'Normandy by l^s eldest son Robert,- and in En^Y^nd by Ms 
second son 
WILLI VM n. bom 1057 j crowneil at Westminster, Sept. -27, 
1078 /. invaded Normandy with success, 1090 ; killed by acei- 
dtiit as he \v;is huiitiu^ in ihc New Forest, by Sir WftlterTyr- 
Tel, Au^. 1100; ajed 4J; ^^as buiied at Winchester, and 
succeeded by hi a brother, 

fn:NRY I. born 1058, crowned Au'^. 5, 1100*, raarned Ma- 
tHi'.:i, daus^hter of Ma'c.)lm kin«f of Scots,'Nov. H following; 
ui.idu peace with his brother Robert, 1101 j invnded Nor- 
mandy, 1105 J attacked by Robert, whom he defeated and 
took prisinicr, 1107, an J sent hiin'to England; betrothed 
his daughter Maude to tbe Emperor of Germany, 1 109 ; chal- 
lenijed by Lewb of France, 1117; lost his queen, May 1, 
1119; his eldest son and two others of his children, ship- . 
wirccked and lost, with 180 of his nobility, in coming from 
Nonnafidy, 1 1:20 ; married Adclai?, dau^ter of Godfrey, 
eai I of Lovain, Jan. t^d, 1121 ; in quiet possession of Nor- 
nandy, 1199; surfeited Inmself with eating lampreys, at 
Lyons, near Rouen, in Normandy, and died Dec. I, 113$, 
ai^ed 6H ; his body was brou-^ht over to En<;l:ind, and buried 
at Reading. He was succeeded by his nephetr Stephen, third 
8on of his sister Adela, by the earl of Blois. He left 100^000 1. 
in fash, besides plate and Jewels to an immense value. 

MAUDE, daughter of Henry I. born 1101, married to Henry 
IV. emperor of Germany, 1 109 ; had the English nobility 
swear fealty to her, 1156; buried hter husband, 112T ; mar- 
ried Jeffery Plantag:enet, Earl of Anjou, 11:)0; set aside 
from the English succession by Stephen, 1135; landed in 
Englani*, and claimed a right to *be crown, Sept. 30, 1139 ; 
crowned, but socn after defeated at Winchester, 1141; es- 
caped to Gloucester on a bier ; fled frdm a window of Oxford 
castle, by a rope, in the winter of 1142 ; retired to France, 
1147 ; returned to Engfland, concluded a peace with Stepbin, 
1153; and died at Rouen, in Normandy, Sept. 10, 1167, 
and buried in the Abbcv of Becc. 

STEPHEN, born 1105; crowned Dec. 2, 1135; taken prisoner 
. at Lincoln by the earl of Gloucester, Maude's half-brother, 
Feb. 1141, and put in irons at Jiristol, but released in ex- 
change for the e.arl of Gloucester, taken at Winchester ; made 
peace with Heiuy, Maude's son, 1153; died of the piles at 
Dover, Oct. 25,' 1154, aged 50; was buried at Fcversliam, 
and succeeded by He my, son of Maude. 

MATILDA, Stephen's queen, was crowned on Easter-day, 
1136; died May 3, 1151, at Henningham-eastle, Essex, and 
buried in a monastery at Fevershara. 

IIENRV H. s:randson of Henry i. born 1133 ; -warned Eleanor, 
heiress of Gmenne and Poitou, on -Whitsunday, 1 152, the di- 
vorced wife of Loyis VI f. king of France. He invaded Eno-, 

^ laud, Jan. 7, 1153, and bad hooiage done him aa successor to 



king Stts{thtn, i« a eQvneil held at Otfiirdly Jan. IS, DM; . 
returned iii^u Nurniaiidy the 6pnn«« ftflldivin^. He b^n his 
feign *Oct* 24» 1154; nritvad io Enj^land Dec. 8, and wm, 
with his queen, Eleauor, crowned at.LKjndon, the 19th of the ~~ 

. sanie numtb v c^ waed at l«inei>l n, U 58 f- a^in at Worcester^ . . 
]l5j>; quelted th^ rebel Hun at Maine, 1166; .hnd bit &on 
Henry erowned king of England, 1170; invaded Ireland, Oetc . 
S69 1171, and reduced the. islarid to his«il^ection iallTS; . 
imprifoned bis «|tieen on account of Rosamond, hi& oi»iicabiilef , 
^17^; did penance at Becket's tomb, July 8» 11 74; took the . 
hmg of Scotland prisoner^ xind obliged him to give np the in- 
dependency of his ei*own,. 1175 ; named bis son Jfldin^. lord of 
Ii^iand, U76}> liad,. the same year, an amour with Aliee^ of .* 
France, the intended princess of his son Richard,' 11J1| ^lost - 
his eldest iSon Heniy, June II, IXS'S^; his %on Richard re« > 
be] led, II80; .bad bis son<J«lfery. trodden under foot and : 
killed,- at a tournament at Paris, Aug. 19,- 1186) . made a 
cenvention wkh Philip ^)f France to go to the holy, war, 118f t \ 
died with grief at. thealtAr, cursing bis sons, July 6,- II899. , 

• aged 6^; was iNiried at Fontevfevardy'.ia><Fi*auce> and sue^ 
oeoded by4»is son Richard. . 

ELEANOR, queen to king ticnryiL died 1304. , 

fiiCHARU I^ was bom at.Oxford, 1157 ; erowned kt London* . 
Sept.* 3, 1 189 ; released the king and. people of Scotland from ^ 
their oaths of homage tbey obad taken to»his father for 10,000 > 
flsarks Dec 5, 1189; embarked at Dm^r,,JDac 11; .setvikt 
on tbe crusade, i%\ joined Philip of France^ •<>» the plains of T 
Vescday, itine ^$,,1190^ .took Mussina the latter end of th^ ' 
year ; married Berengera, daughter of tbe king of Navarre, , 
Klay 12,. 119 1 { defeated tbe Cfyprianf, and look their king 
prisoner, I I9t; taken, prisoner near Vienna, oir his return < 
£oine, by Leofiold, duke of Austria, Dec SO, 1 1918; ra<D8oneA i 
for 40,000b and!' set at liberty at Mentr, JFch. 4, 1194; -re- 
inmed 'to England, March ^ following; wounded with an t 
atvovM at CkMlttTr, near Limoges, in Nermaiuly, .and. died * 
April 6) < 1 19g^. , was bu44ed>at< FoAtbveT'ard, and succeeded bgr y 
his brotber: ' /- 

JCIHN4 theyobngest son of H«nry 11. bomat Oxford, Dm. ^^ « 
1166; was> crowned May S7« U99; divorced his w«f»A«risa, . 
and marriedJIiibbeUa, daugbter^^f tbcicount-of AngMikcs^^c, . 
aodthey were both otowu^ at WeSftminster, Oct. %/. ISOO ; . 
iMHt to Parift, 1^&; besieged tbe castle «i-Mirable, and Idok 
bis 9tf>bew, Aftbitir» prisoner, Aug. X 1^2fnwbofB he eaiiFed 1 
to-be ttiQidered, April S,1263 •, the sarae year h« wisexpeHed : 
the^French pfovinces; imprisoned his q«K^)y 1IX)8^ banisbed s 
all tbe clergy in bis dotniidoiw^ 1^08 ; ^was «xeommunicated# , 
190^;.' land^4fn Ireland, June 8 « 1310^ surrendered bit^niWA ^ 
CO Pft^olf; .tbe pope's logate, <May 21^ 1213$ Absolved, Jbljr % 
dO^lbUowi^^ isfbliged by bis barons <o «oiifirm MagnaCbatfta, . . 
auiif ^ iliMftr ^iMt4ua Uemmm amd^^Hfj^dA J fM tng#"^ 
•cd 



193 ENGUSH SOVERmCNS. 

marshy otLyrui, 1216; ditd at Newark, Oi^. 19, 1816; «»^ 

■ buried at VVoic;iSl.«r, wtiere bis oorpse was dfscovered nearly . 
entire in 17U7) haTin*^ b«ea biftrkd 5dOyears« He was suc- 
ceeded by his soD^ 

UENRV III. born Oct. I, 1207} crowned at Gloucester, Oct. 
SH, 1216; received hoiua^ from Alexander of SuutiaQd, at 

■ Nortbamptoii, 1S18; crowned again at VVestBiinsier, a^er 
Christmas, ISld ; marjucd £leanor> daughter of the couut of 

, FrOTeuee, J{)n. 14,/}:236; pledged his crown and jewels for 
money, when he married his daughter Margaret to th^ king 
of Scots, 12^'i ; ebMged by his nobles to resign the power 

. of a sovereign, and sell Nurnnandy and Anjou to the Freifcb, 
1258; shut himself up in the Tower of Loudon, for fear of 
his nobles, 12^1; taken prisoner at Lewes, May 14,' 1264; 
wounded at the battle of Evesham, VMb ; died with aice at 
St. Edmondsbury, Nov. 16, 1S7^; a&d was succeeded by bis 
son Edward. 
ELEANOR, Henry lll/s qtieen, died in a monastery at Ambeis- 

' bury, abiDut 1292| where she had retired. 

BUWAIID I. born June 16, ISJd; married Eleanor, princess 
of Castile, 1*^53^ succeeded to the crown, Nov. 16, 1372; 
wounc'ed in the Holy Land with a poisoned dagger; reco- 

. veredi and landed in England, Aug. 23, 1274 ; crowned at 
Westminster, Aug. 19 following, wit-h h)< queea; went to 
France, and did homage to the French king, 1279; reduced 
the Welsh princes, Y^^2 ; Eleanor, his aui$en, di^ of a fever 

' on her jiiurmiy to Scotland, at liorney', in LincoUishiro, 

.' 1296, and was conveyed to Westminster, when elegant stone 
crosses were erected at each place where tne corpse rested ^ 
married Margaret, sister to the king of France, Sept. 12, 
Hf99 ; conquered Scotland, 1299 • &nd brought to Et^glaud 

- tbrir coronation chair, &c. died of a flux at Burgh upon the 
Sands, in Cumberland, July 7, 1307; was buiifd at West- 

■' minster ; where, on May 2, 1774, some antiquarians, by con- 
sent of the chapter, examined his tomb, when they found his 

' corpse uncoftsumed, though buiied 466 years. He was siie- 
ceededliy bis fourth son, 

XPWARD It. ))orn at Caernarvon, in Wales, April 25, 1284 1 
nfM the first king of England's eldest son that had (he title uf 

. prioee of Wale!>, with which he was invested in 1284. He 

. ftscended the throne, July 7* 1307 ; ma/ried Isabella, dsugh- 

ter of the French kiug, 1308 ; aad was crowned with his qucf n 

' at WestfloinstervFeb. 26, 1308; obliged by his haront to in- 

* vest thr government of th«? kingdom iu twenty-^ne persons, 

.^ ]4arch 16, 1310 -, went on a pilgrimage to Boulogne, t>ec. 13, 
4913; declared his queen aod all ber adherents enemies to 

. the kingdom, 1325; conveyed bis French dominions' to his 

*: con Edward, Sept. 10, 1325: dethroned Jan. U, 1327, and 

. tucceeded by bis son, Edward II {. murdeied at Berkeley ««•' 

' '4tfiSW* ^^ I^UewiA|;v «n4 wu hurkda^.l^UoKASteis ... 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNSw 199 

EDWARD HI: born at Windqar, Nov. 15, 131^ ; sucoeeilcd to 
the cmwii, Jan. 13, 1327; crowned at WettininUer, Ffeb. 1 
fbltowini^; he manitiil Philippa, daughter of the carl of Uai- 
uaoU, Jan. 24, 1328; claimed the crown of France, i3S8; 
c<»nfined his mother Isabella, and caused her favourite, earl 
Mdrtinu^r, to be hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 23, 1S30 v the Scots 
defeated at Halidown, 1339'; invaded France, and pawned))!:; 
crown and jewels for 50,T)00 flotin^, 1340; quartered the arm<) 
•f En«;land and France^ 134) ; made the |irst distinction be- 
tween Lords and Commons, 1342; defeated tbe Freoeb at 
Cres«y, 30,()00 slain, amon;^ whom wa^ the king of Bohemia^ 
134^; the ciueen took the kin^ of Scotlaud prisoner, and 
80,000 SciCi slain, the same year; Calais besieged and taken, 
Au^. 16, 1347, and St. Stephen's chapel, now the House of 
Common^, built, 1347 ; the Order uf the Garter instituted, 
1349 ; the French defeated at Poictiers, their kuii; and prince 
taken, and tbe king of Navarre imprisoned, 135€| the kkif^ 
of Scotland ransomed for 100,0001. 1357 ; in which year Kd« 
wanl ios^ his eldest son, Edwanl the black prince, of at con- 
sumption ; the king of France ransomed for 300,000). 13,59 | 
four kings entertained at the Lord Mayor's feast,. vi». Eng- 
land, France, Scothind, and Cyprus, 1364; Phtlippa, his 
queen, died at Windsor, Aug. 16^, 1369 ; and was buried at 
Went minster ; Edward died at Richmond, June 21,- 1877f 
and wafi succeeded by his giantUon, Rishard It. sen to 

EDWARD the black 'princ(, who was -horn Jtme 15y 1330; 
created duke Of Cornwall in full parliament,* March 7) )337f^ 
the first in England that bore the title of duke ^ created 
prince of Wales, 1344 j brought the king of France prisoner 
to England, from the beittle of Poictiers, Scjn. 19, 1356 1 
w#nt to CiUitHe, 1367 ; died of a consumption, June 8, 1376, 
and was hurted at Canteibnr}'. 

JOHN Of GAUNT, duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward 
HI. born 1340. married Blanch, daughter of the duke of Lan- 
caster, 1359; by whom he became po8<scssed of that dukedom 
and title ; she died 1369) and in 1372 he marrie«i the daugh« 
ter of tfaekipg of Castile and Leon, and took that title. In 
1396, he married a third wifis Catherine Swinfovd, from 
whoitt descended* Henry VII. He died 1399) and was buried 
in St. Paul's cathe<lra1, London. 

RICHARO lU born at Boardeaux, Jan. 6, 1367 ( had two royal 
{godfathers, the kings ef Navarre and Majorca ; made guardiaa 
of tbe kingdom, Aug. 30, 13*7:2; created prince of Wales, 
1^76$ sucoreded his grandfather, Edward IH. June^l, 1377* 
fflien not 7 years ukl, Rndcrt>wned at Westminster, July 16 
IMiow^ ; the rebellion ni Wat T\ler and Jack Straw, 1378 { 
macried Ande, sister to the 4^mperor of Gerokany, and king of 
ABfaemta, Jan. 1.3*^, who died without issue, at Shene, and 
was buried* in Westninster Abhey, August 3, 1395 ; married 



200* JSNGLISU'SOVEIIEIGNS. 

wfti talDn prisoner by Henry duke of Lancaster, hit consiri, and 
sent to the. Tower, Sept. i, 1309; resigned hts crown, Sept. 
J29 (otlowtn^iTt and' waS' succeeded by Henry IV. Richard was 
'nntdered in Pom^ret Castle, Feb. 19, 1400, and bused- at 
Langley, but removed to Westminster. 

THOMAd. duke of Gloucester, uncle, to Richard I(. was smo- 
thered, Ftfb..iR, I3ff7. 

THOMAS BEAUFORT, duke of «zeter, hftif l>rothbr of Ri«hatd 
II. died without issue, Dec. ^4; 1424, and was buried at St.. 
£dmondsbttry, wheic his body was discovered micorrupted in 
177'i, after his burial 34 8-yeai*s. 

fii:NRV IV. duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III., born 
1367 ; married Mary, the daughter of the earl of Hereford, 
who died 1394, before he olnained the crown ; fought with the 

, duke of Norfolk, 134»7, and banished ;. returned td Efigland in 
arms againsc Richard IT., who resigned him his cmwn, and 
Henry was crowned, Oct. ]3» isgo, when he Instituted the 
order of the B&tb, and created 47 knights; consinred.af^ainst, 
Jan. 1400; defeated by riie Welsh, i-ioa; married 'a second 
queen, Joan of Navarre^ widow of the duke of Bretagne, 1403 ; ; 
she was crowned with great magnifi:«fioe the 9dth of January > 
following^ snd died in 1437.: in 1403 began the rebeilion uf-lht 
P^pciut, suppressed July foUowing, He died of an apoplexy, 
in Westminstet, Match ao, I4I3; was bulied< at Xantesbory, 
and succeeded byhia son, 

HfiN^lif V. who was bom in 1 3ef^, and, when priiKse of Wate^ 

. was Ci)mmitte«t to prison for insulting one of the fudges, 1412 ; . 
crowned at Westminster, April g, I4is •, claimed tbr crown of 
France, 1414 ; gained the battle of Agincourt, Oct. •i4, 1415 ; 
pledged hia regalia for 30,000 1, to push- his conquests, .141^. 
The emperor Sigisraund paid a vifit to Henry^ and was insiniled • 
kTMght of the garcer, 1410 ; invaded Normandy with -an amy 

. of '26,000 men, 1417; declared^ regent, and manied Ckibarine 
ol France, on May 80, 1490 ; she was crowned .at Westminstet ; 
the 3 ad of Fcbroaif following { outKved Henry,- and was mar- 

• ried afteiwards to Owen Tudor, grafidfitfher of Henry VIL 
Henry died of a pleurisy at. Rouen, Aug. 3|^ 14^^ a^84» . 
was buried at Westminster, and sncceeded by^ 

UfiNRY VI. bom at Windsor, Pec^ 6, i4ai ; ascended tba< 

throne on Aug.. 31, 1422 ; proclaimed kingjof France the same i 

year; crowned at Westminster, Nov. 6, .i43g; crowned H 

Paris, Deo. ]7» 1480; married to Margaset, danghter of the 

, duke of Ai\}ou, at Scutihwick, Hampshise^ April>»«f 1443,- and 

. was crowned at WettaHnster May 30 foUowing.; Jack Cade's - 
insurrection^ 1446; Henry taken prisoner at 8ci.Alhaa's, 1435:; 
hut regained his libactyt 1461 ; and deposed Marc4i .4 fokiawki^ 

• by his foarth cousin, Edward iV. fled intd Scotland, andilakciv 
I prisoner- in LancasbifCf J4e3 $ restored .«> hia throne, Oeh 6f 

, 1470 i jtaken pdsonei 4i|;atn by Edward. ApriV 1 1^ taf 1 c Qaeen 
n !Mai|p*lJn4J*i:4r — -^ . . v ^ 



€NjSUSH SOVfiREIGN$. SOt 

^ardy May 4; the prince MIH in eold Mood, May 31, and 
Hmry mardered in the Tower, June 90 following, ani bailed 
at Cheriscy, a|5ed 49. . 

HUMPHRY, duke of Gloacester, fourth son of Henry IV. was 
strangled, by the or!er of bu nephew, Henry VI. and bunelt at 
, St. Alban*$, 1447. 

EDWARD iV. born at Roiusn, April 29, 1443; descended from 

. ^e tlurd son of l&ilward I I. elected king, March b, I46i ; 

and before his ooionaiion was obliged to take ths fteld« and fight 

thehauleof T9Wton,-when 35,731 fell, and not one prisoner 

. taken bttt the e^rl of Devonshiie, March 13; was crowned at 
Westminster, June 38, 1401 ; sat publicly with the judges in 
Westminster. ha^l, I4d3 ; mirried Lady Elizabeth Grey, wi* 
dow of Sir John Grey, of Groby, March l, U64, who was 
crowned the Qdih following. Edward was taken prisoner by 
the earl of Warwick in Yorkshire, whence he was brought to 
London, with his legs tied under his horse's belly, 1409 ; 
escaped, and was expelled the kingdom, 1470; returned March 
96, 1471, and restored ; and caused his brother, the duke* of 
Clarence, who had joined the Earl of Waiwick, to be drowned 
in a btttt of Malmsey wine, March 1 1, 1478 ; died of an agao 
at Westminster, April 9, 1483 ; and was buried at Windsor* 
where his corpse was discovered undecayed, March ii, 1789, 
tnd his dress nearly perfect, as were the lineaments of his face. 
He was' succeeded by his infant son, 

EDWARD V. bom Nov. 4, 1470; proclaimed king at London, 
April 9, 1483 ; deposed June ao following, and with the dolce 
of York, his brother, smothered soon after by their uncle, who 
•ncceeded him. 

RICHARD HI. duke of Gloucester, brother to Edward IV. bom 
1453; took prince Edward, son of Henry VI. prisoner at 
Tewkesbury, and helped to murder him in cold bipod, (whose 
widow he afterwards married), 1471; drowned the duke of 
Clarence, brother to Edward IV. in a butt of Malmsey wine. 
1478 ; made pr<Aectof of England, May 37, 1483; elected 
king, June 29, and crowned July following ; ditto at York, 
Sept. b; lost his queen, March a, 1485 ; slai.i in battle, at 
Bosworth, Aug. -29, i486, aged ;i'i ;'was bujied at Leicester, 
and MOceededLby 

HtNRY VII. born 1463 ; who landed atMilford Haven, Aug. 7, 
148>} defeated R.chard III. in Boswortlr field, and was elected 
king, I486 ; crowned Oct. 30, the same year ; married Eliaa- 
beib, daugtitcr of Edward iV. Jan. 18, i486, who wasciowoed 
Nov. 35, 1487,' following ; dcfea,red Lambert Symnel, the im- 
postor, June )0, 1487 i received of the Frer.ch king, as » 
corovmmise for his claim on that crown, i8Ci,360l. besides 
95 ,000 Cfowns yearly, 1493 ; married bis eldest son Arthur lo 
princess Gatharinc of Spain, Nov. 14, I601 ; prince Arthur 

• diod, April 3, 1502; queen Elisabeth died in child- bed, Feb. 
ii.«faiiowing, wA wa% buried at .WestmiBStec Mary, his third 



S03 £N9Usii ^ovfiiteiaNS^ 

iigu£|Mer> fnarricfl' I:K>iiis Xif. of CV«»ce» Ani^ 13« lftr4» £f 
whom she was left without issue, and she marricdy Oct. fol- 
lowing, Ctiarirs Brandon, duke of Su6blk>r by whons she had' 
iMue^ and died 153S, and was buried at St. Edmombufy, where 
her corpse was. discovered, Sept. 6, 1784, in a i^rfect siate. She 
was j^randnnother of the unfeitunate Lady Jane Giey. Ilenry. 

- mtrried his dau{;hler Margaret to James W: of Scotland. 1501 ; ~ 
died of a consumption, at Richmond, April as^, 1600 ; a$cd 54 ;. 
was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his soq,. 

HKNRY Vlfr. born June 28, 1491 ; married Catharme, Xn(anta. 
of Sfain, widow of his bcotber Arthur, June 3, i^ot^ ; crowned 
Juoe 24 followins;; had a personal imer>iew with Francis I. 
king of France, at Gutsnes in Flanders, June 16 20, and again > 
Bt lk>logne, Oct. 31, I53i; received the title of Defender of 
the Faith, 1521 ; stiled Head of the Church, 1532 ; divoiccd 
queen Catharine and married Anne Bu]le)ne, Nov. 14, 1332 ; 
Apne crowned, June 1, 1 bQ3 ; assumed the title of Head of 
the Church of England, in the presence of his whole Courts Jan. 
•18, 1583; he was excommunicated by Pope Paul, Aug. ao« 
158A ; Catharine^ his first queen, died at Kimi)okoi»» Jan. 8,. 
1536^ aged >o ; be put Anne, his second ^.qoicehy 10 death. 
May 10, and married Jane Seymour, May io, 1536, who died 
in childbetfy Oct. 12| 153>; he dissolved the religious fouada- 
. Cions tti England, 1530 ; married Anne of Clevr^ Jan. 6, 1S40 ; 
divorced her, July l0y.l54Oi.«¥urriGdx Catharine Howafd,.,his- 
liftti' ^fefr Aug. 8 foUowing*. and beheaded her on.Tower-bHl^ 
with tady Rochford, Febk 12. 1542; the title of king of Jfc- 
laad was confirmed by Act of Parliament, Jan. 24, 1543, to 
the kiag and . his successors ; married Catharine Par, bis sixth- 
wife, July 12, 1548. Ht died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, 
, at Westminster, Jan. 38, 1547^ in the 56th year of his age; was 
buried it Windsor, and was succeeded by his only son, 

SD WARD VI. born October i 2, 1537; crowned Sunday, M>.. 
20» 1547 ; 'xvho died of a consumption at Greenwich,. July 6, 
1553; was buried at Westminster,, and was suoeeeded^ agree- 
ably to his will, by his cousin, 

JANE -GREY,, born 1537 ; proclaimed queen, July 0, 1553; 
deposed* soc^n after and sent to the Tower, where she, with Lotd'. 
Dudley, her husband, and her father, were beheaded, Feb. iSy . 
T5.^4, aged 17, by the order of 

MARY, born Feb. Ii, 1516;^ proclaimed July 9« i553s af»d< 
crowned Oct. l following ; married PhiUp of Spain, July 25, 
1554, died of a dropsy, Nov., 17» ).'>58; was buiied at West- 
minster, and was succeeded by her-balf<-sist"r, 

SfJZABETf], born Sept. 7> i.")^ ; scrnt prisoner to the Towef, . 
1554 ; began to reign, Nov. 17, 1558 ; crowoed at WenminKer, 
Jan. 15, 1559; Mdry of Scots fled to England, May 16, 1568, 
and was imprisoned in Tuibiuy Castle, Jan. 'I5<^tt ; Eltaab^th 
relieved the Protestants ii¥tbe Nctheilands with abo\e 2oe^QOO 
CMwns, besides atoi«> 15G9« a mattia^ pro|NM]gd to tba quooo 



liy Aieddkeof Aleneon, isM ; tiut ffn«lly rejected, 1581 ; b©- 
t)«\ded Mary queen of Scots, at Potheringhay Cast!e, m Northamp- 
t<)nsfiire, February 0, 1587* a.c:ed 44.; the Spanish armada 
destroyed, 158f ; Tyrone's rebellion in Ireland, 1498 ; Esfiex, 
tht queen's favourite, beheaded Feb. 85, 1602 ; the queen 
dted at Ricfimond, M^^h 34, I0O8 ; was harieri at Westmm* 
ster, and was succeeded by the son of M^ry queen ot Scots, thcr\ 
James Vf. of Scotland. 

-JAMES I. -born at Edinburgh, June 19, I56fl; was crntwned 
king of Scotland, July *i3^ 1567; married Ann, princes^ of 
•Detimark,' Aug. lo, 1589 ; succeeded to the crown of Bnglaod, 
M^rch 24, 1603; first stiled king of Great Britain, l6o4; ar« 
rived at London, May 7 foHowing -, lost his eldest son,^ Henry 
priricttof Wales, Nov. 6, leitt, aged 18} married his daugh- 
tcTy Elizabeth, to the Printe Palatine of the Rhine, 1 6i a ; *rom 
wl^m his present Majesty, George in. is descended ; went to 
"Scotland, March 4, 161T ; returned, Sept. 14, I6I8 ; lost his 
•queen, Mareh, 1619; died of an ague, March 27, 1635; was 
buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by 

CHARLES r. born Nov. 19; 1600; visited Madrid to fbtoh-'a 
wife, March''7, 1^3; succceded'to the crown, March >>7, 1625 ; 
married Henrietta, daughter of the king pf Fiance, the same 
ypar; Crowned Feb. 2, 1626; crowned at Edinburgh, 1683 5 
wenr to Scotland, August, 1041 ^ returned NdV. 25 followhng; 
went to the House of Commons, and demanded the five mem- 
bers, Jan. 1641-2; retired to York, March, 1642; raised bit 
staiidard at Nottingham, Aos^. 25 following; travelled in the dis-- 
guise tjf a servant, and put himself into the hands of the S«ots, 
at Ntewafk, May 3, 1646 ; sold by the Scots for 000,000 U 
Aug. 8 following ; seized by Col. Joice, at Holmby* June 9, 
1647 ; escaped from Hampton-court^ and retreated to the 4sle of 
Wight, July 29, 1^48 J closely confined in Hurst oastle, Dec. 
T following ; removird to Windsor-castle, Dec. 28, to St. James's 
hmise, Jan. 19» 1649 ; brought to trial the neitt day, conflenfned 
the 27th, behcadwlat Whitehall the 80th, aged 48, and buried 
in St; George's chapel, Windsor. His queen, Hentietta, died 
at France, Aug. 10, 1669. 

OLtVEK CROMWELL, born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599; 
chosen member of parliament for Huntingdon, 1028$ matle* 
colonet, 1643 ; went over to Ireland with his army, July 1^49 ; 
retufnert,May, 1<I50*, made Protector for life, Dec. 12, 165s ; 
was near being killed by fallrn^ from a coach-bfx, Oct. I654; 
readmitted rhe Jews into England, in 1656, after ^heir expulsicaj 
of 405 years ^ tefuscd the title of king, May «, i«57 ; died 
*at V'hitehajl, Sept. 3, i<558, and succeeded by1)is son 

•RICHARD CROMWELL, proclaimed fproteotor, Sept. 4, M58 ; 
resigned, April 22, I659 ; died at Cheshunt in HeMfoidflbire, 
•July 12, 1714, age*' 82. ■ • * ■ 

tTHAKfcflJS H. born May 29, 'i^O ; escaped from Sit. -James's, 
Apfil a^y 1646 ; landed in -Scoilandy i«50 ; crowned ad Scone, 



;5HM BNGU8H SttVIBEHMS. 

Jtfn 1, 1051 ; cSefetted a« the battle of Wot«MCeft l«5i $ Imi4- 
erl at Dover, May 30, 1060> and restored to hi« throne ; crown- 
ed, A)>ril 13, 1061 ; married Cathannc, Infanta of Bortagal» 
May 91, 1662 i accepted the city ftccdom, I>ec. la. 1674 \ 
died Feb. 6, 1085, aged &4, uf an a|ioplexy , was buried at 
Westminster, and was succeeded by his brother James, Catha- 
rine, his queen, died Dec. 21, ijQi. 
JAMBS H. born Oct. 15, 1633 ; married Ann Hyde, Sept. 16^0, 
who died, 1^371 ; married the princess of Modcna, Nov. 31^ 
1673 ; succeeded to the ibrone. Feb. 6, l6Hb ; Monmou b, na- 
tural son of Charles II. landed in England, June n, 16&;> ; pro* 
claimed king at Taunton, in Somersetshire, June 20 foUuvring j 
. defeated near Bridgcwater, July 5 ; beheaded on Tower hill, 
July 13 following, aged 86 ; James's queen hadason boniy June 
10, 1668, the king fled from his palace, December 1% 1638 ; 
was seized soon after at Feversham, and brous;ht back to Wbirc- 
hall ; left England, Dec. 23 following i landed at Kintale, in 
Irdand, March 12, 1689; returned to France^ July I6sia; 
died at St. Germain's Aug. 6,, 1 701. 

.VrilitlAM I IK prince of Orange, bom Nov. 4» 1650 ; ctcatrd 
ftadtbolder Julj^d, 1672 ; married the princess Mary of Eng- 
land, Nov. 4, 1 67 7 ; landed at Torbay, in England, with aa 
army, Nov. 4, ]688; dechired king of England, Feb. is, 
1660; crowded with his queen, April ii, 1689» landed at 
Carrickfergus. June 14-, 1690 ; and defeated James 11^ at the 
batde of the Boyne, July } following ; a plot laid for assassinat- 
ing him, Feb. 1690 ; fell from his horse, and broke his collar- 
bone, Feb* 91 i 1702; died March 8, aged 51; was buried 
Apiil 12 following, and left his sister in-law, Annr, his successor 
• to the crown. 

.MARY, WILLIAM'S queen, born April 30, 1662; proclaimed 
(with her husband) queen, regent of England, Feb. 13,1680; 

. died of the small-pox, Dec. 28» 1604, aged 32^ and was buficd 
at Westminster. 

• ANNEyborn Feb^ 6, 1665; manted to prince George of Den- 
mark, July 28, 1683; by whom she bad IS' children^ all of 
whom died young; she came to the crown March 8, 1702; 
crowned April 18 following; lost her son, George, duke «f 
Gloucester, by a fever, July 29, i7op, aged 11 ; lost ber hus- 
band, who died of an asthma and dropsy, .Oct. 28, 1708, aged 
55; the queen died of an apoplexy, Aug. 1, 1714, aged 49; 
was buiied at Westminster, and was succeeded by 

GEORGE 1. electof of Hairover, duke of Biunswick-Lunen- 
burgh^ bom May 98, IG60; created • duke of Cambridge, &c. 
Oct. 5, 1706. Princess Sophia, hiS' queen, mother of 'George 
II. died June 3, 17 14) aged 89. He was proclaimed Aug, f, 
1714; landed at . Gree9W4ch, Sept. 18 following; died on hii 
journey tu Hanover, at Osnaburgh, Sunday, June 11» t?27, of 
a ptndytic disorder^ aged 67, and was succeeded by hh ckkst 



KKGUSMJOmiUlfGNS. ffff^ 

GflOKHS Hi horn Oct, ao> 1M«; CfCatcd prince cilWalM^ Oct* 
4t Xl.l« ; matfied thepriaeens, WilHetinin« CaroliiM Dorothea, 
<al'Bf i ad c u i bttrgk-Anniach» 1704 i ascended the thror.e, Jijiie ii> 
1797 • ^oat bis queen of a mortiScttton in her boMrela, Nor. uo^ - 
17^79 ^Ked)4; suppressed a rebeilioti, 174S; diefl suldeiily^ 
at KcniiiiipMi, Oct. ^is, 1760, aged 77» and vra succeeded by 
his snindMs, George III, 

FRRDERH;IC LSWIs, piince •f Wales son of George II. bom 
Jan. 30» 1708; aruYcd in England, 0«c. 17.29; married A u- 
fusli^ firfneessof SaxeGctha, A|*ql a7» I7adi forbidden the 
Court the ]war followiog ; died Mirch 30, 1 7 5 1 » aged 44 ; bav- . 
ing had iisae Augusta, horn Aiig. 1 1 , 17^7 > the present duchesa 
of Pninswick ; George Augustus, the present king of England ; 
£dwanl Augustus, born March -25, 1759, died duke of York, 
Sept. 17> 17^9; Eliza-CaruUne, born JaA. 10, 1740, died 
Sept. 1730; William Henry, born Nov. 33. 174s, late 
4uke of Gloucetter» died Aug. 3j, 1805 ; Henry- Frederick, bora 
Hot. 7> 1745, lattdake of Cumbeihind, married Oct. 1771» 
Anne Horton, daughter of Lord Irnhani, and died without issue, 
Sept. la, 1790 ; Louisa-Anne, born May 29, 1748, died May 91, 
17O8; Pirederick William, born May 34, 17>0, died May 10, 
17^5; Caroline Matilda, born July 23, 17^1, died qveeft 
of Denmark, 1775. His princess died of a consumption, Feb. 
0, 1772, aged -la. 

GEORGE 11 L eldest loa df Frederick, late prince of Wales, >ta» 
born June 4, ^7^* ; Created prince of Wales, i73l ; succeeded 
his grandfather, Oct. 3ft, 1760 ; proclaimed the ne*t day; 
married Cliarlotts Sophia, princess of Mecklenbuigh Streliiz, 
Sept. 9, 1701, who was born May \9, 1744; and both "were 
crowned, Sept. 3 J, 1761. His Majesty was deranged in min(| 
Ironi October 1768, to Mirch 17B9; on April i4, 1799, 
he went la procession to St. PauVs cathedral ; recovered froin a' 
second-«t1feick, March 10, 1804. Their issue arr, 

1. George, piince of Wa!es, born Aug. 13, 17O3 ; married April 
if 179s, Caroline- Amelia- Au$:usta, the second daughter of the 
dake of Brunswick, (by A\iga>ta, the eldest sister of his ma* 
jesty) bom May 17, 1769, by whom be has iesue Chatlottc* 
Carolina- Augusta, 4»orn Jan. 7, »790« 

2. Frederic duke of York, bishop of Osnaburgh, born A4i^. 16^ 
17^; firanicd Sept. 29, 17-91, to Fiedetica^harlotia-tJirica^ 
Cathaiinsy princess royal of Prussia, who wu bom May 7, 
17«7.- . 

a. William- Henry, born Aug. 9i, ■17«& ; duke of Qaiaoce, ad* 

BSiral in the ro)^ n^vy 
a. Charlotte Aagusta-Matilda, born Sept. ^9. 179^'^ married 

May t9« 1797* t<» Frederick William, duke (now king) of Wif. 

tembuigh, son-in-law to the duke of Brunswick WoUenbutUe. 
ft, Edward, duke of Kept, bora Nov. 3, 1707. 
9. Attgqsu Sonhia, born Nov- 9, 1798. 
7. ILliaabctli, torn May ua^ 1770, 



^m 



MnUMX 



^. Iftrnl^t' Xujtuslbs, dalw of CiunbMluui, bom^iiuie 15, %990r ' 
9. A^g^stus>Pft:defiek, dake (if StMiex, bora J«n. 3f, iffti .« 
10* A^lphbs&Fredeitck, dako of tCaml>ridge, bora Feb. )HH «I7M« 
vn. M«rf, borft ApiUas, J77<>. ' 

18, S<j{mu» born Nov. », 1777. * * t*-^ : 

iS. OettVH», born Feb. '2i^ 17?9; rtiod MajrA, ],)«^«t-.' ■• i 
14. Alfred, born Sept. 'ia, 1780; died Aug* SOy'UMt' <i 
lb* Amelia, bom Aug. 8, 17«8. •'-«>♦ .. 

Snter to -hit Majesty. 
Princess Augusta, bom Aug. u, i737 ; ntarried^be p§ naC t 
€tike of firuttswick Lunenburgh, Jan. i(l» 1704,. by wfaom siie 
9A$ seireral children, among wham vd tbo ptokem ArlnaBS ^ 
1V*le*. 



SCOTLAND. • 4 

• * • • . • *♦ ' ' \ 

IhK nation lias as great pretentions to antiquity as any in Ea- 
ijpc, having, according to their historians, possessed thit k^ri^g- 
"CQih for above'^OOd years, without ever being .entjrely conquered ^ 
though they hav« been subdued at certain* periods by the Romans 
and Engli&b, and in a. great measure over- run \jy the Dafnes. Th'cv 
•tJodSt of a line of 1 1 5 kings, who can all offticm deduce their pedi- 
gree from Fergus 11. who was sent by the peppfc of Ireland, and 
&me into Spotland about the time tliat Alexander tbe Gfett'tOok 
Babylon, viz. ajo years before Christ. As to the origid of £he 
Scots, there are vartou,s opinions^ and the historians, v^hb cdjSt^d 
for their great antiquity, say they came from Spain. Tho'Sc ]»fo 
•opposed by others, wb.> in general suppose fhem to" be a /errtaindcr 
"Of the Britons who fled from the Uomin servitude. ^ '(lowever we 
shall- begin with McteHaus, the 17th king of ScotlAnfl', (in the se- 
cond year of whose reign Jej^us Christ was born),, who <ded in 2^ 
4nd was' succeeded by Caractacus.^ * , * ' 

KINGS OP SCOTIAND. - 



Nkmes 


fecgari to 


lefgn. 


NHmcs • 


Be^aft totwgn. 


€aractaci»* 


• •• ^^iiJ^ 


' .74- 


Odnafd I. 


^ — • 197 


Coibred J. 


-.* 


54 


Echodias \U 


fil6 


D»dam35* ' * 


'* .' -.. 


70 


yNdiiro 


"' — . 23» 


Cwrbred If, 


— . 


7-2 


Nathalncius 


— • 941 


Ldctatas 


— 


104 


Fi«docus 


— 254 


Mogaldus 


-^ 


• 107 


DonaM U. ' 


^ ^ S6i 


Cohai^is 


. — 


'W« 


Donald m. 


' ' — 253 


ATg<tdus • 


. .^^ 


]4er 


Crathfiinthus 


— 1l7f 


£tbodius I. 


.-. 


\ei 


'Finchoimarchtii 


. -^ SiO 


Satiael 


-.,-. 


19^ 


KonafcJ^us 


' *^%m-^ 4)fB 



i l*»r >) 






} 



Fethelma^ku^ 
Euscnius I.' 
Fergus,!. 
Kugenitts II., 

CoQ&tantine t. 

Congale 1. 

GoRia 1 . 

Eogcnius I IF. 

Coif^ale II. 

Chinlane or 

Cuifiatijlus 

Aidaa , — 

KeaivKl If ,— 

Eug^ius IV. -«> 

Fcr chard II. — 

Donald IV. 

Fercbard I. — 

Maldwin — 

EllgCDMlS V. . — 

Sngfmius VK «-» 

Ambcrcbelet • — •* 

Ettgenius VII. — 

Mordac — 
Etsinfut . — 

£ttgeni4]s VI1I« — 

Ftfgus.II. -^ 

Sdlvatiiu — 

Achaius ^ ' -~ 

Coagalelll. • ->' 

Doagal -*. • 

Alpin . — 

Kcnat II. — 

DmaM <r. -- 

GonstaotioeJI. -^ 

£tbtis . . . ^ 

Gc^orjr ^ .— 

Donald VI. — 
Janics VI. oa.th« dearii-ef 



373 
Q7Q 
406 
410 
45rl 
4i7 
470 
501 
*4^ 
45« 

566 

604 
606 
&22 
6 32 
6i6 
664 
684 
687 
697 
698 
715 
7Q0 
7ffl 
763 
766 
787 
819 

Bi4y 

»31 
834 
8M 
858 
«74 

89Q 



Coiistantin^ III. 
^lalcolm I.. 
,Jndalp|iu9 
JDuphiis 
CuUeniifr 
^Keaetm. 
Constantiae IV. . ' 
Grimus 
Alalcolm II.. 
Duncan 
Mdcbcth 
Malcolm in. 
Donald Vll. 
Duncan ii. 
Donald Vll.-agam 
IntcuegQUBi 
Edgar 

AIcz%n.der I. 
David I. 
Malcolm f V. 
.Willf^m 
Alex^iier II. 
Aleatandcr III. 
Interregnum 
•J<>hn Baii^i 
■ Hobcrt I. 
David il. 
Edward Baliol 
Datid II. agaia 
Robert II. 
John Robert 
Janaesi.. 
JMttes II. 
Jiraeslll. 
James J V. 
•James 'V. . 
Mary Stuaf t 
jAmes^VI. 



— f ^ 

9a4 



S96 

1P03 
1095 

A096 

1107 
im 

1165 
»14 
1349 

1^ 

i8!»a 

13^2 
1341 

1340 
14*5 
14S7 
I4A) 
}4l8 
1&^ 
1>42 

1547 



of England, ascended' 
that throne in 1603, and- his descendants were the kings of 
Ei^Uiiid'.9l|o till I7a7.«^.heu tbc'two kingddnoa wfirc united; 
under the title of Grci^t Britain. 



. KirilgsofjFrild^e, 
Hugh papet 

Roben , ." . 

Henry ;. 



fxom Hugh Capef, who began. 

g87 touis VI. . , Jl^fi 

096 Lquis VII. the yottngcr • 11^7 

2.oai Philip 11. tlie August . iiiO 

.10^9 }J^^ yHI. . , 1 • ^^f^y 



( «o« > 



iMisnr. 


1940 


ChaHei Vn.t^e Vieto-1 
nous / 




PhtUp Itl. the Htfdy . 


li71 


1483 


]»liUip IV. tlw Fair 


1785 


Henry VI. of England 




Louis X. 


1314 


proclaimed 


* 


John 


18J0 


Louis XI 


14<)1 


t^hifip V. 


l€i6 


Charles VIII. , 


1483 


CbMl9 IV. the Fiir 
fid4ard of ktigtand 


1933 


Louis Xtl. 


1498 




Francis 1. 


15IS 


/croiwied 


" 


Francis 11. 


1559 


miip V. the Courtier . 


1838 


Charles IX« 


1560 


fjm 


13&0 


Henry Iff. i 


1574 


tharles V. ihe V ise . 


18«4 


Henry iV. 


)58Q 


Charles VI. the Well- \ 

beloved j' 




Liais XIIL 


1610 


1360 


Louis XIV. 


' 1043 






Louis XV. 


1751 


lottis XVI. King cf France, 1774 j deposed Aug, lO, 17W 5 be- 


headed, Jan. 21, 1703, 


and the country declared a Republic. 


1Mb XV|I. died June 4, 


1795, 


in prison. 




KINGS of SPAIN, 


from FERDINAND the GREAT. 


PerdinRiui the Great,* 


ifrom 


Henry 11. 


'1S68 


under whom Castile 


^1047 


John I. the bastard 


1870 


«iid Leon ivcre united. ^ 


1 to 


Henry 111. 


1890 




1035 


John 11. 


1400 


Saaeho the Strong 


1065 


Hcnrjr IV, 


1454 


Alphomso the Vacant . 


1073 


Ferdinand and Isabella, 


}l474 


jLlphonsoVll. . . 


1100 


the first stiled Catholic 


AlphonfoViU. 


1133 


Philip 1. 
Charles L 


1504 


ISancho III. . . . 


1157 


151 


Ferdinand • . 


1158 


Fhilipll. ,. 


1353 


AiphensolX. . 


1158 


Philip IlL 


1501 


Henry 1. 


1314 


Philip IV. . . 


1031 


Ferdinand III. 


1318 


Charles II. 


1005 


Alphonso X. 


1353 


Philip V. resigned 


1700 


fiancholV. 


1384 


Lewis 


1794 


Ferdinand IV. 


1305 


Philip re-assumed, died « 


1735 


Alphonso XI. . . 


1313 


Ferdinand VI. 


1746 


J'eter the Cruel . 


1350 


Charles IH. > 


1750 


ChMfea iV. 1788, recently lobbed of hia tcfritories by Bniwaptrte. 


EMPERORS ot GERMANY, from CHARLEMAGNE. 


Charlemagne, began . 


800 


Arnold . • 




Luthario 1. 


840 


Guy and Lambert 




tewis IJ. 


855 


Lewis the Infiant < 




Charles the Bald • . 


874 


Conrad I. 




UWis 111. 


875 


Henry the Fowler • 




Charles the Fat • «. 


• 870 


Oiho the Great • • 


oa« 



('«V) 



Gihin: ' : 


973 


OthoIIL . . . 


083- - 


Henry IT. 


iDOa 


Conrad If. 


il>34 


Heniyjn.> 


loag 


Hcniy IV. * 


1056 


Heniy V. 


116© 


Lothario f I. 


1125 


Conrad m. '■ . . 


Us% 


Fredeuck J. 


11M-. 


Henry VL 


1190 


Philip • . .* 


1197 


Otho IV. 


1 '208 


Frederick II. 


1212 


WnUam» or Conrad IV. . 


1250 


Rodolphus of fiapsburgh 


.1273 


Adolphus tff Nama 


1291 


Albert I. of Austria 


ia9«- 


Henry V«. 


1309 


Lewis V. 


1314 


John and Philip V. the 




Long * . 


1817 


Charles VI. . . 


134 J 


Guntbept oTSchw^Uburi 


1349 


Wen^laus . 


1373 


^ peror of Austria> 


Aug. il 



H- 



Fr«erlfck *nd Robert W*^ 

latinft 
Jt)seph of Morravta, Si 

gtsmund of Luzera 

burgh 
Albert of Austria 
Frederick 111. 
Maxmitlfian I. 
CharlfesV. 
.Sccdinand I* , . 
Maxiimliaa II. of i^mi<* 

Rodolphus II. .. . 
Mathias . , '. 

Ferdinand II. . ^ • 
Ferdinand III. ... • 
Leopold I.* , '■.*.' 
it»eph I. 

Charles Vf. . ,' 

Charles VII. of Bavaria . 
Franois 1. of Lorraine ,• 
Joseph 11. ,• J. 

Leopold II. 
Francis 

who took the stile of 
, 1804. 



U0» 

14 lO'*' 
i • t 

143ff 
1440' 

ivr98' 

1519 ' 
1558 

157«C 
1612, 
I6I0' 
I03W 
I65& 
1705 

pni 

174«, 

1745-, 

1765^' 
1790 

17^\ 



EMPERORS and EMPRESSES ef RUSSIA, from PETER I. 
Peter the Great began 1689- fiHzabeth . I74I 

Catharine I. . 1725 Peter III. . . 1762 

Peter II. . . 1727 Catharine . . 1763 

Anne '* > .. mOflaWLi ' ., -^ llye 

John V. S months eld 1740 

Alexa^^er^ the pid^eiEit Emperor^ March ^8> ^1800* • / 



KINGS of POMNQ, iit>m SIGISMUND, SON of th^Ji^JNGL 
'of SVVJEDEISI. 

Sigismand 111. bcfan * I58S . Brad^ricfcU. fiietttorjo^ *i 

UUdialaus VII. . 1839 Saa«»y. . .. ^1697^ 

John II. . 1648' Staaiatoas U^ - . ^ I7«4^ . 

Michael, a Russian Prioce ] 669 Prederibk 11. agaiii 17iX^ 

Jehnlll. SobieslA'U 1 1674 . Vroderick UI; - • ITStfv 

StanisUuia IL Count PonitfteMrsUi, > 1764, Wbaresisiied th«i 

reg^ ^ititr^iB 1795; wtt««i*)lu9 kiiigaem.iiimf *4i%M«db** 

tween Riuda, AudH^hmA 9mm^, i^Ue i£ed->iKi^tlil8» 

Jbwrffb, Peb. 11, 1798. : ''' ^-^^ . «• i^'^i* -"^ -^i ♦ U 



SriO KEMARKABL^ lEROONS, Ac. 

KINGS ftBd QU£ENS of SWEDEN, from S|GI^kIUND T. 

KING of POLAND. 
Sif^smund L begaa iSd3 Charles XII. a^ed 15 ,1^99 



Ourles IX. 


]60€ 


Uh ique, sitter to Charkei 


f 


Cttscavui II. Adfflphns 


}6\l aged)5 • ^ f 
1633 AdolphusoTi^olstetQ 


1716 


Qiristiana, ased 6 . 


1751 


IJUrlwX. 


1654 Gustavu.s III. . 


1711 


Charles IX. 4 years old 


1660 




~ Gustavus IV 


17dS» recently dethrone. 




KINGS of DENMARK, from FREDERICK I. 




Frederick I. began 


nn Christian V. * . 


i67i 


Christian III, 


1554 Frederick IV. ' 


1699 


Prederick M. 


1 559 ChristiaH VI. 


1730 


C:hristiahIV. 


1558 Prederick V. 


1746 


Fi^d«ri4ik lU. 


1648 Christian VII, 


1766 


KINGS and QUEENS of PORTUGAL, from JOHN 


IV. 


A)bnIV.I)egan . 


t64e 


John V. 


1706 


Alpfaonso • • 


1646 


Joseph . • 


1750 


TtterU; 


•1©8» 







Marr, the present Queen; 1777. 

KINGS of PRUSSIA, from FREDEflICK f. their first KING. 

Pre«ierick f. began 1701 Frederick III. , 1740 

Frederick II. 17-13 Frederick lY. i . 1786 

Frederick V. the present King, 1797- 



EMINENT ANDt REMARKABLE PERSONS. 

¥AR0N, the fir&t high priest of th« Jews, born 1570, di«d 
1453 before Christ. 

• B^>a«t*. « rtbbi, Jqurjshed 475,, 



itbbot, arehblshop of Canterbury, killed bl!rpark>kee]t«r, Jan^ 

SO, 16S1, died Aug. 3, 1633, as^ed 71. 
A\)badie} the ler. Jteiei^ bom.lSM, died 1M|< 
4liNlidla, son of Ounar, Aottiished 62f4 
^hel, Jttbn, th» motioask, ditd 1660* . 
AlMard,Peta^, died 1 i4S, aged 63. 
Abfrtroinby> ^r l^lpb, .killeAint Es%'pt> IfiM^ 
Abernethy, John^ tMilK sine, bom. l€80^dM 1740. 
A^rabtam enii^tAiiifi^^ Ome^ Anfeh,. 1887 ( nllcttd wf liMir 
.a87Ji^A|»^)»«fDire«hiitt» •«^47l»' . 
, 4^.Bekr,died6«4.aged63. 



RSMMXABLB PERSONS, *t. fil 

Acfaillet, Med ItM before Christ. 

Aftfamet III. Emperor of the Tiuk^ wWo encoaraged prtnting in 

CoDstantineple, died 6S4. 
Adam, died 3074 before Chriit. 

Adami, John, the American ambasudor, died Oet. S, 1803. 
Addison, Joseph, bora 1679, died June 17, 171^. « 

Ado, the historian, died 875. 
Adolpbus, of Nassau, Emperor, deposed 1393. 
Adrian^ U)e Emfwror, visited Britain, and built a Strong na« 

part/and died 138, a|;ed 79. 

■ IV. Pope, an £ngUshiBaD,'dled 11 59* 
jfifcbylus, the poet, died 456 before Christ, a^d 69. 
Aficnanos, Julius, 'th«ri)istorian, died Sa9. 
Agamemnon, died about, 904 before Christ. 
A^rd, Arthur, the anti(|uarian, died 1615, aged 75.^ 
A!e;atbius, flourished, ,565. 

Asilaoth, Abp. of Canterbury, who refused to crown Harold»J 

died 1305. 
Agis, died 241 before Christ. 

A^ltonby, John, one of the translators of our Bible, died 1^09^ ' 
Agnes, St. died 308, aged 13. 
Agricola, the Roman general, died 93,. aged 5^. 

Rod. died 1485, aged 43. 

Aflippa, Corneiius, died 1534, aged»48.^ 

' King of Judea, died 94,,aged 54. . 

Ahab, died 897 before Cbristi. 

Abas, died 7S6 before Cl¥-i8t. 

AiM««>rftb,.&ob. born I660,died 1743. ' 

Ajaz, the son of Telamon, flourished. kl 49 before Christ. 

■ the son of Teucer, flourished U54 before Christ. 
A]|«iiside» Dr. Mark, born 1791, died June 93^ 177Q% 
Alban, St. the first English martyr, died 303, 
Alberoni, Cardinal, died 1759, aged 88, 

Albertus, Magnus, died 1S80. 

Albinus, the anatomist, died 1767* 

AibomMS, Car^^ di^ y^&l, . 

iabamazer, flourished, 841. 

Al^eus, the l)tri<r]>oct».flQonsbed,.6Q7 before iCbrist. , 

. ■ the tragic poet, flourished, 378 before Christ. . 

Alcibiadet, ti^ Atbenian^died 404 befo^ Christ, aged AS, \ 

Alcwyn, an Englisllman, founded the, university of Paris, 809» 

Aleaaniirr the Great, born 356 1 succeeded Philip, 336 ; founded ^ 

t^ Grecian emfiirty SSI; dii(d avBAhf&on, .Alacc^ 91, 393 , 

Wferc Chfist, aged 39t 

■ ■ ili. ipppe, compelled.. tbe^ klngp. oC Eof lapd- and « 

Pimim tq hold |iis stirrups, died 1 18 U 
J^bnd, eon of Etbelrcd II. had ,bi3 eyep put out. >y Earl Oodwiily. 

and 600 of hie train^a^ufdeied m Guilford, 10361$. ,dted »t. 

mpiJSOlSSl trim, Va&^T^^kA^n^l^ 



5nr RfiMAiucABLt vmMm;'^:' 

Allen, Ralph, of Prior-park, nwr Bath, died IT«4. 

AHeyn, Edward, foonder of Dulwkh colle^, bom 1556, diedlMG. 

Ally Cawn, made a Nabob by CoJ. CHre, June gS, 17«5* 

Alphonsus X. of Castiin, died 1284|' a^d 67. 

Alva, duke of, died 1 583, aged 74. 

Ambrose, St. Bishop of Milan, 974, died 397- 

Ambrosius Aurelius, chosen king of the BrilOD8> and eMwoed at 

Stonehenge, 465, died 508. 
Americu^ Vespucius, discoverer of the cominent of Amenca, 

died 1526. 
Ames, Jos«ph, typo^phical historian, died 17^9* 
Amyot, Bishop of Auxerre, born 1514, died 1594t 
Anacharsis, the Scythian p'hilosopber, lived 554 before Chrkt. 
Anacreon, died 474 before Christ, aged 85. . . t 

Ananias and iiis wife^ Sapphira struck dead, 33. - " 

Ai^astasins, died 518, aged 87. 
Anaxagoras, diiid 428 before Christ, aged 70. •• 
Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flourished 378 before Oirist. 
Anaxarchus, flourished ^40 before Christ. • 
Anaximandet*, died 547 before Christ, aged 64. 
Aoaximenes, died^bout 504 before Christ. ••' 
Anderson, Sir £dmund,'a law author, died 1-605. ' ' 

" James, coqimercial writer, died 17*^* - - 

Andre, Major, hanged by the Americans for a spy, Oct; 3^ i7tO* 
Andrew, St. martyred,- Nov. 30, ^9. ■ ■ - 

Andrews, Bishop of Winton, born 1555, died \&3S. 
Andronicus, the peripatetic^ flourished 100 before Christ. 
Anello, Tbom.as,. a fisherman (if Naples, who rose td great • 

power,' ' and trds assassinated, born 1623. 
Anhalt, Rev. Qeorge, Prince of, bo?m J5G7, died !557v 
Annet, Peter, i^llbred and persecuted for his moral wriithigt, . 
died 16795 aged 75. ' ^ ' - 

Annibal, Carthaginian general, Sed 960 b«fbre'Chrict. 
Aoselm, died 1109, aged 76. 
Anson, Admiral, died 176S| aged 69. ' 
Anstey, Christopher, author of the Bath 6ulde> &c. died Affg. 3^ 

1805, aged 80. : , » 

Anstis, John, heraldic author, botn 1'669.,'dred 1744. " ^ 

Anthony, Marc, died 30 before Christ/aged 53, 

_ the Great, St. died, Feb. ^4, 356, aged lOS: -^^ 

■ J ' St. of P&dua> died 12311 > ' ^. 

AutioebUJi, died 1^4 before Christ. ' ' ' .\ 

Ahtipaiter,'diedS3l*btefbre Christ, — ' •»■ - >« • •• * 

Antisthen^, U)e philosop^ier, . lived 325 tifef(*e Chrt^. ' * • ' • i 
Atttdniniis'Pins, Etnp^or of the Komaris, died' l6l. ' ' ' ~^ 
".it "■ » ..Mf ti^e orator, died 8t.befor^ Christ, ageff 9$:^ '•* 
Ativan, tfhel^rsianpoet, died tSOI. ' '* '" -"^ »' • - • ■ :4 
A|feMolt6rtt8, ftJearchitett/ flourished- 104; :«> ^* . w •; i. . « 
Apollonius, the geometricijin, lived 242 before Qlflftf^ ^ ti4 
Appian^ thehistor^nj'flMhislnMiR'W, »^t;> «<*. &il ,ai9i4.v4^ 



Aqttiluiii, fleurifbtgd IS8. 

Afminas, St. TboinMt died. 18749 MfcdhO.- 

Aram, Eoi^ine, executed tor a Murder comiaitted 14 yean b^ 

fore, U52^» a^d 54. 
ArbiHhn&ty Or. born ^611, died 1735. 
Arcesilaus, tbe academic, fiaorkhed 300 before Cbrift. 
ArebelanK, of Maoedon, patron of learning, 440 before Chrllt * 
Archilocas, invented Iambic verse 6m bt;fore Christ, 
Aicbiiuttdes, the inatbematietati^ iitveiitorof tbejq»bere« l(ill«4 

at Syracuse 308 before Christ. 
Archytas, the inventor of the vice and yully* •bipwrecked40f 

before Christ. 
Ardevelt, Jacob, of Ghent, assassinated, 1345* 
Aretanej Fv'ter, the poet, died 1556. 
At gyle. Marquis or, beheaiied May 27, ]6€l. 

■' * ■ Earl of, executed at Edinburgh, l685. 

Arioi>„ the ibusician, flourished 620 before Christ. 
Ariosto, the Italian poet, born 1474, died 1534. 
Aristarcbus, the astronomer, died 260 before Christ, aged 81. 

■ the poet, filive 148 before Christ. 
Aristid«8, the Grecian orator, lived 488 before Christ. 
Aiistobulus, the peripatetic, Nourished 184 before Christ. 
Aristonicus, strangled at Rome 126 before Ch; ist. 
AnstomeiMS, the Mefseaian gener;Ll« slaiu 668 before Christ* 
Aristophanes, died 200 before Christ, aged 80. 
Aristotle,, dM<at Calcide 322 before Christ, aged 63. 
Arias, the heretic, died 336. 
Arkw right. Sir Richard,, inventur of t]ie spinning jennies, die4 

Aug. 3, 1792. . 
A rmioius,. James, founder of a sect,, diedy 1609# 
Arjnstrong, Dr. bora 1732, died 1779. . 

Arne, Dr. Thomas Augustine, died 1 778. , 

» > Michael, the nuisician, died 17^^, 
Arndbius, flouriihed 303. 
Arnold, Richard, English divine, died I75i5. 

■ Dr. musician* died Oct. 22, 1802. 

Arsares, died 255 before Christ. 

Arrowsmitb, John, matbenati<dan» ftuufished in the 17th cegp 

tHry. 
Artabanus, di^d229. 

Artaxerxcs, King of Persia, died 242 befere Christ. 
Artemidorus, flourished 146 before Christ. 
Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, lived 350 before Christ. 
Arthur, King of Britain, ditd about 542, aged 70. 
Arviragus, the general, flourished in 89. 
Arundel, Rev. Thomas, died 1413. 
>.. I ■ Earl of, who brought tlic Arundelian marbles to Eng- 

Und, died 1645. 

> Archbishop of Canterbtity, perce^tttoc df tht LoUardi^ 



4M Wtih. \$t 1414. 



Asaph, ^t. ai«d 590. ' ^' 

Ascham, the Rev. Roger, borDlSt.% dietf 1S€3. 

^bc«e, ARHe, btmil ftn* -herwiy, 1546, 

Asdrub&l, the Carthaginian general, killed 92^htfiyre' Qirist. 

Ash, Dr. author of the iShgfish GvammsLT, fte. died dged 55> 

April 1776. 
Aahmole, Blms, thi antiquftiian, horn \eVf, died 16^. ^ 
Ar<ke\v,~br. Aiuh. died Feb* 27, 1774, aged 5?. 
Aaineton, William, first projioser of t1«e plan to provide fof 

clergymen's widows, born 1641, dit'd 1741. - 
Athanaians, St.nli^l Sf;iy*ikgM'73. 
Atbenagoras, the Athenian philosopher, floarished I77. 
Atkins Sir Rabert, '<lied 1709, fif^^d 88. 
At talus, founder of the monarchy of Pergamos, and inventor 

of parchment, died 'l<>8 before Christ. 
Atterbury, Bishop of -Rochester, committed to the Tower, 

Aug. 24, Ifggj exiled May37, I7«35 daed Feb. S», 1731-2, 

aged 69. 
Akilla, the Hungarian tyrant, died 454. 
Avison, Charles, the musician, died 17T0. 
Aubrey, John, the antiquarian, born- 1626, died 1T0O. 
Auguafin, 9t. father of the Latin church, born 354, baptised 

387, died 431. 

■ ■ — ^ St. landed on the isltf o# Thanet, 997, iiiiidbthe fir9t 
Archbishop of Canterbury, died 694. 

Anrelian, the Roman Emperor, the first irho wore a diad«m, 

assassinated 275, 
kurengzebe died 1707, aged' 90. 
Ausonius Deeimus Magnus, died about 394. 
Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, the antiquarian, died 1791, aged 72. 
Ayscougb, Geo. Edw. dramatic writer, died 17/9. 
Azotius, John, a Spanish Jestfit,'dled 1-603. 
Babington, Dr. Gervase, Bishop of Worcester, bom 1550, died 

1610. , ...» 

Bacon, Roger, born U 14, died 1294. 
*■ ■ ^ -- Francis, Lord'Vcrularo, sent to the Tower, 1622 •, died 

April 9, 1626, aged 67- 
Barteifi, Professor, tf theunfrersity of Copenhagen^ died Nots 

6, 1804. 
Bagford, Jojm, ajitiquarian, died 17.16, aged 65. '* 
Bajaset, Sultan, conquered -by Tamerlane; ditd 14'K>; ' 
Baker, Sir Richard, born 1584, died 1644. "" 

■ Thomas, antiquary, born l656, died 1740. ^ 
—-- Henry, natural |)hilosopher,' died 1774. ■ 
Baldwin, the emperor, died 1206. 

Balchen, Admiral, lost in tb^ Victory man of war, Oct; >744. 
Bale, 'Bt^hop bf Ossofy, the historian, boriri495, died 1563. ' 
Baliol, John, founder of Baliol college, Oxford, died 1209. 
©aMerd,*&eDrge, diednffr.' - * 

Balm^riQQ, Lord, beh^de4 for treaeon, ^Atig; IB, 1T46. - *■ 



Tum^MtmmnMsom^ tor mm 

Balsham, Ra^, ' fobinilishr of Peterfaoifed> Cainbiidgey dfeAT 

1288. , ' ' 

Baljac, the l^'^jiencU writer, bortt 15^4^ dred' i4a4, . 
Bancroft, a Lord Mayor's oSeer, died iKorth 80,4K)Ol. ui 1780} 
HaiikB^ Joha, trae^i&poeti died.l'H)6. . ' ' « 

^arbarossa, ^e famous conair, died IMTi BgfSd.4d. / 
Dariaftyrlic^ Jofan^ hisl^rinn, &c« died 174!7. ' 
Barclay, Alexander, died 1552. )• 

• , John, died 162U aged 37. 

■ , Bbbert, U9e,Quaker» bom 1648, died 1690, • 

Barlowe, WiUiam^ Natural philosopher, dicd](l2&. 
Barnwelt, 3oh\ii tltttcfa 8 tate&maaiy .beheaded I6i9* 
•Baronius died 1607, aged 6f). 

Barratieir, I'hil. a PEoS&i^uu Hebnw lexusogr. btfoHs' I0^€ttm^ 
ofa^e^ Master oTth^ malbematies ac 12, ith-Mftd i740y 
ag^&d 19 years 8 months. ^ 

Barrin^toiv, «T; S. philasc^kal writer, ,&c. di«d 1^4t, - 
Barrow, the Rev.Dr. Isajicrdied 1677, a^d 4«. 
Bartholomew, St. aiartyred, Aug. S4y 71. '- 
Baxt^iB,' EKk. Hafy-Maid'of &eiit, eaeasitted 1514« 
Basil, St. di€MlS78, ated51. ^ . ■ \ 

BaskerviUe,.3(f'r. John, of Bvrmnngbam, died Jan» 19, 177A» < 
Bauhin, jasper,' the botanist, di«(l l^vi. - . •' « 

Bautjru, WillUm, Frditdi writH, born 1588, *4lied J^^& . 
Baxter, Rev. Richard, born 1615, died 1^1* .= ' ' 

William, illed'l7S.n aged'72; /• < 

Bayard, Ic Cbev. Fr. waiTi<*n, died 15S4* .. . •• T 

B lyer the astronomer, died 1@89. . i 

Bayle, Peter, died 1723^, aged. 6.9. 

jkattie. Dr. James, authocof the Min^toel, &c. - died • Au|»i 1|^ 
1803. ' «. • • ' 

Beaumont, Francis,^ the poet; barn li?55, died iGiS, . . 

Sir John, di^'d 1628. 

Beaton, Cardinal, murdered May. 28, 1S46. .• •!..». : 

Beccaily Au|r..&&t italian paslo/ad |)oe(i, died IBfiC,^ ' t .'^ 
Becket, Thomas, made Chancellor to Heifkr^ llri)l<S7^ Tside 
Archbishop of C(m«ei:but*y, llOi ^' itbfJaaebed. I I6^i atttirecl 
to France that year ; reconciled to Hctery, #«iie.S;' 1-170^ 
murdered in the '<«tfcedral' cliurdi at Dahterbaay, Dee. 99r 
1170 ; canonized by AtexanUetf III. Ash Wodaeid^ liT^I^ 
his bonos eiisbrined in gold set witb^4€w^ls, V2M^ fiisma^lM- 
and stripped of itfe treaswiflftsJiy Heiiry ViUv 1 54U ■ 
Beckford, Alderman, died lT7t). * .1 

Bede, Ve^erAble/ dWd 78S, ag«d70; 
Bedell, Bishr>p of Kijmorp,, born t5'70, died 1641. 
Bedford, "Ourke ut; made Ii^ft;eut of France^ 149:29 died. 1439^ 
Bedloe, Capt. William, finkisibrhis porJMiy) dibd li)iOi ^ 
Bella^ Car^inafdH, died 1560- 

Bellarrain, botti initaihvl'WSt ea,l521». ' .. . • . v». 

SeUeau^ the French poet, died 1577. 



9X6^ REMARKABLE MRSOM, Ac 

Beilitarnii depriTed of, bb dignities 561 ; died 565. 

Bcmbo, Cardinftl of Venici*, died 1547* aged 68. 

Btmbowy John, a brave £tigli«b Admiral, died 1703. 

BtndtowM, Edw. Englitb poet, d|ed 1686. 

Beit«HUct, St. founder of the Benedictinef, died 546» aged 66. 

Benseradei, the French poet, born 1613, died 1691. 

Bentham, Edward, En^ntb'dlviiiey and wrUer of the Histoiy 

of Ely Cathedral, died 1776. 
Bentivoi^lio, Cardinal, died 1644, a^d 65. 
Benttey, the Rev. Dr. Richard, bom 16639 died 174S. 
Berenger, died 1068, aged 90. 
Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, died 1753, aged 73. 
Bernard, St. di«dll70. 

■*■ » I>r. Edwani, the astronomer, 4>om 1636, died I696. 

-■ Sir John,. statue erected on the Exchange, died 1764, 

aged 80. 
■ Peter Quesnel, a French writery died 177 3, 

Bernoulli, James, the mafhematieian, died 1705. 
■■ Daniel, died 1762. 

Berosus, the Chaldean historian, flourished 368 before Christ. 
Bertholduit, who discovered gunpowder, died 1340. 
Berwick, Duke of, killed in a siege, Jmie 13, 1764. 
Bettenson, Mr. of Queen-square, left 30,0001. to charitable 

uses, 10,0001. af it to Mr. Hetlieringtoa*s charity^ for the 

blind, Oct. 38, ]786, 
Betterton, the player, bom 1633, died April 7, 1710. 
Besa, Theodore, bom at Vezelai, 1519, died 1605. 
Biddle, John, born 1615, died 1663. 
Bidloo, the anatomist, born 1649> died 1713. 
ttcchy Rev. Dr. died U66, aged 68. 
Biron, Duke of, executed in the Bastile, Paris, 1603. 
Bisset, Dr. Robert, died May IS, 1805, aged 46. 
Black, Dr. Joseph, died Dec. 1799- 
Blackmore, Sir Richard, died 1739. 
Blaekstonei /odge, author of theLawCommentariet, bom 1733| 

died Feb. 14, 1780. 
Blaekwell, Dr. executed at Stockholm, July S9» 1*747. 
Blair, Dr. died 1783. 

Dr. Hugh, died Dee. 37, 1800, aged 83. 

Blake, Admiral, bom 1589t ^^ 1^57. 
w" » ■■ John Bradly, botanist, bom 1745, died 1773. 
Blandy, Miss^ hanged at Oxford, April S, 1753. 
Blois, Peter, the histodan, died V300. 

Blood, seised the Duke ol Ormond, with an intent to hang 
jbimat Tyburn, but was firevented, Dec. 6. 1670; attempted 

to steal the crown. May 9* 1671 ; died Aug. ^4, 1680. 
Blount, Sir Charles, born 1654, died 1693. 

r— Sir Thomas Pope, born, 1649, died 1697. 

Btow, John, the musk»an, bora 1648, died 1*706. 



, REMARKAKX PERSONS, M^, Sif 

Boadhsea, Qaeen of the Briton«, burnt London, and kiU«t 

70,000 of the inhabitants ; poisoned herself, Si. 
Boccace, born in Tuscany 1313 ; died 1375. 
Bochart, Samuel, of Rouen, born 1 51>9 ; died 1^67. 
Bodley, SirThoma«, born 1544, died 1612. 
Boerbaave, Dr. died Sept. 23, 1738, aged 69, 
BoetittS, the historian, died about 1450. ^ 

Buileau, the French poet, born 1630, died 17(2. 
Bohemia, Queen of, visited England, May 17, 1667, and died 

there. 
JKolingbroke, Lord, died 1751, age'd 73. 
Bonner, Bishop of London^ born 1512; deprived May 1550; 

died in the Marshalsea, Sept. 5, 1569. 
Booth, Bakon, tlie player, horn 1681, died May 1733, 
Borgia Caeifiar, killed himself, March \^ 150d. 
Borlace« Rev. William^ the antiquarian, died 1T66. 
Borlase, Dr. died April 36, 1773, aged 82. 
Boscawen, Admiral, died 1761, ag^ 50. 
Bossu, Renelle, died 1680. 

Bossuet, Bishop ofMeaux* born 1627, died 1704., 
Boswell, Mr. James, born 1740, died May 19> 1795* 
Bougain^lle, the navigator, was killed at Paris, Aug. 10, iT^C* 
Boulter, Archbishop of Armagh, who gave 30,0001. to charitv 

ble uses, died 1742. 
Bourignon, Mad. the enthusiast, born 1617, died 1680. - 
Boursait, Edme, Ff^ French writer, born 1631, died 1701. 
Bowles, the widow, of VVeist Hannay, Berks, died April 4, 1749> 

aged 124. 
Bowyer; Mr. William, the printer, bom I6p9> died Nov. 18^ 

1777. 
Boyce, Dr. the organist, died Feb. 9, 1779, aged 69. 
Boyer, the lexicographer, born 1664, died 17^9. 
Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork^ born 1566, died 1634. 
•— - Roger* inventor of the orrery, bora 1621, died \^9» 
■■ Robert, the philosopher, died 169 U aged 65. 

- Charles, earl 6f Orrery, born 1676, died 173 h 

Boyse, John, a divine, and one of the translators of the Bihle> 

born 1560, died 1643. 
— - Samuel, born 1708, died 1749. 
Braddoc, Generai, killed at du Quesiie, July 9, 1755. 
Bradley, Dr. James, the astronomer, born 1692, died 1762. 
Brady, Rev. Dr. Nicholas, born 1659* died 1726. 
Brahe, Tycbo, atamous astronomer, born 1546, died 160 i. ^ 
Bray, Dr. Thomas,' devisor of propagating the Gospel in ij- 

reign parts, born I656,^ied 1730. 
Brerewood, Edward, mathematieian and antiquary, born 1565, 

died 1613. 
Breval, John Dwrant, dramatic writer, died 1739. 
Brice, Andrew, of Exetar, died Nov. 7> 1773, aged 75, 



«{8 REMAHKABLE PERSONS, itc 

bright, Mr. of Maiden, in Essex, died Nov. 10, l?5$,^ylt 

weighed 44 stone, or ^Ifilb.aged S9* 
Brings, Henry, mathematician, born 15^6, died 1630. 

. Dr. William, died 1704. 

Brinley, Mr. the Duke of Bridgewater's engineer, born 1716, 

died Sept. 27, 1772. 
Britton, Thomas, the musical small-coal man, died 1714. 
Brook, Roger, of Halifax, in Yorkshire, died Oct. 8> 1568, 

aged 133. 
Brooke, Sir Robert, died 1558. 

■ Lord Fulke Greville, stabbed by his servant, Sept. 30, 
162B, aged near 70. 

— — — John Charles, Somerset herald, crushed to ^eath at 
the Haymarket theatre, Feb. 3, 1 794. aged 45. 

Brookey, John, of Broad Rush Cotj^faon, in Devon, i(Fafi 135 < 
years old, and was living tliere July 1778. 

Brown, R. founder of the Brownists, died aged 86, 103€!. 

m.. Thomas, died 1704. 

— William, the poet, born 1590, died 1645. 

■ Count, celebrated General, slain 1757, aged 52. 

■ Sir Thomas, physician, antiquarian, &c, died 1699, 
— 'ii—— £dw. natural historian, died 1708. 

■ , ' .Moses, a divine, born 1703, died 1787. 

Browne, Isaac Hawkins, the poet, bom 1706, died ITCO. 

—Sir William, physician, born 1692, died 1774. 

Bruce, Robert, Scotch General and King, 1306^ died 1399, 

Bruno, founder of the Carthusians, died 1101, aged 71. 

Brutus, Junius, died 509 before Christ. 

_^ Marcus, died 24 before Christ, aged 43. 

Bryant, Jacobs an eminent scbolari died Nov, 14^ 1804, aged 

88. 
Bruyere, French author, born 1664, died 1699, aged 56. 
Bucer, Martin, born 1491, died 1557. 
Bochan, Dr. William, author of Domestic Medicine, &c, died 

Feb. 25, 1805, aged 76. 
Buc^hanan, George, Latin poet, born 1506, died 1589. 
Btickingbam, Duke of, killed at Portb'mouth by Felton, Au^. 

33, 1628, aged 35. 
' • George Villiers, Duke of, bom 1627, died 1688, 

■ John Sheffield, Duke of, born 1649, died Feb. 

24, 1721. 

Bude, William, French writer, born- 1467, died^l540. 
JBuderell, Eustace, £nglisb writer, born 1685, drowned himself 

1786. ' ' . 

Buns an, John, born 1628, died 1688. 
JBul), Dr. John, musician, bom 1563, died 1620. ' 
Burgh, James, ingenious Scotch author, died 1776. 
Burgo, Luc. dt, the first European writer ofi algebra, died 

1494. '^ 

^rke, Edmund, died July 8, 1797, aged 60. 



BterkUt* Rev. Wm. bom I6d0» died )703» 

Burleigh, Lord Exeter, made minister of state to Oueeii Eiiea* 

|)eth 1560, diedl5i*a. 
Burman, Pater, the commentator, died 1741. 
Burnet, bishop of Sarum, born 1643, died 1715, 
Burrow, Sir James, law writer, died 1783. 
Busb3', Rev. Dr. Richard, born ieiO&, died I695. 
Butler, Samuel, author of Hudibras, born 161*, died 1680. 
By"g» Adm. misbehaved off Minorca, May 20, 1756 ; brought 
prisoner to Greenwich, Aug. 9, 17S6; tried at Portsmouth 
and condemned, Jan. 23, 1757 5 shot at Portsmouth on board 
the Monarcli^ship of war, March 14, 1757. 
Byram, John, inventor of short-hand, born I69I, died 1763. 
Byron, Lord, tried for murder, and acquitted, April l5, 1765, 
Cabot, Sebastian, died 155r, asjed 70. 
Cade, Jack, thejebel, killed by Alexander Iden, 1451. 
Cadmus, first Kiu^ of Thebes, 1094 before Christ. 
CsBsalpinus, And. the first systematic writer of bojanv, born 

15^9, died 1603. ' 

Cassar, after fijjhting fifty pitched battles, and slaying above 

1,192,000 men, was killed in the senate-house, 44 B. C, 
■ Sir Julius, the antiquarian, died 1639. 

Caille, Nic. Lou. de la, astronomer, died 1762, aged 49. 
Caius, or Kayes, ,John, ant«quarian, difed 1573. 
Calefini, Amb. the lexicographer, in eight languaaes, died ' 
1510. , p B p 7 

Caligula, died 41, aged 29. 

CalUmai^bttS, the inventor of wildfire, died 6*0. 

• the inventor of tUt? Curinthiau order of architec* 

tare, flourished 540 before Christ. 
Calmet, the learned Benedictine, died in France, Oct. 35, 1757, 

aged 86. 
Caloiine, ChJK-tes^AlffXander de, minister to Louis XVL died 

Oct. 30, I0O2. 
Calvert-Bernard, ofAndover, went from Southwark to Calais, 

J^ily 17, 1730, in one day, and returned the same evening, 
Calvin died at Geneva, May 27, 1564, aged 45. 
Cambray, Fenelon, archbishop of, died 1716, aged 64. 
Cambden, the historian, died Nov, 2, 1623, aged 72. 
Cameron, Dr. Archibald, exec>\^ted at Tyburn 1753, 

-r Ma'V, died at Inverness, aged 130, May 1785* 

C.un »ens, Portuguese poet, died 1579, aged 50. 

Ci..i,>uell, Dr. the author, died Dec, 20, 1775, aged 61f^ 

Candauses, King oi Lydia, 735 before Christ. 

Candi.ic, John J antes, who knew his letters at 13 months old, 

an I at seven years was master of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, &c, 

died 1725, aged but 7. 
Canning, Kiiz. tried and transported 1754, died 1773. 
Canton, John, natural philosopher, born 17 IB, died 17119, 
Caracalla died ^7^ aged 43. - 



SM KJBMAmKABLE PERSONS, &c 

C^ractacus, King^ of the Biitons, carried prisoner to Rome, in 

5S. -r 

Caradoc, of Llancarran, the Welch historian, died 1157« 

?ardan, Jer. died 1576. 
arew, Thotn<is, died 1639* 

Carey, Harry, musician, poet, &c. died 1744. 

Carious, Don, Prince of Spain, poisoned by order of his fatherf 
throug:b jealousy, 1568. 

Cameactes, a philosopher, died 1S8 before Christ, a^ed 90. 

Qaite, Tbo. the historian, died 1724. 

Carter, Rene des, philosopher, born 1506, died 1650. 

Casaubon, Isaac, bom at Geneva, died 1614, aged 54. 

■ Meric, horn at ditfo 1599, died 1671. 

Casimir 111. of Poland, died 1370. v- 

Caslon, Win. letter- founder, died Jan. 24, 1766, aged 74. 

Cassander flourished 298 before Christ. 

Cassandra flourished 1 149 before Christ. 

Cassini, J. ]Qom. matheni. and astrouom. died 1713. 

Catharine de Medicls, died 1 589- • 

Cato killed himself, Feb. 5, 45 before Christ, aged 48. 

Catullus, born at Verona, 87 before Christ. 

Cavallerius, Bon. inventor of indivisibles, died 1647. 

Cave, Edward, the compile.r of the first periodical mligaziiie, 
born 1691, died 1754. 

— Dr. William, bom 1637, died 1713. 

Cavedon, Tho. British circumnavigator, died 1592* 

Cavendish, W. duke of Newcastle, author, died 1676. * 

Caverley, Sir Hugh, the first person who used guns for the ser- 
vice of England, died 1389. 

Caxton, William, the first printer ift England, 1474, died 1491, 
aged 70. 

Caylus, A. Claude, antiquary, died 1765. 

Cecrops, first Kiug of Athens, 1556 before Christ. 

Celsus, a great physician, flourished 150. 

<;:entlivre, Susan, died Dec. 1, 1723. 

Cervantes, Mich, de, born at Madrid, died 1020, aged 69. 

Chambaud, Mr. Lewis, died Sept. 22, 1776. 

Chambers, Ephraim, author of the Dictionary, died 1740. 

— < Sir William, architect, died Aferch 8, 1796. 

Chandler, Sam,, dissenting divine, died 1766. 

Chapman, George, born 1557, died 1635. 

Chaple, Mr, William, of Exeter, died Sept. 1781. 

Chappe, Claude, an ingenious FreaehnAan, inventor of the tele- 
graph, died Jan. 31, 1805. 

Charlemagne died 8 13, aged 74. ^ ^ 

Charleton, Walter, physician, died 1707. 

Charlevoix, Peter, historian, died 1761. 

Charles XII. of Sweden, killed at Frederickshal^, in Norway. 
Nov. 30, 1718, aged 36- 

ChaUerton, Thomas, poet, horn 175S> died 1770, 



Chancer, Geof. born 1328, died 14()9* 

Chazeilesy the French mUbematician, died 1710. 

Cheneveux, Dr, Richard^ the good bishop of Waterfordj died* 

August 11, 1779. 
Cheselden, William, the anatomtst, died 175?» 
Gheyne, Geor«^, the physician, died 1748. 
Cbicheley, Heary, founder of All Souls College, Oxford^ Afcp, 

of Canterbury, died 1443. 
Cbillingwortb, Wm. bom i(MyA\ed 1644. 
Christiana, Queen of Sweden, reslscned the crewn^ June €, 

1654; died at Rome, April 9> 1669. , 
Cbrysostom, St. made Bishop of Constantinople, 398 ; baiished 

404, aged 53. 
Chub, Thomas, English philosopher, died 1747* 
Chudleigh, Lady, born 16*5$, died 1710. 
ChurehHl, Rev. Charles, born IT31, died 17a^ 
Churchyard, Thomas, died about 1750. 
Cibber, Mrs. the actress, died 1766, aged 67. 
» CoUey, boPQ \^l, made Poet Laureat, Dec. 1730; 

died 1758. 
Cicuro born 107» made an oratlron against Verr^ 70, his second 
oration sgaiilst the Agrarian law, and banished 59, put 
to death 43 before Christ, aged 64. \ 

Cincinnatus, Quinctius, ma& Dictator of Rom* from tfaet 

plough, born 456 before Christ. ■ 
Cinna died 84 before Christ. « 
Clarence, Duke^, brother to Edward IV. murdered in the 

Tower, 147^ aged 27. 
Clarendon^ Hyde, fiarl of, born 161S; banished Dec. 19, 1607*; 

died Dee. J, 1674. 
Clafke, Rev. Dr. Samuel, bora 1675; died May 17, 179$. 
Claude, John, French writer, died 161^7. 
Claudian bom at Alexandria about 395. 
Clemens Alexandrinus, flourished 19^. 

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 60; killed herself SO before Chriitr 
. aged 41. 
Qerk, John le, died 1736, aged 79. 
Cleveland) John, popular poet, died 1658.- . 
Clifford, George, Earl of Cuiaberlaud, died 1609. 
CKve, Mrs. Catharine, the actress, died 1785. 
■ ■ Lord, defeated the Nabob, Juii% 26, 1757 ; created a fter, 

1763 ; killed himself, Nov. 1774, aged 49- 
Clum, Mrs. near Litchfield) died Jan. 23, 177S, a^edlS^ aid 
bad lived 103 years 'in dne house. ' , 

Cbckaine, Sir Aston, born 1608, ^ied 16,86, 
Cockburn, Catharine, died May 1), 1749. 
CeKdringtoh, C^ristopber/ died I'M 6. 

CodruSj the last Atbtnian king, voluntarily gj[iyt his Kfs fpf 
iBbte good ef his counti^, after reij^iub^ 81 jta^i if9p }^V^ 

v a 



ni KEMARKABLE PBRSONS, && 

Cuhorn, Mich, enpneer, died 1704. 

Coke, Lord Chief Justice, born 1549, died 1634. 

Culbert, J. B, French jUatesroan, died 1683. 

Coles, Elisba, the p^rantmarian, died 1680. 

Cole, William, philosopher, died 1662. 

Colet, Dr. John, founder of St. Paul's school, horn 1466, died 

15J9. 
Celigni, Admiral, killed 1573. 
College, Stephen, handed at Oxford} Aug. 18^ 1681. 
Collier, Mr. Joseph, died Feb. 20,-1776. 
■ Rev. Jeremiah, bom 1650, died 1726» 

Collins. J»bn, mathematician, died 1683. 
—— — Anthony, bom 1766, died 1720. 
-— ^— Arthttr, died 1760, aged 76. 
Cellinson, Peter, botanisr, died 1786. 
Colnett, James, was the iijrst explorer af the Western eoast of 

Japan, 1791. 
Colson, John, of Cambridge, died 1761. aged 80. 
Cobton, Edward, the institutor of several charitable beoefac* 

tions, died 1721. 
•Colambus, Christopher, died 1506. 

* Bartbol. map and chart-maker, died 15.14. 

Comenius, J. AmoF, Moravian grammarian, died 167 1 • 

Comniiiies, historian of Flanders, died 1509. 

Condamine, M.de, F. R.S. died Feb. 8, 1774, aged 74. 

Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, born 515 before Christ, 

Congrere, William, boru 1672, died 1729. 

Conon, of Samoi^, Greek astronomer, flourished 300 B. C. 

C6nstantine the Great, died 337, aged 66, 

Constautius, Emperor of Rome, died ai YorJc, 306. 

Cook, Captain James, the navigator, born Oct. 27, 1728, killed 
Feb. 14, 1779. 

Cooke, Sir Anthony, learned lawyer, died 1576. 

Cooper, Tho. bishop of Winchester, chronologist, died 1519. 

Cpjpcrnicus, of Thorn> in Prussia, bom Jan. 10, 1472, died 
1543, aged 70. 

Coram, Captain Thomas, projector of the Foundling-hospitaly 
died March 29, IW, aged 84. 

Corbert, bishop of Norwich, English poet, died 1635. 

Corelli, Slgfu>ra, the learned Italian lady, received Ch« triumpk 
#f a eorr^na^on at Rome, July 31, 1756. 

■ the musician, died 1753. 

' CJorif ^utts bammed fron\ Rome, 4^1 before Christ.. ^ 

Corneille, Peter, dram, poet, died 1684, aged 78. 

-, ■ ■ ■ — Thomas,' ditto and historian, died 1709ti 

Cornelius Nepos died about 21^ before Christ. 

Cornish, an Alderman of JLondou, hanged and quartesed, Ott^ 
. 88, 1685. / 

« Corpwa(li$, Mi^rquif, K. G. born 1738, died in India^ ltO^» 

jtoriw, Per^Unan^, dM 1^47, aged 62. 



REMARKABLE PERSONS, frtfl > S2$ 

•osmo de Medicis, died 1464, aged 75. 

Costard, George, astronomical writer, died 1782* 

Cotes, Roger, the mathematician, died 17 16. 

Cotte, the French architect, died 1735. 

Cotton, Sir Robert, the antiquarian, born 1570, died 1631^ 

aged 60. 
Coventry, Sir John, maimed and defaced, Dec. 35, 1670. 
Cowley, Abraham, born 1618, died 1667* 
Cowper, William, poet, died 1800. ^ 

Cox, Bishop, translator of tbe Bible, died 1581. 
Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, born 14^99 introduced i^. 

King Henry VIII. 1529; burnt at Oxford, March 2J, 1556. 
Cratiiius, the comic poet, died 431 before Christ. 
Creek, Rev. Tho. born 1659| destroyed himself, I702. 
Crisp, Ed. of Bury, in Suffolic, cut and mangled, 1729. 
CrcBSus^ King of Lydia, Nourished 562 before Christ. 
Croft, William, musician, died 1727* 
Cromwell, Lord, made Vicar-General, Oct. 1535; beheaded 

July 28, 1540. 
Crook, Ja)>het, his ears cut off in the pillory^ 1731. 
Croxall, Rev. Dr. Samuel, died 1751. 
Cmden, Alezanderi author of the Concordance, died 1770. 
Ctesias, the historian, died about 384 before Christ. 
Cudworth, Rev. Ralph, boru 1617, died 1688. 
Cujus, James, French writer, born 1520, died 1590. 
CuAen, Dr. William, of Edinburgh, died Feb. 5, 1790, aged 

SO. 

Dr. Henry, of ditto, died Oct. 11, 1790. 

Cumberland, Richard, critical author, died 1718. 

Cunningham, Mr. the poet, died 1773. 

Curtius, M. rode into a gulph at Rome, 362 before Christ*. 

— ^— — j^iiintus, lived in 64. 

Cyprian, bt. martyred 253. 

Cyril, of Alexandria, flourished 4I2» 

■ ef Jerusalem, flourished 350. 

Cyrus died 529 before Christ. 

D'Ablancourt, French writer, born 1606, died 1664. 

Dacier, Andr. French writer, bom 1651, died 1722. 

Mad. born 1651, died Aug. 6, 1720. 

Dedalius, tbe architect, flourished 987 before Christ. 
D'Alembert, Mens, the mathematician, diedOQt^27, 1783. 
Damm, Thomas, of Leighton, near Minchnal in Chester, ditd 

1648, aged 154. 
Dampier, William, th^ navigator;' born 1653, died 1 699- 
Dancbet, Antb. French poet, born l€71, died 1748. 
Danet. Prter, French writor, died 1709. 
BaiiieL sent captive to Babylon 606 ; interpreted Nebuefaad- 

Beszar'fi dream 603 ; east into i\xe Wois* den 538 ^ piediettdl 

tbe Persian empine 534 before Christ. 
» ■ 1 . Sftpi^lf fp«t 9»A hist«rian> ^om 15I2| ditd 16)9» 



S<H REMARKABLE PERSONS, ftc. 

Daniel, the French historian, born 1649, died 1723. 

Dante, an Italian poet, born V26b, died 1321. 

Darci, Count, phjlosopher, died 1779. 

Darius, the Mede", Kin^ of Assyria, 538 before Christ* 

-*— — . the last King of Persia, shiia 330 B. C. 

Darnley, Lorcl, married Mary, Queen of Scots, 1561 ^ mur* 

dered Feb. 10, 1567. 
Darwin, Dr. Eras^mus, diod May 18, 1802, aged 70* 
D'Aubigne, French writer, born 16301 
Waurat, French poet, born 1507, died 1588. 
Davenant, Sir William, dram, poet, born 1606, died 1668. 
J ' Dr. John, bishop of Salisbury, bora 1570, died April 

20, 1641. 
David, born at Bethlehem 1085; succeeded Saul in Israel 
1055; committed adultery with Bathsheba 1035; married 
'her 1034; died 1015 B.C. 

*— King of Scotland, died in London, Feb. 22, 1731. 
Bavis, Rev. Dr. John, born 1679, died 1732. 

■ ■ »■ , John^ English navigator, died 1605. 

Day, John, printer, the first introducer of the Greek and Saxon 

characters into England, died 1 584. 
Death, Captain, killed in an engagemen*-, Dec. 28, 17 W. 
De Champagne, Phil, born at Brussels 1602, died 1674. 
Decker^ Thomas, cotemporary with Ben Johnson. 
pee, John, mathematician and astrologer, born 1527, died 

1608. 
Deering, Sir Cholmley, killed in a duel. May 9> 1711* 
Defoe, Daniel, political writer, died 1731. 
Delany, Dr. historian, died 1768. 
- De^'lsle, Jos. Nich. astronomer, died 1772, 

■ ■. ■ ■ Will, geographer, died 1726. 

De Lhna, Don John Taverra, a native of Portugal, died 1738, 

aged 193 years. 
Democritus died 361 before Christ, aged IO9. 
Demoivre, celebrated mathematician, born 1667, died 1754. 
Demosthenes, born S81 ; recalled from banishment 3>22; poi« 

aoned hi m^elf 3 1 3 before Christ. 
Demster, Thomas, historian and commentator, died 1625. 
Denham, Sir John, English poet; born 1615, died 1668. 
Dennis, John, celebrated critic, bom 1657, died 1733. 
Derham, Dr. William, born 1657, died April 173*. 
• f>8rrick, Samuel, master of the ceremonies at Bath^ died 1769. 
Derwentwater, Earl of, and J^rd Kenmuir, beheaded on Totver- 

hill,Feb.24, 1716. 
Descartes, bom at Touraine 1556, died 1650. 
pe»hovUer^, Ani. Freneb writer, born ISS^ di6d 1694* 
Desmond, Thnmas, Earl ci, beheaded in Ireland, 1469. 
1!>espard, Colonel, apd six associates, hapgfed in Sonthwarkj fot 

hiffh treaspn, Beib. 21, 1803. 
Dtsj^rtes; Tl^l. >r«neh writer, borg 1M«; 4Ui MMa 



MMARKABLE P£lt8C»^, &e. ff9 

fteOAlion died MMH) before Crhrist. 
lyEwes^-Sir Symond, born 160S, died 1650. 
' De Wit, John, statesman, born 1635, died 1672* 
Dias, Michael, the navigator, died 1513. 
Dido flourished 833 before Christ. 
Didot, Francis-Ambrose, the celebrated Freach printer, bont 

Jan. 1730, died July 10, 1804. / 

I^igby, Sir Edward, born 1581 ; hanged with other eoRspirators 

in the powder plot, Jan. So* iTios. 
; - Sir Keneln\, bom 10O3, died 1605. 
Dtgge-$, Sir Dudley, statesman, died 1039. 
Dillenius, John-James, professor of boany at Oxford, died 

1747^ 
Diodorus Siculus, lived 45 before Christ. 
Diogenes, the c^ntc, died 324 before Christ, aged $g, 
• Laertius, iioun>hed 147. 

Dion-Cassius flourished *22(>. j 

Dtonysius, of Alexandria, flourished 285 before Christ. 
■ tyrant of Syracuse, died »68 before Christ. 
■ Halicarnasseus, lived 30 years before Christ. 

— — — - the Areopagite, flourished in loo. 
Diophantus, the first writer on algebra, 895. 
Dodd, Rev. Di. born May 29, 1 7 -iQ) executed for forgery, June 

27, 1777. 
Doddridge, Dr. bom June 26, 1702, died Oct. 20, 1751* 
Dodaley, James, died Feb. io» 1797, aged 74. 
-— ^— Robert, poet, bo»n i70d, died 1764. 
Dodwell, Henry, born 1 641, died 1711. 
Dodsworth, Roger, antiquarian, died 1069, aged 79. 
Doggett, Thomas, the actor, died 1721. 
Dolan, the first comic actor, fioorished &«2 before Chri&C. 
Domitian died 96 after Christ, aged 45. 
Doria, And. Genoese Admiral, died 1500, aged 84. 
Douglas, Dr. John, bishop of Salisbury ^nd English writer, 

born \7\St died 1807. 
Draco flourished 6-i4 before Christ. ^ 
Drake, Sir Francis^ bora 1545 ; set sailon his voyage round tkt 

world, 1577 ; died Jan. 2«, 1595. 
Drakenburgh, Mr. Christian Jacob, died in Denmark, aged 140, 

1770. 
Drayton, Michael, English poet, born about 1573, died 1691. 
Drelincourt, Ch. born at Sedan, 1595, died I6O9. 
Drummond, Wm. the poet, born 1586, died I649. 
DsuslusV John, born at Oudenarde, 1550, died 16I6. 
Dryden, John, born August 9, I6i3, diedMay i^ 1700. 
Ducarel, Dr. Andrew Cultee, the antiquarian, died, aged 72^ 

May 29, 1785. 
D'Udinc, reviver of stucco-work, born 1494, died 15«4. 
Dudley, Edmund, beheaded Aug. 1510, aged48» 



S^ * RKMi\itKAl|lig PER8CWS, Ac. 

Bodley* D. of Northumbcrlaad, (whose son murried Lady Jmm 

Grey) beheaded on Tnvfer-hiil^ Feb. la, 13M. 
Dugdale, Sir WiUtam, born 1605, died 16«5. 
Duncan, King of Scotland, murdered by Macbeth^ 10i4» 
■ Admiral Lord, born July i, 173-1 ; died Aug. 4, 1804* 

Doncombe, William, dramacic author^ died 1769, aged «o. 
Duns Scotus, died 1308, aged 33. 
D^nstan, St. died 98«, aged 64. 

D'Urfey, Thomas, English satirist and songster^ died Feb. 1794» 
Dureily Jobni English divine, died 1683. 
Dyer, John, English poet, born, 17 00. 
Eacbard, Rev. Dr. Joho» born i6i>, died 109«. 
— — Rev. Laur. the historian, bora 1671, died 1730- 
Edgar Alheling, died about iliK), aged 70. / 

Edvrards, William, died at Caercu, near Cardiff, ip GlamocgaO'^ 

shire, in 1O68, aged 158. 

■ Thomas, English critic, died 17aF7, 
Egialeus, KiQg of Sycion, 3089 before Christ. 
£ginhart, the historiany died 8^9. 
£li, the eleventh Judge of Uraei, broke his neck -at Shilob, iii5 

before Christ, aged 98 . 
Elijah prophesied 91 1 i supported by the widow of Saiepca 910 $ 

taken up ihto Heaven bOQ before Christ. 
Elisha, died 830 before Christ, having prophesied 00 years, 
Eilioi, SirJobn^ the English physician, died 1787* 
Ellis, Mr. W. died at .Liverpool, Aug. 1780, aged lao ye%nui4 

a half. 
Elstob, WiUiaqa, a Saxon scholar, died. 1714. 
Elzevir, Lewes, a Dutch printer, flomi:ihed i&98< 

' Daniel, ditto', died I680. 

Emma, mother of Edward the Coafessor, accused of incoatinency, 

3 049 ; stripped of her possessions 1043 ; sent to WherwaU aua- 

nery, 105I. 
Evipedocles flourished 456 before Christ. 
Empson beheaded on Tower-hiU, Aug. -28, 1510. 
Eneas, the Trojan general, died 1177 before Christ. 
Eiigbien, the Duke de, of the family of Conde, murdered by 

order of Buonaparte, March Qi, ]604. 
Enaius, ^uintus, born tiag before Christ, died aged 70. 
Enoch translated into Heaven 987 of the world, aged 3t>3. 
Epamipoadas, the Theban general, sUin 3c><i before Ctirist. 
Epictetus lived in 94. 

Epicurus born 342, died 270 before Christ. 
Epimethius, tbe^ inventor of earthen vcsoels, d^d 17 1 before 

Christ. 
Epiph^nius, born in Palestine about 332, died 403. 
Erasmus, bom at Rotterdam 14^7, died 1530. 
Ernesti, AugKHscu^ William, died at Leipsic, July 29, 1801. 
Esop died 550 before Chiist. 
J£ssezj Cromwell, £ail of, beheaded July 38, 1M0« 



KEMARKAELE PERSONS, fe fttt 

Essex, Bsvereux, Earl of, beheaded July 25, 1601. 

■ Mr, architect at Cambridge, died 1784. 

Esteourt, Richard, dramatic author, died 1713, a^ed 4S, 

Etheridge, Shr George, born about 1 636, died 1689. 

Euclid died about SdO before Christ, aged 74. 

Eudosia died 460, ag:edOO. 

Eu^ne, Prince, commanded at the battle of Hochstet, Aug:. 5» 

1704 ; victorious «t Turin, Sept. 7, 1706 ; victorious atOude- 

narde, 1T0« ; wounded before Lisle, 1 708 ; defeated the Grand* 

Viaier at Peterwarden, Au^. S, 1716; died April 10, 1735, 

aged 73. 
Euler, Mons. the mathematician, born at Basil, April 14, l79T'i 

died Sept. 7, 1783. 
lEuripides died 407 before Christ, aged 77. 
Eusden, Rev. Lawrence, died Sept. 27> 1730, 
Eusebiue born 263, died 338. 
Eutroplus flourished 428. 
Eutychus born 876, died after .900. 
Evagrius, ecclesiastical historian, flourished 380. 
Evelyn, John, Ei^glisb writer and natural philosopher, hovh 

1629, died 1706. 
' John, died 1713. 

EvrePmoAt, St. bom i6l3-, died Sept. f), 1703. 
Exeter, Marquis of. Lord Montague, and Sir Nicholas Carexb 

beheaded Pec. 31, 1558. - 

Ezra flourished 447 before Christ. 

Fabroni, Angiolo, the Italian biographer, died Sept. 218, TSOJ." 
Fairbrother, Mr^ died at Wig«n, in Lancashire, aged 158, 1% 

May n70. 
FaircTough, Daniel, born 1582, died 16-15, 
Fairfax, Edward, the poet^ lived in tbe reign of James T. 
• Sir Thomas, the parliamentary general, borA 1644» 

died 1671. 
Falkland, Lucius, Lord, born 1610; killed at the battle ^of 

Newbury, Sept. 1643. 
Fallopius, Gabriel, the anatomist, born at Modena 1523, died 

I56S. 
Fancourt, Samuel, the first promoter of circulating libraries^ 

died 1768. 
Fartshaw, Sir Richard, bom 1607, died 1666. 
Farinello, B. C. an Italian singer, bom 1705, living 177^ 
Farmer, Hugh, theologician, died 1787, aged 73. 
Farnaby, Thomas, bom 1575, died 1647. 
Farquhar, George, dramatic writei*, born 1678, died 1707. 
Fastolfe, Sir John, died 1459, aged 80. 
Faulkner, George, of Dublin, printer, died 1775. 
Faust, or Faustus, John, claimant of the invencitn of prmtini;^ 
- died 1466. 

Faux, Guy, executed In Parliament -yard, J&n. 31^ 10O6« 
Fftwkes, Francis,' English poetj 4ied 1777* 



&3i 

|>a^fc7.D of ^'^— - 

.^dliWflilLc 

0,£i» SccrtoSf dkd ^ i 
D*tfffcT, Xb-^niM. ^ 
Dyer, J 

Rev. Uut. 

Ed§at Aibelif ' ' " 
Edwaftti^ W 

sfatre, in L 

^—Tii 

Egii^eu<9| Kir 
Egitihart, th. 

El is ha, dic^ sjo t^*- 
EHiot, Sir jDlm* "^i 
Ellis, Mr. W.dica ' 



r.MARKABLE PERSONS, &•. «9 

rrre, died May 25, 1803. 
rut ill Smithfield for denying; the Km^i gu* 
", ijia, agtfd 4S, 

.^ ^1 1^7, dk^d at Crenad;i, in tbe M'cat In- 

liiihold, navi^Htor, ditd Juk :;, i::»:^ ai;e4 

'i, tin; Anabaptist, borrv lfi,MT, ^t^d n^>^- 
ijv ii'intbiiinatifUii, d^fl 16,VJ, 

T l^j die^l Dec. £6, iTdU, 

llisk, difd 1761. 
^<1. Kn^^lish aiitii;Liariait, dii'tl ITTvl, 
.0 f.LmiAri letter-ftinuder, died r,&3, 
'j Tlish imnlKT, died ITiir?, 

^ p i>f ti I on ces te r , ilit' o I u i; i cian , d icd 1 7 1 4i 
] of the Quakcrd, died liid\. 
roio^i^tr horn ITil?, diwil l5bT» 
u^, Ijinu IT'^B, died l!:Ja6. i 

1 1 jam m, born ivt BoEtflHj ITOGj died itv Pliila^ 
it, 1730, 

:-* French writer, born irtOl, tlicd 16^3^ 
till, horii lit P.irii IGII, ditd VJiirn 
u honi 1675, died 1136, 
Hiii^li^h divint!, dii^d 11^4, aj^'d S4* 
. 3E) ifUiin^.'[iL Gt^rman prill L(;r, died lj^T» 
.rtin, Admkal, ditd i:i*>4. 
hofu ^bout U3,I, died 14U2. 

nt iu Smithfidd.^^^ irt^l, 

I'homas^ Luis. ' MJtit, 

^vi:^ pairior^ (Op 

. uf MtJiisE, _ ^-sirtie&t printers, diei 




mv^pomr'. 


■ 71. 


, I: oil 


>1, 


.], fli'> T 


1 1744, - 

r, burn tni 


M 


kopf died 

:'c,L. s;3, 1 

. laad, die* 


r 


i, born r%t H. 






8M REMARKABLB PERSONS, &o. 

Fenelon, Archbishop of ^Cambray, <lied 1716. 
Feim, ^ir John, died Feb. 14, 1794, aged bSi, 
Fentoo, Elijah, died July 12, 1730. 

■ - SirGeoffiy, died I60e« 
Fen wick. Sir John, beheaded on Tower-hill, 1607* 
Ferdinando, Marc, de Paleotti, brother to the Duchess of 

Shrewsbury, haagedfer murder at Tyburn, Feb. 28, V7 17-18. 
Ferguson, James, the astronomer, died Nov« lii, 1776. 
Ferrar, Bishoip of St. David's, burnt at Caensartben, 1555, 
FerrarR, George, Engli&h poet aiid bibtoriai), born 1 5 10, dieil 

1579. 

- " ■ - Lawrence, Earl, committed to the Tower for marfer- 
\ng his steward, Feb. 13, 1759-60; tried and conddmned^ 
April 18 ; hanged at Tyburn, May 5, 1760. 

Fiddes, Rev. Dr, Richard, born 1671, died 1725. 

Field, Richard, theological writer, died 161 6. 

Fielding, Henry, English writer, born 1707, died 1754, aged 4^. 

■ Sir John, died Sept. 6, 17 BO. 

Finet, Sir John, English wit, born 1571> died 1640. 

Fingal, the Caledonian, died 28J. 

Firmin, Thonas, the patriotic citizen of London^ died 1697* 

Fish, Simon, English reformer, died 1571. 

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, born 1459* beheaded Jnne 92, 

1535. 
Fitzgerald, with five of bis uncles^ Irish rebels, executed z% 

Tyburn, Feb. 3, 1537. 

— — George Robert, banged at Castlebar, June 15, 1786. 

■ Lord Edward, executed as a rebel under martial 
law in Dublin, May 1",^}^^ 

Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, eminent English judge, died 1538. 
Fitz James, James, D. of Berwick,' slaix^ before Phiiipsburgby 

1734. 
Flaminio, Lat. the poet, bom in Italy in the iGth century, 
Flamstead, John, astronomer, born 1646, died 1719. 
Flccknue, Richard, Knf^Iisb dramatist, flourished 1664* 
Fleetwood, William, English law author, died 1593. 
• ~ William, Bishop of St. Asaph, antiquarian^ died 

1723. 
Fletcher, John, dramatic writer, born 1576, died l€25. 
Fleury, Claude, French writer, born 1640, died 17S3. 

■ Cardinal, died 1743, aged 90. 
Folkes, Martin, antiquarian, died 1754, aged 64. 
Fontaine, John de la, French poet, born 1621, died I69&. 
Fontaaelle, died Jan. 9, 1757, aged 100. 
Foote, Samuel, the English Aristo|)lianes, died Oct. Sl^ 1777> 

aged 56. 
Forbes, John, the Bishop of Aberdeen, died 1 648* 
Ford, John, dramatic writer, died about 1651. 
Fordyce, Davldf professor of philosophy, died 1755* • 



REMARKABLE PERSONS, &•. f99 

Tordyce, Dr. Georire, died May 25, 180a. 
Forrest, Jobn^ burot in Smithfield for denying^ the Kmg^i gu* 
. premaey. May 22, I5J8, aged 42. 
Tortescue, Sir ^obn, died 1465. 

forthorn, ilamei, ag^ea 127, died at Grenada, in the West In- 
dies, Feb. 10, 1773. 
Forester, Jubu Raiiihold, navi^tor, died Jan. 9, 1793, «re4 

70. 
Foster, Dr. James, tbe Anabaptist, bom 1697, difd 1753« 

- Samtiel, the matbcinatician, died 1652. 

Focbergill, Dr. born 1712, died Dec. £6, I7aa 
Foucquet, Marshal Bellisle, dit^d 1761. 
Fountaine, Sir And. Knglish antiquarian, died 1753. 
Foamier, P.S. tbe Parisian letter-founder, died 1768. 
Fowler, John, an English printer, died 175B. 

■ Edward, Bishop of Gloucester, theolugiciap, died 1714* 
Fox, George, founder of the Quakers, died 1631. 
-»— John, martyrologist, born 1517, died 1587« 
— -> Charles, James, born 1748, died 1806. i 

Francis, St. died 1227, aged 46, 
Franklin, Dr» Benjamin, born at Boston, 1706, died in PUili^ 

delpbia, April 17, 1790. 
Fresne, Charles de, French writer, born 1601, died 1681^* 
Frcsnoy, Charles du, born at Paris 1611, died l<»tf5« . 
Friend, Dr. John, born 1675, died 1728. 
■ Robert, English divine, died 1754, aged 84, 

Frobenius, John, an einioent German printer, died 1527* 
Frobisher, Sir Martin, Admiral, died 1594. 
Froissart, John, born about 1333, died 1402. 
Frawde, Philip, died Dec. 13, 17^8. 
Fryth, John, burnt in Smithfield, July 4, 1533. 
Fuller, Rev. Dr. Thomas, born 1606. died l66U 
Fursti Walter, Swiss patriot, flourished 1310. 
fust, or Faustus, of Meiixt, one of the earliest printers, die4 

1466. ^ 

Oalba, the Roman emperor, died 69, aged 73. 
Gale, bom at Pergamos, abo«t 131, died SOI. 

Rev. Dr. John, born 1680, died 17$!. 

— ~ Rev. Dr. Thomas, born 1636, died 1703. 
Galcn, Roger, English antk]uarian, died 1744, 
Galileo, mathematical instrument maker, borr^ in Italy, 1564, 

died 1642. 
Gambold, John, eminent Moravian bishop, died 177 !« 
Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, died Oct. 22, 1555. 
Garnat, Thomas, a Jesuit, haifged 1608. 
Garden, P^ter, of Aucljerpess, in Scotland, died JaniJMry 1771, 

«ged 131. 
Gar^ick, David, <he English Roseius, born at Hereford, 17 IC, 

died Jan. ^0, I'^Td, aged 6-2 and ten months} firnt appeared 

Ml the London stage in 1741. 
z 



SS» REMAKKABLE PERSONS, &e. 

Garth» Sir Samuel, died Jan. 1719* , 

Cascaigne, GeorfC^, inventor of telescope 8ig:1its» dle4 1S45. 
■ Sir Will. Judge» who eoromitted the Prince of Wales 

for insulting him gn the bench, died 1418. 
<>as«endi, Peter, astronomer, born 1592) died 1656. 
Gataker, Thomas^ £n«^lish critic and divine, born 1574» died 

1«54. 
Gaveston, the favourite of Edward IJ. beheaded June 19, 1313. 
Gaubius, Dr. of Leyden, died Nov. S6, 1780, a^ 76. 
Gaunor, Fychan, diet! Sept. 16, 1686, at Aber-cowarcb, ijetr 

Dinus Mitwddwy, in Merionethshire, aged 140, 
Gay, John, Eng^lish po^t, died 1732. 
Gaza, Theo. borti 1398, died 1475. 
Ged, William, an improver In printing, died 1749. 
Geddes, James, a critical writer, died 1749* aged 38. - 
— Dr. Alexander, died Feb. 26, 180«. 
GeCf John, dramatic writer, died 1730. 
^ellihrand, Henry, mathematician, died 1636. 
Geminiani, the musician, born at Lucca, 1680, died 1763. 
Genghiskan, the illustrious warrior, 4\trd 1720. 
Gent, Mr. of York, the printer, died 1778, ;»ged 87. 
Gentili^ Albericus, born in Italy, 1551, died 1611. 
Gentleman, Fran, drnttiatic writer, died 1786, ajred 58. 
Geoffery, of Monmouth, British historian, died 1152. 
Oeorjct's, chief of the Cbouans, executed at Paris for_a conspiracy 

against Buonaparte, June 26, 1804. 
Gerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester J1. introduced the Arabic 

figures into Europe about 1000. 
Gervase, of Canterbury', the historian, wrote in 1203. 
Gesner, Courad, physicuin and naturalist, died 1563, aged 

49. 
— ^ — Solomon, German writer, bom 1730, died 17«8. 
Gibbon, Edward, historian, died Jan. 16, 1794) zgad 56. 
Gibbs, James, architect, died 1754. 
Gifford, Andrew, eminent dissenting divine, died 1784, aged 

84. ' 

Gilberd, Will. English chemist, died U03, aged 63; 
Gildas, the historian, born 493, died 570. 

Gill, Dr. John, a learned commentator, born 1697, died 1771. 
Gilpin, Bernard, died March 4, l.-)83, a?«»d 65. 
Gima, Ffavio, a Neapolitan, invt^ntor of the European compass, 

died 1600. , * 

Giraldii«, Sylves. Gamh. British historian, died 1?20. 
^Glanvii, JosefAi, English writer, ix»rii 16.36, died lt>80. 
Glauber, J.R German chetiii<?^, died 1660. 
€»lendower, Owen, died 1415. 
Gloucester, Duke of, uncle to Richard II. smothered betweeft 

tWo it^ther-beds, Feb. S8, 1397. 
•**' " '! • *- Humphry, I>uke of, fotirth strn of Henry IV. mur- 
dered and buried at St. Albans, 4447. 



REMARK^UUiB PERSONS, ft<^ 381 

ClouoestoTy Richard, Uoki^ of» brnther to Edwjinl IV. moFdci^ 

Edward, Piiii«i of Wales, 1483} drowiied the Duke oC Clar 

rence, bis brother, in a butt of Malmsey wine, 1478, 
Ci»>ver, Riqhanl, Eu^li>Ii writer, butn 1712, died 17W. 
Glynne, Seijcant* dii-d September I779, 
Gobelin, Giles, French dyer, flourished 1(J2. 
Goddard, Jonath. firet prumpter of the Royal Society, dittd 

1674. 
Godf.«y, of Boulogne, died 1100. 

- Sir Edmondbury, muvderpd Oct. 17, 1679. 
Godvun, earl of Kent, invaded £»(2;Uud, 10.^2; tried for the 

ihurder of Alfred the same year, and bought his pardon ; 

choked in protesting his innocence at table with the Kms* 

1053. 
■■ iBisbop of Hereford, the antiquarian, born 1567, die4 

1648 
Goldsmith, Oliver, bom 1731, died April 4, 1774. 
Giiodier, Capt. hanged at Bristol for the murder of biB j>rot|M9*> 

Sir JohpGoodier, Jan. SO, 1740-1. 
Gordon, Alexander, antiquarian, died 1740. 
— — - Lord George, died in Newgate, Nov. 1, 17^3. 
Gower, Jotm,^ Qrst ^gltbh poet, died 1404. 
Grabe, John Ernest, Prussi4n >vriter, boni 1666, died 17.1 K 
Gr^0er, Rev. Mr. died suddenly, as he was administering th« 

sacrament, April 5, J776. 
Grandier burnt in Fcance for witchcraft, 1634. 
Gratian flour)shed 1151. 
Graves, Rev. Richard, author of the Spiritual Quixote, 4kc. died 

Nov. 33, 1804, aged 90. 
Gray, Tho.nia«, the poet, born 1716, died July SO, 1771. 
Qreaterix, that h««M by stroking, born in Ireland, 16$9, di«d 

after 1681. 
Greaves, Johi^ English mathematician,, bom 1609, died l65ilU ' 
Green, Dr. Maurice, English musician, died 1756. 
Gc^ofy, NftSij»n«en> burn S!^, died 389- 
-^-^^— St. died 870, after 30 years episcopacy* 

Rev. John, born 1607. died 1646. 

-— — ^-r-> James, the mathematician, died 1675, aged 40* 

Dr. Jotoo, died 1773. 

Gresti^an, SirTbomaSi died 1580. 

Greville, Pulke, Lord Broke, born 1554, killed l^y hi9 servs^^t, 

86pit. 30. 1638, ag^d 74. 
Grew, Dr. Nehemiab, died 1711. 
Grey, Zach. Engiilh divine and historian, ^ed 1766. 
Grimston,^ Sir Uarbottle, Iftw writer, died 1683. 
Grinfield, General, oommapd«r in chief of the Leeward IsbMQds» 

died Oct. lOi 1803. 
Grocyn, William, died 1533, aged 88. 
Grenovius, J^m«^f bon^ ftt Daventry, 1^, diedii71(« 
erotios, Hugo, boraatDelfti 1583, died 1645. 



m MMARICABLE PERSONS, &e. 

X / 

Orove, Joseph, historical and eritie»l Writer, died 17^. 
Gruter, James, the phitolog^r, born IbBO, died 16^7* 
Gaericke, Otto, de, invented the air-ptomp, 1654. 
Guicciardini, Italian hi^noi-ian, born 1482, died 1540, aged 58. 
Guillim, John, heraldic writer, died 1631, aged 5(1. 
Guise, Duke of, murdered, 1558. 

Ounter, Rev. Edtn. the mathemat. bom 1581, died \$96, 
Gurney, William, the short-hand writer, died 1770. 
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, killed in battle. Nor. 6, 
16:52. 

HI. King of Sweden, shot at a masquerade^ b^r a dis- 

. contented officer, March 1 6, 179?. 
- Vasa died 1560, aged 7O. 



Guthrie, Mr. William, died 1770. 

Outteroberg, John, one of the candidates for the invention of 

printing, at Mentz, in Germany, died 1467. 
Gliy, Thomas, booftseller, died Dec. 27* 1724^ Stg^d 79> *nd 

left 900,0001. for maintaining Ins hospital. 
Guyon, Mary, French ciulctist, born 1648, died 1717. 
Habakuk, the prophet, flourished 731 befoie Christ. 
Hacket, William, the fanatic, hanged July 38, 15^- , 

Haggai, the prophet, flourished 520 before Christ. 
Maine€, J. the comedian, died 1701. 

Hakluyt, Rich, historian and geograpb. bom 1553, died 1616. 
Halde, J.B. Du, historian, died 1743. 
Hale, Sir Matthew, born 1609, died Dec. 35, 167«. 
Hales, Judge, committed to the Marshalsea, 1553. 

' Rev. Stephen, born 1677» died Jan. 4, 176I. 

Hall, Bishop of Norwich, died 1659, aged 88. 

*: — Joseph Bishop ef Exeter, born 1574, died 1666. 

Haller, Dr. of Berne, Swisserland, born Oct. 16, 1708» died 

Dec. 13, 1777. 
Halley, Dr. Edmund, astronomer, bom 1656, died 1749. - 
Haraan hanged by order of AhastJerus, 509 befofe Cbriftt. ^ 
Hampden, John, a celebrated patriot, bom 1594, killed ia bat« 

tie June 34, 1643. 
Haipel, John Bapt. du. French writer, died I698. 
" Jojui, French philosopher, born 162;*, died 1706. 
Hamilton, Duke of, and others, executed, 1619- 
^^ Duke of, and Lord Mohun, killed in a duel in Hyde 

Park, Nov. 15, 1712. . 

Sir William, K. B. ambassador t» the Court cf Na- 



ples, died April 6, 1803. 
Hammond, Rev. Dr. Henry, bom 1605, died 1660. 
Hampton, the translator of Polybios, di^d 1778. 
Handel, George Fred, died April 13, I759> aged 74» 
Hannibal di«d 163 before Christ. 
Hanno flourished 453 before Christ. 
Hanway^ Jonas^ born Aug. 13^ 1713, died Ang. 1766. 



Ifarcoart» Earl of^ diowiiMl io a well- in Qxfdrdd^iVf 8ip% 

1777. . '^ 

Hbvdtng, Jo|»» tke Gbron»loger» died 14SI. 
Uardiuj^e, Nieb. English poet, difsd 1758. 
Harley, Robert; £arl of Oxford^ born iGSl, stabbed at th« 

council board, March 8, 1711, (Med 1784. 
Qacp0» fted. died at rishrbUl, pioiberland, la Etb. 179^, and 

ISO. 
Harrington, Sir John, English poet^ died 1629, 

> ■ James, bom 1613, died 1677. 
Harriot, Thomas, algebraist, born 1560, died 162 1. 
Harris, Jo$iab, writer on coins, died 1764. 

% <■* James, the celebrated writer, died I>ee. 21, 1780. 
Harrison, Mr. John, inventor «f the time* keeper for discoreitt 

iug the longitude, died March 24, 177'6i aged 84. 
Hauley, David, English physician and phiiosepber, died 1757| 

aged 53.. 
Havard, William, English auetor and dram, writer, died 1778. ' 
Harvey, Dr. WiUiaih, who discovered the circulation of the 

blood, bom 1578, died 1657, aged 79. 
Hastings, Lord, put to death in the Tawer, Jane 13, 1488. 
HattMi, Sir Christopher, made Lord Chancellor, being (he first 

that was neither priest nor lawv«r that held that olWe, 15^, 

died 1591. 
Hawe^, Stephen, the poet, flourished 1606. > 

Hawkings, Sir John, English admiral, died 1595. 

Sir aichard, the navigator, died 1600. 

Hawkesworth, Dr. John, diedNoVi 17, 1773, age<?. 50. 

Hay, WiHiam, English poet and misuell. writer, bora IT^' 

died 1765. 
Haye, Siear de la, died Feb. 9, 1774, aged IfO. 
Hayes, Catherine, hanged for the murder of her htfiband, April ' 

80, 17«6. 
■ Charles, English mathematician, died 1760. 

Haywaid, Sir John, the historian, died June I6i27. 
Haywued, Mr Justke, stabbed in Westminater-hall hy a fapist, 

1640, 
H«ad, aichard, etft away at'sea, 167ft. 
Hearne, Thomas, born 1678, died 1735. 
Heathy James, Eogltftb cbron. histortan, died 1664. 
Heathfieid, Lord, died July 6, 1790, aged 79. 
Heberden, Dr. WiUiam, died Mar 17, 1801, aged^l. 
Hector, tlieTvojau general, died 11 84 before Christy 
Heiddegger, J. J« t^ famous -humourist, died 1749, aged #0 

years. ' 
Heinetkin, Cbristophev, the learned prodigy of Lubeck, wh0 

wai master of teveral languages at feur yean M, whuB k0 

died, 1795, 
HeinsiMT, Daniel, dM 1666. 
Heister, Laur* aDatoiaisi^ died 175f < 
S3 



SH BfiMARKABLB ffiRSOM, 9ua* 

Helen, rape o^ by Raris, 1198 before Christ, 

Heliudorus, flourished hi the 4th century. 

Helmont, J. Baptist Vatk^ philuMpher and cbyiiii8t> died 1644'» 

Helvetius, the learned, died 1772. 

Helvicus, died 1617, aged 86. 

Heuault French historian, died 1774. 

Heudersan hanged lor murdering Mrs» Dalrymple, March 25, 

174U. 

. , John, eminent English actor, died 1785, aged 38. 
Henley, John, commenced orator, July 10, llfiS ; died Oct* 

14, 1756. 
Henry, Dr. Rd. historian, died Nov. 24, 1790, aged 73. 

■ iU. of France, murdered by a monk, Aug. 1, t569* 
-*^-r-^ IV. of France, killed by Ravilliac, May 14, 1610. 

— Matt, English dissenting writer, died 1713.' 

Hephestion, the Macedonian general, died 3S5 before Christ* 
Herbelot, Barth. de, French writer, born 1625, died i6y5, 
Herbert, Edward Lord« born 1581, died 1648. 

■ ■ ■ Rev. George, the poet, born 161)3, died 16d5. 
Herodotus, born 484, dit^d 413 before Christ. 

licrod reicned in iudea, 55, put bis wife Mariamne to death, and 

his mother-in-law, Alexandria, -iS ; his two sons put to death 
^by order of the Jewish council, 6 years before Christy died 

"Nov. 25, 4 before Christ. 
Herring, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury* bom 1098, died 

2757. ' - 

Hcrvey, James, English divine and poet, bom 1714, died 1758.- 
Hesiod lived 944 before Christ. 
Hftheringtan, Rev. William, died Dec. 3, 1778, who left 

120,0001. for a fund to relieve 50 blind persons each with loL 

annually. ^ 

H^wson^ William, eniinent anatomist, died 1774. 
Heyfin, Peter, Enjflish writer, born 1599, died 1668, 
Heywood, John, dramatic |X)et, diedi57a. 

■ I . ■ Thomas, flourished in 1590. 
>-——«*- Elizabeth, English npveli^, died 17 5^« 
Hicks, Rev. Dr. George, born 1<542, died 1715. 

»— William, left aool. per ann. to the MaiiiK^fiocietyy d&ef 

1763. 
Higgons, Bevil^ English dram, poet and historiao, dijed I7d^^ 
Hill, Aaron, born 1685, dicvl Feb- 8, 175O. 
•r— - Sir John, the botanist, died Nov. 23, 1775. 
Hipparchus fluurished between 160 and 3 25 before Chris;. 
Hil4>pcrate>s di^d 3di befoie Christ, aged 98. 
Hiram, of Tyre, died 900 before Christ. 
Hpadly, Bi>hDp of W'injcbester, born 1076,^ died 178I.. 
Hbadlcy, Benj. eminent E/igUsh author^ boffl 1706, jdied. 1757# 
Hobbcs, Thomas, English writer, born 1589, died 1679. , , 
Hodgson, John, English antiqiUarian »ii4 9ch9t«r^ 4i«d 17^ 



MMMSABLC PmsOftS, fte. IBS 

Hohlpmrtbi B4mUi JEng^itb pocit and otitic^ bom 10S9, iM : 

1747. 
Hole, R£V. Rtchvdi tpiQ poet» died May 38, lMi3. 
Holidj^y Qarten, KngUsh poei and philos. aiu:hor> died l(SOl« . 
Holioshed, the historian, died 1 5«o, 
HoUis, Mr. TtHMfiu» of Cofsecombe* Doidet, died Deo* 2^9 

1773. 
Molmes, Dr. Rol)ert, Dean of Wtnehester, editor of the Peat»- 

tseocb, died Nov. i>i, iqo5* 
Holt, Lord (^hief Jasti/::e, died March d, 1710, aged 67* 
Holyoake, Francts, kxicngrAplier, died 1663. 
HoiUnd, Charles, Englisb actor, died 1709. 
Homer, bora about I04i> flourished 007 before Christ. 
Hood, Robin, and Little John, noted higbwaymen,^ 1189. 
Hookt, Robert, iovealor of the pendulum watches^ bora 1655^ 

died 1703 
■ ■ ■ Nath. English historic author, died 17^. 
Hooker, Rev. Richard, boin about 1553, died lOOO. 
Hoole, Charles, English divine, died 1666. 
Hooper, -Bishop of Gloucester, borat Feb. 9, 1354. 
Hopkins, Bishop of Londonderry, born 1083, died 1090. 
Horace, bora, 65^ dieds before Christ. 
Horrebow, Peter, Danish mathemadcian and astronomer, died 

1074. 
Horrox, Jer. the astronomer, bom about 1619, died 164]«. 
Hoisa slain by Vortimer in 465. . . 

Horsley, Dr. Samnef, bishop of St. Asaph, born 1737, died 1800* 
Hosier, English Admiral, died 17 a a. 
Hotbam, Sir Jobn« and his son, beheaded Jan. l, 104^ 
Hotman, Francis, the civilian, born 1624, died 1690« . . 
Hotspur, Henry Percy, killed July m, 1403. 
Hovedon, Roger de, th^ historian, wrote u 93. 
Howard, Sir Kobert, died soon after i692. 

», Mr, the philanthropist, born about 17S5» died J^n. 90^ 

1790* 
Howe, LcEd Viscount, slain iu America, July 8, 17^8, i^ed 04« • 
Howd, James, £ogli*b writer, bom 1694, died lOOa- 
HovlCft Mr. £dmu84, died 1769, aged 97. 
HuDcr, Michael, piofessor at Leipzig, died Oct. 1804. 
Hiidsan,, Henry* celebrated English navigator, died XQIU -^ 

Humphrey, Kev. Lau. born I627, dfed 1 689. 
Huet, Feter-Daniel, Fcencb writer, born 1699, died 1731* .i 

Hughes, John, Wn I677, died 1719. ^ t, 

Hume, David, philosopher and historian^ born 1711, diec(Aug» . 

95, 177a 

Hunter^ Dr. William, the anatomist, born 17 18, died 1783;^ ^ t 
> » ■ " ^ J»l>m the anfiUomist, died, aged 00, Oct lO, 1793. . ;. 

■ , Dr. Henry,- died Oct. 37, 180i. 
Husty John, the oiartyr, burnt July 16, 1416. \i 

Hutcheson, Dr. Fran, born 14»4,; died ^41- . jjt ^ 

Hutclaias, John, £ngUsb divine and anfiquariaD, dl«^77)« 



Hitchtoion, John. plUlotuphicil writer, bom I^N, di«t tf9f^ 

Huxhaniy Dr. died 1768. 

Haygens, Dutch »8tn>nofncf, hem 1999» ^Ked 1«9** 

Hyder Dr. Tbomas, the first Itbrarian of the BotUeiaii Ifi^tafy, 

bom 16S0> died Feb. 19, 17<»* 
Hftgtnui, Itsbop of Home, the ftnc Pope, martynd !&•• 
Uypathia died about 415. 
IpMMM madt a biahop by S<. P«ter and Paul, dM 107. 

■ »' ■■-, L«yola, founder of the Jesaits, born 1491, $«i IM^ 
canonized by Faul V. 16(X9. 

Itive, Jacob, English printer; died 1763. 

Inachus, first King of Argos, I859 before Christ. 

Ingulphu$, the hiitortan, lived 1100. 

Innocent Xi. Pope, died Aug. 2, 1080. 

Iitnmw died 304, aged 83. 

Isaac, Abraham's son, died 1717 before Christ, aged 186. 

Isaiah began to prophesy 780, put to death 696 before Chrtstr 

Isocrates, Athen. orator, died d88 before Christ, a^ed 89. 

Jackson, Rev. Dr. Thomas, born i579> died 1640. 

Jacob stole the blessing from Esau 17761 "Went into Egypt 1749> 

and died 4 0B9r before Christ, aged 147. 
— — , Edward, English antiquarian and natoislfst, died 17S8* 
<^#*», Giles, English Uw writer, born 1M6, died 1744. 
James, St. put to death 41, made patron to Spain, 796. 
—.-«-, St. the lees, biehop of Jemsalera, martyr^ 69. 
*— — , Dr. Robert, inventor of the fever- powder, born 1703, died 
' Feb. a«^ 1779. 
m I. of Scotland, murdered by his uncle, 1487. 

■ III. of Scotland, killed by his nobility, 14 sy. 

■ ■ IV. of Scotland, killed Sept. 9, 15U. 
Jansenius, Corn, died 16S8. 

Janssen, Sir Stephen Theodore, died April 7, 1777. 

Jason flourished 937 before Christ. / 

Jd^, Stmuel, English (Physician, d^d 177 >• 

•— , John, English physician, died 1786. 

•— «*,Sir Richard, physician, died 1787. 

JcfFeji^s, tord^ Chief Justice, sent to the Tewer hy the Lord 
Mayor of London, Dec. 19, 16BS, where h^ destroyed him- 
self, April >8, 1689. 

^ii»— — , Mf6S, and Swan, hanged for the murder of her uncle at 
Chelmsford, March 11, i7&)-2. 

Jcfferys, Geot ge, Englfsh dramatic poet, died 1 7-55. 

Jenkins, Henry, of Yorkshire, died I670, aged '169. 

•———>, Sir Leoline, English civilian, died 1085. 

Jenkinson, Charles, Baron Hawkesbury, born I7'i7> dic<ll800» 

Jcpthab look his rash vow 1 1 87, died 1 1 81 before Christ. 

Jeremiah began to- prophesy 6^, foretold (he Jewish (i^pttfitt 
697 > and died 57/7 before Christ. 

Jerome, St. born 340, died 4S0. ^ ^ 

■*■ ■ ■ ^Sjft^tf, bttint May 9^ Ml«» 



lesns, son of Sirach^ Wvtd 347 before Ghfist. 

Joan d*Arc> or the Maid of Oileans, burnt 1451, aged 24, 

Joanna of Naples attanglcd her^usband, Oct. 5, 134^. 

Joan, Pope, died 857. 

Job died 1553 bcfprcL Christ, aged 180. 

JOdeUe, Stephen, French wrtier, born 1531, died 1»7». 

Joel prophesied 800 before Christ. 

John, Kiog of France, taken prisoner by £dward the BUck prince, 
and brougltt to England, but afterwards ransmned for/50o,oool^ 
1357 5 died at the Savoy, in the Strand, London, on a visit 
1364. 

— of Gaunt, 4th son- of EdWd III. was bom ttsg ; created 

duke .o» Lancaster, laaa; appointed regent to Richard II. 

1377; supported Wickliff against his opposcrs, 1378; had his 

paJaceat the Savoy destroyed by Wat Tyler's mob, lasi ; ra- 

vaged Scotland to the gates of Edinbnrgb, 1384( assumed the 

title of kir)g of Castile and Leon, having married the daughter 

of Peter the Cruel, ia85 ; died Feb. 1390, 
»»— , St. the Baptist, died 3i. 
— , St the Evangelist, died Dec. 27, 99, aged 91. 
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, the lexicographer, born Sept. 18, 17095 

died Dec. li,. 1784, aged 78. 
— — , Rev. Samuel, degraded and whipped from . Newgale to 

Tyburn, I>ec. l, 1686. 
-*— r— , Rev. John, born iftoa, died 167a. 
— , Charles, died about 1744. 

■ ■■ — , Ben. dramatic poet, bom 1574, died 1637. 
Jimes, InigD, the celebrated architect, bom 1573, died 1051. 
— , Sir William, oiiental scholar, died in Bengal, April 27; 

1797, aged 47. 
Jortin, Dr. John^ English divine and writer, born 1701, died 

1770. 
Joseph sold to the Egyptians 1728 ; tempted by Potiphai's wife 

J71S; made Gnvernor of Egypt 1715; died in Egypt I08ft* 

before Christ, aged lio. 
— — IL Emperor of Germany, poisoned March 1, 1792, 
Joseph us. Flavins, Jewish historian, born 37) died 93. / 

Julian, the Apoatatt, sent a vicar into Britain, d58> died 808* 

agedai. 
Julius Csesar, bora July 10, 100; landed at Deal, Aug. 20^ 56 

killed March 15, 44 befoi^ Christ. ' 

Justin lived about 250. 

Martyr beheaded, 108. 

Juvenal born 45, died 127. 

Juxen, William, -archbishop of Canterbury, died li003« 
Ives, John, English antiq. and writer, died 1770. 
Keble* Joseph, English law author, died 1710. 
Keil, John, thaastrenomet, burn 1671, died 1721. 
Kelly, Hugh, dramatic author, bam 178O, died 17774' 
Kempis, Thomas a, bom laso. died 1741. 



Kennct, Key. Basil, died J7M» 

Kennicott, Dr. Bcnj. born 17I8, ^.ied Sept. ]$» 1788. 

Kenrick, Dr. Willia^m dramauc W4Uer, &q. died June 9f 1777* 

Kent, the maid of, executed at Tyburn, J 63-1. 

— -, William, English architect, died J7t8. 

Kepler, Juhn> a^tionooier &c. born 94. VVirtcmbucghy lifi, dkd 

1630» 

Keysler, J. G. German antiquarUn* died 16I3Q. 

Kidder, Bisbop of Bath, ^nd his lady, killed in bed by the fall of 

a staciT of chimneys, 1 704. 
Killegrew, Anne, died 1685, age^ 34. 

• , Sir William, born leo*, died 1 093. 

Kilmarnock, Lord, and Uord Balmerino, beheaded Angiast 16, 

I74e. 
Kilwarde/i, Lord, murdered by the rebels in Dubbo, Jaly as, 180$. 
Kimchi, David, learned JeWish Rabbi, died, 1340. 
Kiptf, Captain, the companion of Captain Cook,- died Not. 
» 1784. 

— — , John Glen. English topographer, died i787f aged d5* 
— -^, Archbishop of Dublin, born I6&0. died 1790- 
l^ippia. Dr. Andrew, died, aged 7 it Oct. d, 179S. 
Kirby and Wade, sea Captains, shot at Plymouth* 1703. 
-*---, William, mathematieian, died 1771* 
Kirch, Christ. Frederick, Frus&iaa astronomer, died 1740. 
Klopstock, Frederick Gottlieb, the German poet, died Mawlil^j 

1803. 

Knight, Mr. cashier of the South Sea company, absconded with 

loo.oool. 1730} compounded with goieimnent for 10,000l« 

and returned to Englaiul in 1743. 
Knolles, Richard, English historian, died 1610. 
Knox, John, the refoimer, born 1&05» d;cd 1672. 
Knatzen, Matthias, the professed German atheist, liviiii^ in 

1674. 
Kpuli Kan usurped the Persian throne, March 11, iTOa ; aiMlssi- 

nated June 8, I747i by his nephew. 
Knuckell, John, eminent chemist* died 1709. 
Lactantius flourished 3^3. 
I^reb> Dr. murdered in London, June a4» I6ft€» 
Lambert, Daniel, died July 1609» weighing 59 stone lllbs^*l«lb9. 

to the stone. 
Lamy Bernard, French divine,. boni 1040, died ^n 30> 1713. 
Landsduwn, George, born about ]607> died 173^. 
Langbaine, Gerard, English dramatic .writer, died lffM« 
Langelande,** Robert, old English poet, died 1300, 
Langhorne, Dr. John, the writer, died Sept. 1770* 
La Soeur, Hubert dc, the statuary^ died 1050. 
Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, burnt at Oxford, Oct IMS* 
Laud, Archbishop, beheaded Jan. IQ, 1043, aged 2 L. ' 
Lauderdale, Duk(; of, died Aug. 34, 1600. 
Lavater, the j^hysiognomist, died at Ziifichi» Jan. 13QI« 
*^W| Jbhn, the bubble projectoi of J'rance^ died 1790. 



RKMAKKABLl!: PlfillSONS, &c 93^ 

Xiw» Edtnnnd, Bishop of Carlisle, theological writer, died 1T89« 
Layer, Coun«$eUor, hanj:ed for treason, March 17, 1732. ' 
Leake, Sir John, English admiral, died 1790. 
■ - Ricliard, eminent seaman, died \6^S, 

— Stephen Martin, heraUlie wrttcr, died J773. 

Lee, Archbishop of Yovk, diwl 1544, ai^ed 62 

— Nathaniel, flourished 16.00, tUed aged 33. ' 

■ the Rev. Mp. ivho invented th« stocking frame resided at 
Cambridg^e, 158&. 

Leibnitz, Nborn at Leipsic, 16*46> died 1716. 
Leicester, Dudley, Earl of, bom 1532, died 1588. 
Leigh, Edward, born 1002, di*ni 1671. 

■ — John, English dramatic writer, died 17?6. 
Leland, John, the antivinarian, died 1552, ag^ed 45, 
w_— Dr. died Jan. 1760, agjed 73. 

■ William, of Ireland, died Jan. 1732-3, ii%rd 139, 
Lenox, Ear! of,-Regent of Scotfrand, murdered I571* 

>• ' — Mrs. author 6f the Fetnale Quixote, &c. died Jan, 4^ 

1804. 
Leo I, Emperor, ordered 200,(W0 books to be burnt, 47«. 

— fX. the first Pope that kept an army, 10r>4, 

— X. the Pope who cuuiv^rred the title of Defender of the 
Rirth on Henry VIM. of England, dietl 1521. 

Leofricu^:, th^ first Bishop of Kxeter, died 1073. 

Lesley, Bishop of Ross, born IT) 27, die<l 1596. 

■> ■ the pieat wciter, died April 13, i;22. 

L<stock, Achuiral, tried and acquitted, June 1746. 

Lever, Sir Ash ton, collector of the Mu^etmi, died Jail. 3#, 

1788. 
L'Estrange, Sir iloger, born 1617, died Dec. 11, 1704. 
L*EncloR, Ninon de, died 170^). aged €0. . 
Llewellin, la<it Prince of the Wei-;lj, defeated 15?e4. 

„ Martin, died 1682, aged 65. 

Lewis XV. of France narrowly escape<l being burnt, July 1, 

1747 i stabbed by Damien, Jan. 5, 1757,- died May 10, 1774, 

aged 64, reigned 59 years. 
XVI. deposed Ani 10, f7i)2; beheaded Jan. 21, 1793, and 

his queen beht*aded Oct. 16 following. 

— Rev. Mr. the historian And antiquary, died Jan, IS, 174% 
aged 73. 

Llgbtfoot, Rev. Dr, John, born 1601, died 1675. 
Lilburne, John, whipped, Feb. 1.9, 163^, died Aug. 1657» 
Li^o, Aliys. inventor of the Gregorian calendar, 1570. 
Lilio, George, boin 16.93, died Sept. 3^ 1739. 
Lilly, John, flourished 1 3?^5. 

- . %t)tlatn, the astrologer, horn IflO?, died- 16«J1. 

'Li^lye, WiliMMttv the Urraiwrtjarian, flied 1523, aged 5S. 
Liuacre, Thomas, English physician and philosopher, diei 
1624. 



£40 REMARKABtB-reRSONS, «r. 

Xdnnaeuf , Dr. tbe botanist, ditd at Upsal, an Sweden, Jan. li» 
1778, aged 71. 

■ Mr. Charles, died Nov. J, 1783. 

Lisle, Lady, beheaded at Winchester, Sept. S, 1^5. 

■ ■ ■ William de, eminent geo^rafiher, died 17i£f. 
Littlebury, Isaac, burn 1657, died 1710. 
^ittH'ton, Rev. Adam, born 16^, died l694. 
Ltvius, Titus, born 58 before Christ, died in 18. 
Lluyd, Nich. eminent divine and writer, died 1680. 
Mr. the poet, died 1764. 

Llwyd, Edward, English antiquary, died 1709. 
Lobb, Theophiius, English physician and author, died 176S* 
Lodge, Thomas, died 1625. 

Lollard propagated his opinions 1315, burnt 1351. 
Lombard, Peter; f!ounshed 1158. 

Lombe, Sir Thomas, introduced the silk mill, died ]739> 
Long, Dr. Roger, of Cambridge, died 1771, aged 91. 
^ Longbeard, William Fuz Osbeat, a notorious ruffian^ hanged at 

Tyburn 1197. 
Longimus, the orator, put to death 273. 
Lovat, Lord, beheaded on Tower-hill, 1746. 
Lore, Rev. Chris, licheaded Aug. 22, 1658, aged 33. 

• James, English actor and dramatic writer, died 1774. 

— Mr. John, of Weymouth, died Oct, 1793, aged 41, and 

weighed ^64 pound?, or 26 stone, of 14 pounds tuich. 
Lowth, Dr. Robert, Bishop of Loudon, learned writer, died 

1787. 
Lucan, born at Corduba, in Spain, Nov. 11, 37; condemned 

and bled to death in a bath, April 30, 64. 
Lucas, ReV. Dr.Jlicbard, born 1648, died blind 1715. 

t)T. of Dublin, died Nov. 5, 1771. 

Lucius, the first Christian Kjng of Britain, reigned 77 years, 

founded the first church in London, at St. Peter's, Cornbill, 

which was made tlie see of an Archbishop, till removed to 

Canterbury, 179. 
Lucretius born at Rome 95, put an end to his life in a ra^png 

fit> 52 before Christ. 
Xudlow, Edmund, the republican writer, died 1693. 
JLuke, St. died about 70, aged 80. 

Xuther, Mai^tin, began the reformation 1518, died 1546# 
Lutti'ell, Colonel Henry, $«hot by an assassiu in bis chair, in tbe 

streets of Dublin, Oct. 22, 17 1 7. 
Lycurgus, the Spartan law-giver, born 99S, established his lawt 

884, died in Crate 872 before Christ. 
Lydgate, John, tbe historian, lived in 1440. 
Lydiat, Thoma-s English divine and philosopher, died 1646. 
Lyons, Israel, jun. the matheiualiciau, of Cambridge, d^edMa^ 
» 1, 1775, aged 32. . .. i . 

Xysimachus died 281 before Christ, aged 80. .. i 

L^telton, Thomas, died 1481, aged 79. 



RCMARKAftLS nXSOM, ftt» fit 

k«yteltoCH Bitbop of Carlisle, themntiquari«n» died 1768. 

■ Lard, horn 1700, auLrried,l74S, created a peer 175fi| 

died hu^uat 85, 1773. 
Macaulay Graham, Mrs. the historian, died Jane 3S, 1761. 
Af acfindlay, E9<|. of Tipperarx» died Jwne 1773, aged M&> 
MachiaTfcl died 1530. 

Mackenzie, Geor^, born 1636, died 1691. ' 
Maclaine, Dr. Archibald, died Nov. 34, 1804, ac;ed 82, 
Mae|aurin, Colin, the matbematiciaA, died 1746. 
Macklin, Mr. Charles, the eoanedian, died July II, 1797 ^ age4 

Macmahone, Lord, hanged for treason, Not. }, 1641. 

Macquire, Loid, hanged at Tyburn, Feb. SO, 1645. ^ 

Macrobius, Ambrosius Aiirel. Tbeod. died about 415. 

Maddox, Isaac, English controv. writf r, died 1759* ■ 

Magellan, Ferd. the navigator, died 1520: 

Ma^liabechi, the librarian, died 17 !4, a^d 81. 

Mahomet, horn at Mecca» May 5, 570; bc^an htserrorsi 619 1- 
the sect commenced, 6:22; died June 18, 631. 

Mainteara, Madam de, died 1719> a^ed 84. 

Mai re, Jamtrs le, Dutch na victor, died 1633. 

Maitland, WiUiatn, the historian, died 1757. 

Maittaire, Michael, eminent writer, died 1747. 

Malachi flourished 397 befpre Ctirist. 

Malcolm, Sarah, executed in Fleet-street, March 7, 1738. * 

Malebranche, bora at Paris, 1638, died HI'S. 

Malherbe, Francis, Fiench writer, bom 1555, died 1628« 

Mallet, David, dramatic author, died 1765. 

Malmsbury, William of, wrote in 1 140. 

Malpig;hi bom in Italy 1638, died 1694. 

Manasseh chosen hi^h-priest 353 before Christ. 

Mandevilie, Bernard, of Holland, died 1733, aged 65. 

■ Sir John, the traveller, died 1373. 

Manliusy M. thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, 484 before 
Christ. 

Manning, Cromwell's spy, executed abroad 1655. 

Mansfield, Earl of, died March 15, 1793, a«red 89^ 

Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby » motW of King 
Henry VIL died June 39, 1509. ' 

* ■ Countess of Salisbury, daughter of the Duke of Cla* 

rence, brother of Edward IV. beheaded May 37, 1541, aged 

' 70. 

Mariana, Juan, historian of Spain, died 1634, aged 87. 

M&rise, William, a noblemau*s sou, drawn, hanged^ and quar- 
tered for piracy, 1341. 

Mark*, St. died in 68. 

Markland, Jereidiah, born Aug. 1663, died July 7, 1776. 

Marlborough, J. Duke of, died June 16, 1783, aged 72« 

. ; " Sarah, Duchess of, died Oct. 18, 1744. 

Marioe^ Christopher, killed by his rival, 1593. 
r 



Mt WEMOKhBLE rEHsam/SD^ 

MarmioAy Sbaketkj, Bng^lish dranatic writer, died 163^ ' 
Ifarot, Clement^ French poet, born 1495, died 1544. 
Marshall, Thomas, English divine and writer, died 16B5. 
Marsham, Sir John, born 160S, died 1(>85. 
Marston, John, dramatic author* died about 1<(14» 
Martin, St. died about 408. 

■ — Thomas, English anticjuarian, died 1771. 

— -— — Benjamin, English mathematician, died 1783; 

Martial, born at Bilboa, 34, died 109. 

Martyn, John, the botanist, died 1766. 

Martyr, Peter, bom .1500, died at Zuric, Nov. 12, 1562* 

Marvel, Andrew, the patriot, bom 1620, died 1678. 

Mary de Medicis, Q^een sMther of France, visited England, 

«— — mother of Christ, died in 45, aged ^. 
«•— - Queen of Scots, fled to England, May 16, 1568, (vide So- 
vereigns), beheaded Feb. 9, 1 589, aged 44. 
Mafikelyncy Neville, Efiglish astronomer, died 177S. 
Mason, Rev. William, poet, died 1797. 
Massinger, Philip, dramatic writer, died 1640^ aged 55. 
"Matthew, St. died in 65, 

■ I of Westminster, Englisli historian, died 1379* 
Matthews, Admiral, discarded the navy service, Oct, 22, 1744. 
Matthias was high-priest 6 years before Christ. 

Maty, Dr. Matthew, died August 2, 1776. 
■■ Henry, critical author, died 17€7. ^ 

Maurice, of Nassau, Prince of Orange, died 1685. 
Mauritius, alias OTihely, Archbishop of Tuam, die^ 15.13. 
Maximilian, the Emperor, enlisted as a Captain and subject 

under Henry Vin. when he invaded Franee, 1513. 
May, Thomas, dramatic poet; died 1652. 
Mayer, Tobias, the astronomer, dieu 1762. 
Mayersbachy the celebrated water doctor, died Jan. 179€L 
Mayne, Rev. Dr. Jasper, bt)rn 1604, died 1672, 
Mayiiwaring, Arthur, born 166«, died 1712. 
Mazarine, CariVmal, died 1661, ^ged 59* 
Mead, Ur. Ricliard, bom 1672, died 1754. 
Mecbain, M. French astronomer, born Aug. 16, 1744, died 

Sept. 4, 1804.. 
Mede, Jus^tpb, English divine, bom 1595, died 1638. 
Medicis Laurence de, called the father of learning, bora 1448, 

died 1493. 
Meln, Pomponino, a Spanish ^-eographer, died 45. 
Mf4an<'th.>n, Philip, bt^vn 1495, died 1560, aged 63. 
Melville, Sir Jr^mes, Scot<b bistorian, d<ed J620. 
Menage, Giles, Frcneli writer, born at Anglers 1^13, died 

' ley's. 

Mercaiou, Gerard. F'cnrigb g-eot^rapher, bom 1512, died 1594* 
"■ ' ■ Nich. ot Holsttni*, astronomer, died l6f>IK 
Merlin, the prophet, lived 477. 



Merricky Ibele«nic4 lame** dM. \7€9* 

Heraennus, French writtr, born 1588, died 1648. 

Merv&iif Lc>rdAudl^, banged May 13^ 16^1. 

Metastasio» the Italiau poe(, bum 1698» died VJBi, Mgtd 84* 

MethiueUh died 1^6 of tbe world, ^aged 9Jx9> 

MetiuSf ^ainesy of Antwerp, inventor of telescopes, died 1612V 

Meton, inventor of tbe Metonic Circle, 430 before Cbrist« 

Mezeray^ the Frencb historian, born iGlO, died 1683. 

Micab, tbe prophet, flourished 754 before Christ. 

Middleton, Sir Uu^h, who brought tbe New Rivtr-water la 

London, died 158.9. 
— — •— Dr. Cuoyers, bom 1683, died 1730. 
Mildinay, Sir Walter, founder of JSmanuei College, Cambridge 

died 1640. 
MiU, Rev. Dr. John, bora about 1645, died ir07* 
— ~- Henry, learned in hydraulics, died 1 770* 
Miiier, ftev. James, born 1703, died 1743. 
MiUer, Phil, died X>ec. 18, 1771, aged 80. 
Milles, Jeremiah, BngUsh divine and antiquary, died 1784. 
Milton, John, born 1608, died blind 1674. 
Minos, the law-giver, reigned at Crete 1432 B. C. 
Mirabeau^ the Frencb statesnaan, died lldU 
Mtst, tbe printer, imprisoned, June 17$1> ^ 
Mitchell, Joseph, bom 1684, died 1738. 
Molesworth, Robert, born 1656, di^ 17S5. 
Moliere, John Baptiss^ French com/pdian, born 1698^ die# 

1673. 
Molyueus, William, astronomer, born 1656, died I698» 
Moll, Herm. English geographer, died 1738. 
Mon^ault, Nicholaa Habert, Frencb writer, bora 1674, die4 

1746. 
Monk, General, bom 1608, arbiter of England's fatc» 1659 ; 
made Duke of Albemarle, July 13, 1660; .died Jaauary 4» 
1669-70. 
Monmouth, Jeffery of, wrote in 1153. 
' Duke of, beheaded 1685, aged .?S. 

Monro, Dr. John, died Dec. S7, 1791, Rged 77« 
Montagoe, Michael de, died 1503, aged 59. 

■ - Lady Mary Wortley, elegant writer, dM 1769« 
Montesquieu, Charles Secondat. Baroa, born 1689> died 17^* 
Montezuma, king of Mexico, died 1530. 
Montfaucon, French antiquarian, born 1655, died 1741, aged 

86. 
Montrose, Marquis of, executed at Edinburgh 1650, aged 3T- 
Moore, Philip, English divine, translator of the Bible, &c. in- 
to the Manks langua^, died 1783. 
—«•->- Jame^, English dramatic writer, died 1734. 
Morant, Pbilip, Enj^lish historian, died 1770. 
Hen, Sir TbojKis, born 1480, beheaML July $, 1585, aged: 
55. 

T % 



llorelly Dr. Thoous, learned dbioe, died 1784^ tgiid 83* 
Iforeri, born in France 1645, died ISHB. 
Motley,- Lordf tried at WMtiitiiister-b«U for murder, 1(56^. 
M<>re«» Edward Rowe, Eng^Usb antiquarian, died 1778. 
Mortiuier, Rugvr, Earl of March, baiiged Nov. S9f 1330. 
■ ■ John, English writer f»n husbandry, died '1736. 
Morton, Bishop of Durham, born 1564, died 1659. 
1*^— Dr, ChHTitf, rlied Feb. 10, 1799, Aged 83. 
Moses, born 1571 ; called down the ten plagues of Egypt 1499; 
received the tablet of stone ou Mount Sinai, May 4, 1491 ; 
died 1451 ^>efore Christ. 
Mo.sheim, John Laurence, German writer, bom 1699, dic(| 

1755. 
Moss, Rev. Dr. Robert, horn about 1667, died 17129. 
Movat, Mr. a surgeon at Dumfries, in Scotland^ died Feb. iil, 

1776, aged 136. 
Moulin, Cha. du, French writer, born I5OO9 died 1566L 
Mount, Mr. John, of Langholm, Dumfries, Scotland, died in 

March 1776, aged 136. 
Mountford, William, born 1659» murdered, aged 3S. 
Mountain, Mr. the mathematician, died May 5, 1779* 
Mantzer, Thomas, founder of the sect of Anabaptists, put to 

death 15S5. 
Murphy, Arthur, died June 18, 1105, aged 77. 
Murray, Eaii of, Regent of Scotland, jaiHeA Jan. 23, 1570. 
Musgruve, Dr. William, English physician and antiquarian^ 

died 1721. 
Nahiim, the prophet, flourished 758 before Christ. 
Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, bom 1550, died 1617* 
Kash, Richard, E^q. of Bath, died Feb. 12, 1761. 
Naylor, the Quaker, horn 16 16, whipped, &c. Dec. 4, 1656| 

died 1660. 
Nebucbadnezxar, King of Assyria, 606 before Christ. 
Nehemiah, the prophet, flourished 450 before Christ. 
Nelson, Robert, born 1656, died 1715. 

— Adm. Lord Viseount. Duke of Bronte, killed in battle 

in the glorious victery off Trafalgar, Oct.Sl, 1805, buried at 
the public expence in St. Paul's Cathedial, with a splendor 
never before witnessed in thes^ kingdoms, Jan. 10, 1806. 
Nero murdered his mtitber 55, died 68, aged 32. 
Nesbit, Dr. English physician, died 176I. 
Newhoff, Theodore, King of Corsica, died in London, 1757. 
Newman, Thomas, of Brislington near Bristol, died 1542, Aged 

152. 
Newton, Sir Isaac, bom Dee. 25, 1642 ; knighted by Queen 

Elizabeth 1705; died March 20, 1726-7. 
Newton, Dr. Thomaft, Bishop of Bristol, eminent writer, died 

1782. 
Nicholson, WUliamy Arthbisbon ^f Cii8b^l]> antiquarian, died 
1727. 



TOcolle, IVter, born in I'rahce ifejS, died 1^95, 

'Nicomedesy the niathf>maticiaii, iuventor of the geometrical 

curve, called conchuides, floarished S^. 
'Nicot, J. introducer of tobacc6 into France, died 1600. 
l<foah directed to balld the ark 1536 of the worM, 130 befbrt 

the'flood; died 1998 before Christ, aged 950. 
Nollet, Abbe, learned philodopheri died 1770. 
Nonius, Spaivish physician and tnatheiiiaticii«n, inventor of thf 

angles of 45 degrees in every meridian, died 1577. 
Norden, 'Frederick, eminent designer and engraver, died 1743. 
Norfolk, Duke of, beheaded on To we r-hiH, May ft, 1573. 
Norman, John, the first Lord Mayor of London that went by 

water to Westminster to be sworn, 1453. , •■ 

No^ris, Rev. John, born 1657, died after 1710.. 

■ Sir Jolm, En^ish Admjral, died 1749. 
Northumberland, Dudley, beheaded for attempting to- put Lady 

Ji^ne Grey on the English throne, 1553. 

— = Earl of, beheaded at York, 1572. 

Nugent, Thomas, LL.D. died May 27, 1727. 

Norwood, Richard, measured a degree in England 1^2; wbici 

• was the first accurate measure* 

Obadiah prophesied 5d7 before Christr 

Occaih, William,, died 1343. 

Occleve, Thomas, English poet, saecessor to Chaucer, floo^ 

risbed 1420, 
Odell, Thomas, dramatic writer, died 1749^; 
O'Conner,. Roderic, last Irish monarch, died M98a vc^ old* 
Oecolampadius, the reformer^, died 1531, aged 49* 
Oepidos,' Kiii/of Thebes, I26d befoi-e Christ. 
Ogdeo, Samuel, divine and writer,, died 1778. 
Ogilby, John, the ge6gi*apher,. born 1600, died l6T:6v 
©gle, John, English pottt^ the modern Chaucer, died 1746*. 
—- — Sir Chaloner, brave English Admiral, died 1750. 
Oglethorpe, General; died 1785. 
O'Hara^ Kene, Irish dramatic-writer, died 1784. 
Oidcastle, Sfr John, hanged and burnt without Templfr-ba» 

1418;; the first Protestant martyr* 
Oldfield, Mrs. Ann, celebrated attress, died ITBOi 
Oldham, John, born 1«3; died 1683. 
Oldmixon^ John, bora in George L's teiga 
Oldys, William, antiquarian and. writer, died I76L 
O^Leary^Dr. Arthur, eminent Catholic priMt, died Jiia If. 

1802> 
Otange, WniiamJ. Prince of,- awasaliiated Jonc 30,. 1S84. ' 
Origen died 2547 aged 69. 

Orlando Furioso, died 1772. ... * 

OrIe*ns,-I)uke uf, assassinated at Partis, Nov », 1407, IJy or^t 

oltbc Puke of Burgundy. 

#rliia^> piiHg tl^. fUgcat of France, dM 'Hm*^^^ V>33^ ; 

^2^ _ 



$4i tS^sARIUU£ P£lia0NS^ dM. 

Orleans^ the inC^motts duke of, (or fisalUe) was gailloUoe^ 

< Nov. 5, 1793. 
Ormond, duke uf, impexcbed June 21, 1715; retired to France 
August folluwing) 10,000]. reward ofifened by Ireland fur 
taking bim, Jan. 19, 171819; 50001. offeied by the Eiiglisb, 
March 1718-19 ; died iu France, and was brought to £nglaud» 
and buried at Webtminster, May S2» 1749- 

Orpheus, the poet, flourished 576 before Christ. 

Orsato, Sertoi-io, the antiquariao, poet, and historian, waa 
horn 1617, died 1678. 

Orsato, John Baptist, physician, born 1674^ died 17S0* 

Ortelsiup, Abrahaini, the geographer, born 1527, died 159B. 

Osborn and his wife murdered at Triug, Hertfordshire, for sup- 
posed witchcraft, April 22, 1751. 

Osburn, Francis, historian, born 15i90» died 1659* 

Ossian flourished as a poet in 300. 

Ostervatd, John Frederick, the divine, born 16$3, died 1747* 

Otho, Emperor of Germany, visited England ISof* 

Ottoman, first £mperor of the Turks, 1323. 

Otway, Thomas, English poet, born 1651, died 1685. 

Ou:;htred, Rev. William, born 1573, died 1660. 

Overbui*y, Sir Thgmas, poisoned in the Tower, Sept. 17, l€\i, 
aged 32. 

Ovid born at Sulina43 before Christ, died 15 after Christ. 

Owen, the Rev. Dr. John, died 1683, aged 66. 

Oxanam, Jamei, an eminent mathematieiai^ born 1$40, dicdl 
.1717. 

O^ell, John^ died Oct. 1743» a master of the languages. 

Pace, Richard, Dean of St. Paul's, died 1552, aged 50^ 

Pagi, Anthony, the critic, born 1624, died 1^4. 

Paley, Dr. William^ Aichdeacon of Carlisle, died May 25, 
1805. 

Palladio^ the architect, flourished in 157&. 

Palliser, Sir Hugh, died March 19, 1796, aged 75. 

Palsgrave, John} Efiglish dramatic writei-, flouiifhed 1531. 

^pantaloon, Sa, the Spanish Ambassador's brother, executed for 
murder, July 6, 1654. 

Par, Robert, died at Kin ver, Salop, aged 124, Sept. 21, 1757. 

— Thomas, died 1635, aged 152. , He lived ia 10 reigns. 

Paracelsus died 1534, a^eil 48. 

Pare, Ambrose^ French surgeon, died about 1584. 

Paiis, Matthe\Y> the historian, died 1269. 

l^irkinsun, John, the botanist, died 1690. ' ** 

ParneU. Thomas^ EJngli^h divine and poet, ^died 17-18. 

Parry, Dr. exi^ciited for a plot against Elizabeth, 1685. 

Parsons, Robert, tlie Jesuit, born .1554, died V610. 

Partridge, Ji»h9, the astro\og;er, born* 1644, died 1715. 

Pascal, Waise, born' at Auvergne 1623, died 1662. 

PatercuUis, VvU. flourubed about '30. 

Patridcj^St. first bisBop iij I^rfland, ^ed 491,* aged I2i^< * ^ 



Piitrick, SinKm, Bt^iop df Ely, tnuaent i^tat, died 1707* 

Patru, Oliver, French Writer, bom ]6»4, died l$^l. 

Patten, Margaret, died near Pftislcy, in Scotland, sn 1739, agedi 

138. ... 

Paul, St. converted 33, cau^t into the 3d Heaven 44 ; visited- 

Athens and Corinth 50, died June 99, 67. 
PeAFOe, Dr. Zach. Bishop Of Rochester, died 1774, aged 84. 
Peck, Francis, English antiquarian, died 1743. 
Peckham, John, Anshbashop of CaAterbury, the first writer o% 

uerspective, 12279* 
Pelham, Henry, English statesman, died 1754, aged 6(yj i 
PeM» Rev. Hr. John, born 1611, died 1685. 
Peofiberton, Dr. Henry^ English physician and philosopher^ died 

1771. 
Penn, Sir WUliain, bravft English Admiral, died 1670. 
^^— William> settler of Pennsylvania, born 16^4, died 17 18. 
Pennant, Thomas, the tpurist, died Dec. 16, 1798, aged 73. 
Penny, Mr. of ClementVinn, mucdered by his servant^May 18| 

1741. 
PefMtsdi, J» Chftstopher, English musician, died L759. 
Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland, las]t n^alehcdraf that 

faottly, died 1669. 
Pericles, Atheniaa •General, died 429 before Qirist, aged 70, < 
Perrault, Charles, French writer, died 1688. 
Penrean, Robert and Danuel, were ejtecuted for forgery, Jan. 17k 

1775. 
Perron, AHqnetU du,. French orientalistj died Oct. 30, 1805. 
Perrott, Mr. a bankrupt, hanged for embezzling his effeots^ 

Oct. 6, 1761. 
Pcrsius, Flaccus, born Dec. 4, 4S« died aged 28. 
Pertinaxdied 193, aged 66, 

Petan, DiBnim,» Freae^ writer, bom 1585, died 1652. 
Petavius, born 1652, died €9* 
Peter, St. baptized Cornellns, and established a Bishop at An* 

tioeh ar, eatftbMshed the tee of Borne 4 1 » died 76. 
■ f • of Russia, visited England, 1697 y disinherited bis eldest 

Bon^ Feb. 114.64 oondeohned him to deaths June 31, 1717^ 

took the title of Empeiror, Oct. I7$l. 
— — II. married his prime minister's daughter, Kov. 30> 1799"^ 

died of the sorall- pox, Jan; 19, 1730. 
-—* Ul» deposed and murdered inly 16^ 1^63. 
Pecraish, Fraaci^, horn at Amsao 1304, died 197-4* 
Phnedrus born 47 before Christ, died 81 after. 
Phalaris, the tyrant of Crete, died 5«l h«for(S Christ. 
-*PbaialBdhd,^iidsi French: monarch, died 428* • . 
Pharaoh ordered all the. niftlc children of the Hebrews to bedc» 

stroyed 1578-; drowBod, with hit anny^ Monday^ Mayfly 

1491 before Christ. , I 

^idifts, the^atatuAry, lived 48a before Chriatr , { 

Philettisy of Coi» yiimmMur> .A^mwho^^tto >eCBrftCbt^ , .4 



fit RfiMAXKAffBH 

Philipi King of Maoedon, iwu fi teici l by PaoMmMi, 880* ' 

— —• of Castile, driven by a storm to £ng)and, 1505. 

Sbilip^ Ambrose, dramatic poet, died 1748. 

" ■ -, Catherine,, the celebrated Oriada, died 1644« 

■^ - , John, English poet, died 1708, aged 3a. 

Philostnitus, the Greek sopbist, lived aboat aoo. ^ 

Philpot, John« an aldennaa of London, stabbed Wat T^ler t* 

Smithfield, 1381. 
Bcart, John, the mathematician and astrooomer, died IO98. 
PichesTU, Geneial, fou/id dead in his prison, supposed to be pri- 
vately murdered by order of Buonaparte, Aprils, 1804. 
Picas, Prince of Mirandola, memorable for his eatrBonhaaiy genim 

and memory ii^ language, died 1494. 
Pierce, Alice, concubine to Edward- III Id 75. 
Pilate made Governor of Judea 37, killed himself 44K 
Pilkington, Letitia, born 1712, died Aug. 30, 1750* 
Pindar, the poet, died 435 before Christ, aged 80* 

pitcairne^ Dr. ArcbtbaUi, bora 1053, died 17 i8. 

Pithou, Pierra, French writer, died 1500. 

Pitt, Thomas, Governor of Madras, possessor of the great diamond, 

lather of the £arl of Chatham,, did 1728*. 
»— , William, Earl of Chatham, died May iv,. 1779, mged 70» 
and buried at the public expence ia Westauaster Abbey, June 
following. 

f»i»-, William, son of the (ipregoing, and Prime Minister of Eng- 
land, died Jan. 23, ]8t»0. 

— -,. Rev. Christian, Eiiglish poet, bora idgg, died 17M- 

pixvro, Admiral Fcanois, died 1541, aged 08. . 

Pladna, the historian^t died 1481, aged 60. 

Plato died 384. before Christ, 

Plautus died 184 before Christ. 

Play ford, John, English musician and composer,, died' 1883*- 

Pliny the elder died in 79, aged 58., 

.^-- - the younger, born 63, died 116. 

Plot, Dr. Robert,, antiquarian- and historical Writer^ born 1841^ 
died 1606. 

Plunket, Oliver^ titular Archbtihopof Doblin, haagcd at Tjrbttra, 
with Edward Fitaharris July 1, 1681« 

Plutarch disd 11 9> aged 89. 

Pococke, Rev. Dr. Edward, bora 1684, died i68t« 

— — — , Dr. Richard, Bishop of Mcath, the^tranwUer, died 1788, 

Poggins, the Mviver of Greek and Latin literauire^ dicd:1480. 

Pole, Cardinal, died Nov. 16, 1558, aged 58. 

Polignac> Cardinal, French writer, died 1741. 

Pollio, a Roman orator and poet, who ocsasiooed 'Ihslnl IttMB^ 
being opened at' Rome for public use, diet in 48* 

Pblybitts bora at Mcnlopolis Q08 before Chriit, 

Pomtret, Rev. Mr. the poet, died young 1708W 

Pompadour, the Maf^hioness, died 17j^8. • 

PiDiapfsr kiUed I»£fiypt4* be£a» Cbiitty afsd 89^ 



l^mpo ri in Mel«9 dM geogrtpher, died in 40. 
Poole^ Matthew, English divine and writer, .died 166g, 
Pope,. Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity-coUegej Oxford, borai508t 
died 1588. 

, Alexander, the poet, died 1744,* aged 55. 

•»— , Pitts VI. expelled Rome by the Prenchy and fted in exilc^ 
Feb. 4, 1798 { died April ig, 1799, aged 81. 

Popple, William, English dramatic atithor, died 1784. 

Porteous, Capt. attending an execittioo at Edinburgh, apprelMndhng 
a rescue, ordered the soldiers to fire, April I4, 1738 ^ accused of 
murder and. convicted, but respited by qaeen Caroline, June 
3S» .1788 j pot to death by the mob at Edinburgh, Sept. 7» 
:i73<!. 

Portuguese Ambassador's brother beheaded for murder, i69t. 

Postel, William, French writer, bom 1505, died 1581. 

Postlcthwaite, Malachy, English writer, died 1787. ■ 

IV>iter, ' Archbishpi^, died 1747> aged 73. 

Powell, George, English actor and dramatic writer, died 1714* 

Powoatl, "Governor, author of a Treatise on Antiquities, &c. died 
Feb. ^5,1105, aged 84. 

Pretender, the old, born June lo, 1988, died 1778. 

■ " ■ ' , the young, his son, born Nov. 31, 1730, died Jan* 
ai, 1788, without male issue. His natural daughter assuratd 
tfae.title of Duchess of Albany, and was bom in 1783, and died 
1789. Hi^ brother the Cardinal was bom March 6, 1735. 

Price, Mr. glass-stainer, died 1785. 

Prichard,. Mrs. celebrated actress^ died 1789. 

Prideanx, Humphrey,, historiati and critic, bom 1848> died 17^M^ 

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, died Feb. 9, 1804. 

Pringlc, . Sic John^ physician, died 1783. 

Prior, Matthew, died Sept. 18, 1731, aged 50. 

Provinzale, eminent in mosaic, born 1585, died 1579. 

P/ymw, William, born i8oo $ tried by the Star Chamber 1838 $ 
Blood in the pillory May 1884 ; again 1887 ; took his seat in 4he 
Ijong Pailtament, Nov. 38, 1O40 ; died Oct. 34, 1089. 

Psalmanazar, George, the pretended Japanese, died 1788. 

Ptolomy^ f bib. flourished 384 before Christ. 

PufTendorf died 1894, aged 83. 

Pulteney, William, struck out of the lict of Privy-counsellom^ 
July 1, 1731» died Earl afBatfa 1764. 

Purcell, Henry, the. celebrated musician, died 1695. ' 

Pyrrhus began to reign at £pimB*S95i' lost 90,009 men in 
battle with the Romans to their 5000 ; killed by a woman's 
throwing a tile at him, 272 before Christ. 

Pythagoras' died 497 before Christ, aged 71. 

Quarl^s, Francis, English ^Miet and writer, died ]Qi4. 

Quioy James, the comedian, born 1693, died 1766, aged 73. 

guinault, Phil. French writer, born 1635, died I688. 

i>uin(^j ^'* Jobn> «iBineiit j^nylisb physkian^ died 1723* 



Qutncy, le Marq. FceivcU ^i^^opMr iMid mUitftcj «iftiior» ^«i 

1720. 
QuintUiaD ^e.d abQUt ^4. 

Quirini, Cardinal, the learned traveller^ died 1755. 
Quivedo, the Spanish poet* died 164?. 
Rabelajf, Ffancis, French writer, bora 148S> died 1553. 
Rabutiu, Count de Bussy, born 1623, died 1693. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, beheaded Oct. Sd, 16I8» aged 65, 
Ralph, James, English historian and puec, died 1762* 
Ramsay, Allen, Scotch poet^ died 174.^> 
Ramus Peter, French writer, bor^ 1515, died 1573. 
Randolph, Tho. English historiao, boni 1605, died 16^ 
Rapin, Rene, died 1687, aged 72. 
— »r- de Tboyraa* English historian, died May 16, 175^, aged 

64. . 
Radclifr, Dr. John, died and left 40,0001. to the University of 

Oxford, Nov. 1, 1714. His st^u^ erected Dec. jjtl, 17S3. 

Library began May 12, 1737. 
Riy, Rev, John, the naturalist, born 1688, died 1705» 
Rawlinson, Dr. Richard, antiquarian, diBsd 1755* ^ 
Raynel, Abbe, the historian* died March 17^6, aged 84* 
Read* an Alderman of London* sent as a common soldier* for 

refusing the King an arbitrary beoevolenoe, 1544. 
Reaumur* M. de, the French philosopher* bom 1683* died 

1757. 
Record, Robert, first English writer on algebra* about 1557« 
Reeve, CUra, English writer*, died /an. 1809* aged 70. 
R^gtomontaoufiy Joha MuUer* astMoomer, poitoned at Romoj 

1476. 
Regnier, Mathur* French writer, bom 1573, died \BlBm 
Rhees, the last King of South Wales, Itilled 1094. 
Ricant, Sir Paul* English writer and critic, died 1700. 
Ricei, Lawrence* the last General of the society of JesiriCs, 

^orn Aug. S* 1703; made General of the order* May 91* 

1758; imprisoned at Rome, Sept. 82* 1773 ; died Nov. 24* 

1776, aged 72. 
Richardson, Samuel, moral writer, died 1761* aged 72. v 
Richlieu, Cardinal, died 164?, aged 57. 
Ridley, Bishop of London^ burnt at Oxford, Oot. 1^6* IJI»55. 
Riz2io, Pavid, an Italian musician, killed March 9, 1566. 
Robert, Duke of Normandy, died in piison 1 107, 
Robertson* of Uopettpun-hafl* near Edinburgh* died 1793* aged 

137. 
Rfodney, Admiral Lord* died May 24, 1792. 
Robin Hood died 1S47. 
Robins, Benjamin* EngUsh math«matieian and engineer* died 

1751. 
Rochefoucault, Duke of, died 1680, aged 68. 
Rochester, William, Earl of, died iMmK a«ed 36.. < . 
iRoger de Hovedon* the historian^ fiouriihed 119i* 



MMARKABL& PERSONS, fte; fSf 

Rogers, Captain Woods, Eng1i%1i 'nayigator^ died 1733. 

Roliin, Charles, died 1741, aged 89. 

BoUoy first Duke of Normandy, conquered that country from 

the crown of France, 876. 
Rook» Admiral Sir George, died 1708, aged 47. 
Rosamond, bom 11652; shut up at Woodstock 1177. ' 
Roscius flourished 60 before Christ. 
Roscommon, Earl of, English poet, died 1^4. 
Roubilliac, the sculptor, died Jan. 11, 1763, 
Rousseau, John James, French peet, died July S, 1778, aged 

Rowe, Nicholk^ ofade poet taureat, August 11, 1715; diei 

Pec. 6, 1718, aged 44. 
Rowe, Eliz, died Feb. 30, 1737, aged 63. 
Rowley, William, coteiriporary with Shakespeare. 

» eminent E/iglish mathematician, died 1728. 

Roy, Julian, French mechanic, died 1759. 
Ruflhead, Owen, eminent English lawyer, died 17Gd.' 
Rupert, Prince, died Nov. 39^ 1681, aged 62. 
Rush worth, John, bom 1607, died 1690. 
Ru<»el, Lord Willtam, beheaded July 31, 1683. 

' Admiral, died 1627, aged 75. 
Rust, Archbishop of Dromore, died 1670, 
Rutheiford, Dr. Thomas, died 1771, aged 6$. 
Ru^ter, Dutch Admiral, died 1676, aged 69. 
Ryan, Lacy, eminent actor and dramatic writer, died 1760. 
Ryer, Peter <!«, French writer, born 1605, died 1678. 
Rymer, Thomas, 'English antiquarian and historian, died 1718* 
Rvsbrac, Jull. the sculptor, died 1770, aged 78. 
Sacheverel, Rev. Dr. silenced, March grj, 1710, died 1734, 
Sadleer, SirKalph, eminent En^^lish statesman, died-lSd?* 
Sale, George, translator of the Alcoran, died 1736. 
SJifisbury, Sally, died in Newgate, Feb. 25, 1724. 
Sallo, Dennis de, French writer, born 1626, died IS69* 
SalluStius, died 34 before Christ. 
Salmon, Nnthaniel, English divine and historian, died 1740; 

. -Wtiriam, English miscell. writer, died 1685. 

Sancho, Ignatius, the African, died 1780. 

Sanderoft, Archbishop of Canterbury, born 1616 ; comTbittej 

to the Towt?r, tried and acquitted, 1688 ; deprived 1689 5 di«4 

Nov. 36, 1693, aged 77. 
Sanderson, Robert, English antiquary, died 1741. 
Sandys, Sir Edwin, born about 1561, died 1639. 

George, the traveller, died 1643. 

Sanquir, Lord, hanged for killing a fencing-master, I6l3> 
Sanson, Nich. eminent French geoi^rapher, died 1667. 
Santry, Lord, condemned for murder in Ireland, April 37i 

'1739. 
Siq>pbo lived 603 before Cttlrist. 
Sarpi, Father Paul, bora 1553, died 1654. 



sail KIMAK&MHLfi noMsmSi M 

Sarraiin, Jftlub Frencli irritor, died 1 654. 

Sarti^ Sig. musical coropo8er» died July 28, 1802. 

Savage, Richard, born 169i; ooodemned lor aaurder, I7f7i 

pardoned 1726 ; died 1743. 
Sarile, Sir Henry, born 1640, died 1622. 
Saunderson, Dr. N. the mathematician, .died 17S9». aged 57« 
Saiurin, James, French divine, bora 16*77, died 1730. 
baxe, CuuHt, died 175d, aged 54. 
Soevolay Mutius, burnt his right hand before Porsenna, for 

killing the Secretary^ when be intended to have slaia Por- 

eeima himself, 506 before Christ. 
Scales, Lord, murdered by.a lerryoian, Aug. 19^ 1460. 
Sealiger, Julius Caesar, died 1558, aged 75. 
— — Jos. French writer, bom 1609, aged 6B» 
Scanderbeg died 1467, aged 63. 

Scarborough, Sir Charles, English anatomist, died 1702. 
Scharron, Paul, French writer, bom 1619, died 1660. 
Schiller, Frederick, German poet, born Nov. 10, 1759, died 

May 9, 1B05. 
Schombergh, Dr. Isaac, English physician, died 1T80. 
Sehomberg, Duke of, landed in Ireland Aug. 13, 1669$ killed 

at the battle of the Boyne 1690. 
Schwartz, Berth, disooverer of gunpowder, died 1340. 
Scot, Reginald, eminent English writer, died 1599. 
Scotus, John, died 883. 

Marianus, the historian, fiourished 1086. 

Serimer, Henry, learned Scotchman, died 1561. 

Scrimshaw, Mis. Jane, died in Rusemary-l&ne . workhoose^ 

l\j^er-hin, aged 127* Dec. 6, 1711. 
Scudery, Georee, French writer, born 1603, died 1667* v 

•— — Magdalen de, French writer, died 1701. 

Season, Dr. Henry, died 1775. 

Seatan, Rev. Thomas, who instituted the price poems at Cam« 
I bridge, born about 1684, died 1750. 
Seeker, Dr. Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 1766. 
Sedley, Sir Charles, born about 16.36, died about 1720. 
Segar, Sir William, English heraldic writer, died 163;1« 
Sejanus, died 31. 

S«Men, John, born 1584, died Oct. 30, 1654. 
Semiramis, j^ueen of Assyria, died 1665 beforii Christ. 
d«neca, born at Corduba in 1, died 64. 
Servetus, burnt at Geneva, Oct, 27, 1553* 
Settle, Elkanah, bom 1645, died 1724. 
Severus, died 21 1, aged 56. 
Sevigqe, Marchiuness de, born 1626, died 1696. 
Sewell, t)r. George, eminent physician, died Feb. 6, 17fT. 
Seymour, Lord, made Lord High Admiral, 1547, married th* 

widow of Henry VIII. March 1548, who died in childbed 

Sept. foUowingi be was beheaded on. Tower-hiU, Marc^ 9^ 

1549. 



Aaawcll/ TIMQIU9 Jbom 1646, died Nchn 30» I69f. 

Shxltesbury, Earl of^ born 167U died 1713. 

Shakspeare, bom U^, died April 3, 1616. 

Sharp, Arcbbishop of St. Andrew's^ bora 1618 i tbot la bif . 

cuaoh May 3, l$7d. . 
' Archbishop of Vorks died 1714. 

Shaw, Dr. Thomas, English traveller, (H«d 1 751. 

Cuthbert, Eng^liah poet, died 1771. 

Shebbeare, Dr. pillbred in^Chariiifp-erosi, Dec* S^ 17 5S; died 

Aug. 1788, a^ 7». 
Sheldon, Arehbishop, diedNov^d* 1677* 
Sbenttone, WUliatn, £na;lish poet and miseeUaB«oii» writer^ 

died 1163. 
Shepenr, John^ the p«)et, died 1549, aged 38* 
Sherards IViUiam, founder of the botanic prolcfiiorship atOm« 

ford, died 1798. 
Sherimm, Sir Edward, born 1€18, Idlled in a auUn|r ai Oxr 

ford, June \9, 164& 
Sheridan, Rev« Dr. Tnomas, born 168.% died 1738. 
■ Thomas, English actor and writer, died 1788. 

Shirley, James, born 1594, died 1586. 
Sherlock^ Dr. Thomas, Bishop of London, died 1761- 
Shore, iine, mistress of Edward IV. did penance 1433; her 

husband ea«c«ited (or coining, 14$6. 
Short, Dr. Thomas, English physician, 4^ed 1685. 
•— ^— James, eminent optician, died 1788. 
Shovel, Sir Cloudaley, lost on. the rocks of Scilly, Oct. 22, I707» 

aged 56. 
Sbuter, Edward, the comedian, died in Nov. 17, 1776. 
Sidney, Sir Philip, born 1554, kiUed in hattic Sept. 99, 1586. 

Algernon, beheaded Dec. 7^ l6l|3. 

Sigebert, the historian*, died I U3. 

Sigismnndt the Eteperor^ visited England 141^ died Y43d« 
Simnel, Lambert, crowned King in Ireland, 1487. 
Simon, Magus, Oie first henvtio, came to Rome 41. 
Stmontdes, the poet, flourished 503 before Christ. 
^Simpson, Thomas, English mathematician, died 1761, 
Sirmond, James, the French writer, bom 1559, died 1631» 
Sisypu8» first King of Corinthi, 1504 before Christ. 
Sixtua V. Bope, 1585. 
Skeltnn, Rev. lohn, the poet, ^ed 1589» 
Skinner, Stepheng English physician and antiqnanca,. died 

1667. 
> Alderiban, bom Jan. 14, 1737, died Jan. 30, 1806, 

Sfingiby,~^Sir Henry, Governor of Hull, and Dr. Hewit, be*. 

headed on Tower-hill, June 8, 1658. 
SkHUie, $ir Hans, bora I66O, died Jaiu 11> 1759-3. 
Spiabidge, Dr, George, Bishop of Bristol, poet anft writer^ 

dM 1719. 
Sai«rt» Rev. ChfiltoplMW died ITIU 

% - 



SJM REMARKABLE Pfe*SOHSV ^f^- " 

Smellie, Dr. WHfiafii, cmtnent anatomist j Ai*^ f7W * 
Smith, Sir Thomas, •historian; horn 1514> died XbUT* 

■ Edmund, the poet, died 1710, aj^d'4l. 

— — Dr.Rob«ft, of Cambridge, died 1768, ag:«d*82.' 

■ Rev. Dr. Thomas, biog:raptier„ horn i688," died 17 TO. 
SmoUet, Dr. Tobias, the histoiian, died Sept. 17, 1771. 
Snape, Rev. V\\ born 1673. , ' 

Snell^ Hannah, (he female soldier, ha^ -a p«!nsfon settled'om 

4ier, ^nnel7»0. 
Snelling, Thoma«, writer on coins, diM I'T'TS. ^ 

Sobieski, John, King of Poland, died 1696. 
Socrate«r put to dmth 401 before Christ, liged T^. " 
Solander, Dr. naturalist, di*»d May 13, 1782. ^ ; ' ' 
Solon, the lawgiver, born .549 befortf" Christ, died 'aged B^. 
Somerville, William, English poet, died !743. 
S)mner, Wm. the antiquarj', born 1606, died l(k?9« 
Sopboelea dfed'406 before Christ, aged 90, " 
South, Rev. Dr. Robert, born 163.3, died'l'716.. - ' ] , 
Southern, Thomas, born 1660, died 'May 36, ii'46. * '''* 
Spanheim, iRzek, born at GeneVa 1639, died 1710; " . 

Fred, born at ditto, 1«32, dieA IfOK 

Speed, John, the historian, diedJtoly 165<), aged 76.' 
S^lnaln, Sir H^hlry,. the antiquatrian, died 1641, 'a^d «0. 
Spencer, Jphn, Dean of Ely, died »<S93, aged 62. , 
Spencers, father,- son, and grandson ; the fatHer was bang^& at 

Bristol, aged 90, in Oct. 1929; the mr} was haiiged at Hefe- 

#<5ni; >?«vemb^34 following; the grandsan was beheaded at 

Bristol, 1400. 
Spencer, the poet; Ijom 1510, died 1.^8, . . ^ 

Spinck^, Rev. Na?thahlel, bom 1653, died USPT^ 
Spinoxa, Bened. born 4t the Hague, 16*77, aged 44. - 
Spooner, Mr. at Tam worth, \VarWit*kshire, died aged STj whe 

weighed 40 stone 9^b. tanA measured 4 feet S IncSies across the 

shoulders, AprrV 30, 177B, ' ', • ' 

Spotswood, Abp. of St, AndrewTs, Irorn 1365^ idied I619> 
Sprat, Dr. Thoimas, Bfehopof Roc4iester,'liistoriai»; died 1715, 
Stackhouse, tphfe»rtas> Eligffsih divine Mid historfan, died. 1752. 
Stanhope^ Dr. Geo. bom 1660, dk'd 1728. ' ' /' 
Stanislaus the abdicated K-rng offewedeh, XAifti By kc^idtlrt, 

Februaiyft, 1768, aged 89. . " 
Poniatowsky, the la*t lChl|C of Vtrlarfid, Whbw^iS^c- 

|H%ve#bf flit kingdom 1795, died Pftbruary If, 1796; acged63, 

at Petersburg^ . ^ '* 

Stanley; Thomas, Il« phi Jdsopliid hist oil an^ 'died 16t«' 
■ • ' ' > -^ George, ^df ► Hamitigtun', near Sa^lfsbdry^ di«^* 1T1?> 

aged 15U .' • 

Mr. Johni niosician, died 17.86. 



SCltp^ton^ IVaker, Bishop of £tet«r,* ntirdefed iti^ohdqnJ tit 
an insurrection, 1326. , r ..ft' ^ 

Sir Robert, drame'tie w¥!¥er,»0fi'd''l689.' "^ • • • 

StatiuSf bom about 41^ died aBout 103, 



Steele, Sir E^cbard, died September }, 175^, f^. 5^; . 
Steplx^n.thie martyr, died September JJ(J, 3J. ' j.'' 
hc^iie; Rev. Lawrent-e', died 1769. ■ ' ". 
Sternholdi Thomas, the, P<>t?t> died 154 r. ' 
Stevens, Cfeorge Alex. dVamatie pbet, died ltB7. ' \ 
r- C'apt. John, lexicographer, die^d 1720. ' * '" 

■ '' ■ George, the* editor of Shsikspeare, died Jail. 21, 1800, 
aged 6^.. 

Stillingrteet, Bishop H)f Worcester, died I5d9. 

Sijlpo^ the philosoj^her, died about 294 before Christ. 

Stow, John',' the historian, died Aprils^ 16*05^ aged ttO. 

Strabo fLiurisbed about 30 befofe Christ. 

Straffoi:d;j Lord, beheaded May 13, 164^; 

Straight, John, English divine and poet, died 1740. 

btrueiifee and ^tanJr, Danish Counts^ beheaded at Copenhage^ii 
April 3B, 1772. . 

Stripe, John, born 104^,' diBd' December 1737. 
, Stuart, Dr. Giibeit, the historian, died August'13, 1786. 

Stukely,.Dr. tbe antiquarian, died 176'5. 

Sucklin, Sir John, dramatic writer, born ISl"^, died 164?. 

Sudbury, Abp. yfCaiiterUury, beheaded by the rebefconTowtilr- 
hill,-Jane M, lJi81. '. '. . * 

"Saetunitt^, thchi^toriati, flourtshedno, died'TTS,' 

SoidftS, the Itarued lexicographer,' Uved iri' lost. ' ' 

Sully, Duke ^e,^ ^djed. 1 6.4.1 , , aged ,8S, 

Sulpiciu^ft thel^istorian, died4"^0l 

Suttufi, tTioaias, founder of the Charter-boUse, born 155!^, died 
1611. . • 

Swift, Dean of St, Patrick's, died October, 1745, aged 78. * 

Swieten, Baron Van, died June 1772. * 

&winey, Mac Owen, dram^itic author, dired'l754. 

^denbatti, 0r. Ifhonias, cfied December 29, 1689^ aged.65, 

Sydney, Algernon, died 1683, a^ed.t>6, , , . 

Sir Philip, died 1586'. 

Sypge, Abp.oCluiiin, born 1659, died JuT)''14, 174 1'..' 

Sysigftmbis, mother of Darius, on hearing the death of Alexan- 
der, "starved hersfcll', 35J4 before Chriit. '; 

Tacitus livijd in 70. 

Tallard, Marshal, taken prisoner by the English, HO^, -eKiCd 
1728. 

Tamerlajne. conqueror of Asia, 'bom 1*335, died 1405. 

Tanner, "tioinas,. Bishop of St. Asaj)h, antiquarian, died 1735^ 

Ta«5o, Orland. liiusician, died 1594;' 

Tate, Nahum, poet lameat, died 1716. ' * i ' 

Taverner, William, diaiuatic writer, died 1731.' 

■ Joh»> Bapt. f«iii»ous French traveller, lUed 1<?B9. 
Taylor, Joltn, the water poet, died 1654, aged 74. /. '; 
m. Bishop wf D^wu^, died August 13,166.7; 

Teil, WiU»an^shot GriSkr, the Austrian Governor, t3jT.' ' ' 
Tempts, Sfr WiUiaiD, died January 1669, aged 69,. , ' ' 



JM KfiAfARKABLE VEkSOW, &t. 

TMBptcmai), tfr. Feter, English pbysieian, died Vf69^ 
Tenison, Dr. Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, di«d 1715* 
Terence died 159 B.C. 

Terpander, the 4aiii«ieian> lived about 706 before Christ. 
Tertullian, a father uf the church, died 9^, aged 85. 
ThaleSy the philosopher, born 640, died 573 before Christ. 
Thcmistocles, the Athenian General, died 449 before Christ. 
Theobald, Lewis, English dramatic writer, died 1743. 
Theocritus flourished 385 before Christ. 

Theodore, King of Corsica, abdicated bis kingdom, 1737 ; died 
i in an obscure lodging in Sobo, London, 1756. 
Thespis, the poet, flourished about 539 before Christ. 
Thevenoty Melchisedec, the French traveller, died 1693. 
Thomson, James, died August 37, 1748, aged 46. 
Thompson, Mi*8. near Publin, died aged 135, October 119^ 
;rhoresby, Ralph, bom 1658, died Oct. 16, 1735. 
Thornton, Bonnel, died 1768. ^ 

Thorp, murdered by the mob, 1640. 
Thorpe, John, antiquarian, died August 3» 1793, aged 78* 
Thurlow, Lord, died Sept. 13, 1806, aged 71. 
Thynne, Thomas, shot in Pall-Mall, February 13» 1683, 
Tickel, Thomas, English poet, died 1740. 
TIce, Mr. died at Hagley, Worcestershire, Feb. 36, 1774^ affed 

135. 
Ticho, Brahe, of Denmark, born 1546, died 1601. 
TUlotson, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 1694, aged 63* 
Timoleon, ol Syracuse, died 337 before Christ* 
Tindale, Dr. Matthew* bom 1657» died 1733. 
^ ' - William, hanged at Auxburgb, 1536. 
Undal, Rev. Nicholas, died June 36, 1774. 
Tofts, Mary, the rabbiv woman, , imposed upon the pttbliC) 

1726. 
Toland, John, bom 1670, died 1733. . 
Tompion, Thomas, eminent English watchmaker, died 1669. 
Tooke, Ant. English divine and writer, died 1731. 
Torquatus, M. caased his own son to be put to death fbr having 

fought contrary to his orders, 340 before Christ. 
Tournefort, Joseph, botanist, died 1708. 
Trap, Rev. Dr. Jos. born 1679, died Nov. 1747. 
Trenchard, John, born 1663, died 1733. 
Tromp, Van, the Dutch Admiral, killed Ju\y 39, I<^3« 
Tttll, Jethro, eminent in husbandry, died 1741. 
Turner, Dr. William, the first English botanist, about 1550» 
Tyers, John, ol Vauxhali, died 1787. 
lyler, Wat, the rebel, killed 1381. 
Tyson, Dr. Edward, eminent phvsician> died 1708. 
Ulysses flourished 1149 before Christ. 
Vpton, James, English grammarian^ died 1749. 
Usher, James, Archbishop of Armagh, learned writtr, horn 1511* 

died 1656. 



ValeutiUf th4^ first professed polythejst, lived in 1 10. 

Valois, Henry de, trencU }vrjUr^J?ora l60^ jlied \G^6f ' •/ 

Vanbukr|fb,SirJ.olm. died Macqb 36^17 2£. .., . ,^ 

Van Swieteii, the physician, died 1775J. * ' . ' , 

Vaulniy burnt at Thuulouse^ February. I {|« 1^6 1$« ag^ 3f>^ 'r 

Varro, Tereutiii6,,di«d a^iD«foi3p Christ, ag^^ ^«, ,' 

Vasca di Gauia^ a.Purtuguft^^ 'di^cov4;ri3^ ^^ ^^ £vt IdcUqiu 

Vaubaa, 8eb^.M4r«scbal» engiiii^^y died 1707» aged 74. . , 
Vau^elaSy Ctaiid, French writer, borii 1585| died \6bO, , 
Veruo|i^,Admir^l^died t757, *svd73. « ' ,,• 

Verstegen, Richard,, tbe £uj$li&h.autiquarian;,4led afttxlii^ii* . 
Vertot, French lustoric^l writer, died 1735. 
Vesputius,. Ainericus, a Flureutiue^ di^cuvei'er of-.thj^ tJT^;^ l^ 

dies, <li<f4 ak|.'r 1497. ,„ / ..... .^. 

VieuAy Fiieuck. eminent B»atBeiQatician, died 1603. s *. ,• . .7 

Vincr, Kichadl* Eltglisb divii^e and aijtiior, died l^^*-. 

Virgil, bor#i at Andes, near Mjii»tua| m 6'Jf died at ^ruud^tsiuon ' 

in Italy*. 18 be/ure Christ. , .< . 

Virjpil, poi^dofe, fiied 15i53f Wd 80. . . ' , y^ 

Virginias slew hisfU^ghter, ibat she ipight not fall aiacri^c^ to 

the }fi8t 9f Ap)jiu# (Jiaudivt% 446.befure Christ. ,.,'.• / , 
Vitri^viu^, tb« architeict^ flourished U5 befbrit C^vi^.^ ' ., ,v 
VoKaire^diiwi. 177B, ♦gfjd.85r« • • :. ... ,\, ,'. i * .. . ,/ 
Wade, Marshal, Aied 1748, aged 75. • : . . .. 

AV'a^r,>4w»i?4>ili<-'«l.ir4i*»«gP<in.^ . ' \ ' '•' 

Wagsuflfej^the R^x- Jboiuap, boxn l?f 3, died \7l2. . 
Wateley, William, of Shirfnal, died 1714, aged 15^4. 
>V4|k)er»';b^&ev, Mi:, d^^^ided iuud^md^riyj.il^dd i.slaln^ajtilV^ 

battle of tlie Boy n(^,l (^'90, .... » ^ ! ^. 

WaUafi^, 'Sir.W;))hatUv enstioiin^ Scotch geocral^, killed* 1,^Q«|. /.. 
Waller, £4iDVii|d» Kngiisb poej^ died ]Gtt7» aged 8i^ .> .. ^ 
Walpoie, 3ir Hubert^ X^rl of U^lord, boiii 1674$. cominltted tp 

the Tower, 17 1 !2 ; took, his >ef^t iu.ihti Ho,uiBt; «)f. ^f^h fi'^b. 

U.mi'2^'4i««iy''45, ..<../....• . ^ 

Walsb^ English poet, born 1659, died 1708. , , 

Walsinghaw, Tbo.iyiaaith«hifitpr,^a|igHT<^in 1464*> ; . . •*. v 
Walton, Brian, Bishop i4 CbeHef^.^i^ttr of th^.i'o^glpt JOiib^ 

died mu .i ,.. . ..,.'. . .-4 

Walworth, J^x^ M4yo,t.of h»^^^, }if^i>ifk^ 4AV(^;^WM.Tylfr 

iritb. tj^ ejty mace, 13.Q1. .. ,.. ^, 

Warbeck, 'Perkin,' ei^ecftted NpV^mbeir ^^9Q< t • : . , <' 

WarlwcJp%.^bop of Gloncestwi /dj§4 q^i^ } l>.a7dd.. , i : . .'f 
.Waf4rPr- Sethi born 10m 4i?d 1^9.. .i.. i v J .'— i 
,\VaM,.Sir Javieii, ^Qiiiiejiit Jfisb bi#tV9^n> 4iq4 liSiG^r 1^ ••« '• 
Warren, Sir Peter, English adji^ii^ij, ,di!e4li7.^*#. / 
Warwick* Earl of, the fiiii^ MjiHer^ diptf^l^d, Alidid^iiltlN^ 
battle of Barp5$, j/^ril i4, '^1,1 .^..^ ,. *-*- « .i ^. - ' '^ 
z 3 



«9I RBMARKABLB PAMNS* ka 

WftaMnston, G«iienil, dMI Hce. Ifir, t1<99,7M^ 5#. 
WaterlMidy D»oicl, EnfflUh dUvioe ana writer, died 174^. 
WatMQ, Jlolin, EnglUh 6Mw and bistomn, died 1763. 
l¥atff. Dr. Ismc, bum 16789 died 1748. 
Wmlgewood, Jotiab^ the celebrated potter, died Jawiafy 9^ 

1795. 
UTest, Mr. Gitbeit, died I75«. 
Weft, James, the amiqiiariaiiy died J«ly 9, 177?. 
Wetley, Rev. John, ^ed Mareb<89, 1791, agedM. 
Westmluster, MaUhew of, died 9boat 1380. 
Wharton, Philip, Duke of, dedarod a tmtnr, April 3» 1789# 

died May 31, 1731. 
Wh^Qii, John, English divine and historian* died 1(i94« 
■ ■ urn lAHUiam, the aatronomer, bom I667, died 175S. 
Whitby^ Rev. Daniel, bom 1638, died 1786. 
Whitehead, Paul, died Decmnbcr 30, 1774. 

■ I ' William, poctlanreat, di^ April 17, 1735. 
Whitfield, Rrr. George, preached in the fields, 1735 ; cxdnded 

the church, May 10, 1739; died 1770, aged 56. 
Whitttngton, SirRiehard* Lord Mayor of London, 1377. 
Whytt, Dr. Robert, English physicnn and writer, disd 17^. 
Wicklifle, apposed the Pope^ wptemaey, 1377 ; died 1385 ; 

and 40 yean after burnt for being an heretii** 
WUIces, John, the Patriot, cBedDec.Sfi, ]797» aged 70. 
Wilkins, Darid, English librarian at Lambetb, died 1740. 
William, Prince, son of Henry I. lost in his paiMge from N%t» 

mandy, 11 SO. 
William of Malmsbury, English historian, fioorished 1140. 
Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, English iiistoriaii and poet, 

died 1759. ' 

Willis, Dr. Thomas, eminent Engiisbphyridan, dec. diedl67& 
—-7— Dr, Browne, died February, 1760. 
Willoaghby, Francis, English natural historian, died-i^S. 
Wilson, Arthur, the historian, i)orn 1596, died |65S. 
* . i— Samuel, of London, bequeathed 90/k)0l. to be lent ont 

in small samtto industrious tradesmen, 1771. 
Winefaelsea, Ana KinguniU, Countess of, EngFisb poetess, died 

1790. 
Wingftte, Edmond, died December 16, 1656, aged 63; 
WlniLlei9an, Abbe, mnrdcTed at Trieste, 1768. 
Wit. John do, murdered at the Hague, Aiig. 10, l679v 
Wemngton, Margaret, eminent actress, died 1761. 
Wolfe, General, killed before Quebec, Sept. 13, 17^) aged 39* 
WolUston, Rev. Wniknn, bom 1659, fied 1734. 
WoUey, Ifiniiter to Henry VtH. 1513, Abp. of, Yorit 1514, Car* 

dinalt 151^ Chancellor Dec. 94, fottowltlg. Legate, 1518, re* 

•igned the «rihU Oct. 18, 1599> stripped of all his possessions,. 

and died lltf^Mnber 18, 1580, aged 5% 
' , A&^nv* born l689, died 1695. 
"-*' WWiam* printei^ died Aug. 1» iaoa« - 



Woodward, Dr. Jobn, born l^Oft^ died 1708. 

■ Henry, EngUsb conctdftan, died 1777. 
Woolsey, Sir William* drowned In Ins ooaeh, Joly 4. 17g|, 
Wooiston, Thooas, bom I6S0, died 1763. 
Wootton, 8it Henrjs bem l&68> died 1639. 
Woffde, WlnUnde, tbe printer, aed 15M. 
Woiun, Rev. Dr. William, died 17S6, afed 60, 
Wray, Daniel, Bngliih andymiian, died I7ta. 
Wren, ^ Cbi i^e yi rtr, died ifus, agedin. 
Wyat, Sir Thomas, thefpoeit di«i I54i, agedsy* 
Wydiefly, William, bom M40» died Jan* i, I7i5«i«. 
Wyfeduun, William oi; eminent BosUili padaie, BariMp of Wisk 

cbeMcr^ died 1404. 
Xavler, Sir PnuKis, died I5»«* 
Xenophon died at Corinth aft9 befamCMiC, i^ 90» 
Ximenei, Gu&uade, died ist;, agedeo. 
YaMen, Thonm, fingliah diaine and poet, died )7«6* ' 
Yama, lift. Maiy, of ahtAnd, died Aug. 1776^ aged !>•• 
Yomif , Dr. fidwaid, died 1765, aged si. 
Zeno died 964 before Ghrto^ nged ys. 
ZenodaCM*, Ubiarian at Aiesimlna, 3n7 before Ghrift 
Zcplumiah, the prophet, flowiihed del before ChilHr 
ZinxendMl^ Conm NichelM Lewis, founder of ihs Iff rn tinnun 

or Moiaeians, died Jane 9, it49, aged 70* 
Zonaria floQfiehed 11 IS.. 
ZfanMiier ftooriihed «b69. 
Zoingliiis killed in the Swka war 1591, agfd44» 



£MmBNT M11<TBB9, CM6KAVERS, itt. te 

AaLAST, EfeiaM, born 1009> diediOSi. 

■ " ■ William, bom leaa. r ^ 

Aanens, Peter, bom 15W, died 1505. 

Aartgen, Lejcten^ died 1&04, aged 66, 

Adam, L. S. sculptor, died 1759* 

Agatharcus^. tbe inventor oC perspective sceneiy in fhattiev ^fli 

480 before Christ.. 
Aggot, llobert, died ie?9, aged 6o» 
Agoiacrites, the sculptori, died 150 before Christ. 
AlUani, Francis, of fiotogna, died 1000, aged as». 
Albert!, sen. of Florence, bom 1460, died 1508» 
— jnn. of ditto, bom. 1 5sa j died 1915* 
AMegnft, Albeit, flourished 1580. 
AUegri, Antonio, historical painter, bora 1494. dfedi5S4i 
Algvdi, Aleian. of Bologna, died in 1054« ' ^ , «. 

Amerigl, bori^ 1509, died 1609. 
Ampl^iOtt, imriihed, «99 befote^Chrift, 



Anderson, Henry, !lmiStlted» idM. T / *f 

Angel ico, bora r4fl 7* dicd^'is«v 

Angela FhiMf){ip» of lime, died 1009^ t6ed'40« - 
Angeio, Philippo, of Venictf^bom ld7D,idJ6c| I^io« . 

■ Michael, deUeUatuek, .bofii &«eo, diod IIS«Oi . 
I BuoaarniDti, bom Mtf^, ditd ifi(i4« 

■ Campidiglio, bomr 1 0i«i, dtitfd >fi7Q« • 

■ d« Cirramggio,. buf I'&fl^ di<3A ^(HM** ■ 

Aagurers, Francis and Martiii» im^UdtBt difid i^afi ul4 1,^9. 
Anichini, Ludovico,. engravJer, ditd iMOk . . ? . . 

Antiphiles floMCiibcd 831 before CbtiM. . 

^UieffdlQ^ Of MMsiaS} mho firstt Miiodupai«|>itiiSili5 in oiLinlV 

Italy, born 1300» died 1480. 
A}«lles flourished 334 before Christ. 
Apolidorus fUiiriihfd 4&4 bflfoic Qmitt. 
Aretin, Peter, died 16^, Jigedan. * . ,. 
Aristides floU^tsbed 8.00. before Chiiit» ■ i . . . 

Attend,. Jamcs^Aiuh. bom 1«<I% dkdr 1744. . . . .' » 
Audrand, Gerard, flied 1763. 
Aued, ' James-And.-Jos. died 176C t» ^ 
Bacici, the Qenocieiborn'Jfiasf died 1700. 
Bacon, Jphny the Aailptni^, died Aag. 6; ^790k> ' .1. .. 
4teeUiU3ttc»V hndcAS, a^fiiucbmaa,; bom ifl8], dasd 1*7309^' * ' • 
Baidovinetti, bom 13«9, di«d 144a. .' . ..'... i 

Balechou, engraver, born 1719, died 1704. « ■'•■'' 

Bamboccio, Peter, born at Haerlem, 1684, died i444* ' 
Bandinelliof RonM^^^httiB i^S^^^Mdris&sor .. • , 

Barbteri, Giovanni, Francesco, born 1^590, died I06a« 
Barent, bom 1534, died 1583. 
Barlo, Francis, died 1702, a g a dH » . > 
Barry, James/ painter, died Feb. 29, 1800, aged 64 ; he gsve 

to tb^^Soi^ty^ iVi^^^^tnti^j^ ii^ ^t^ ffi^iQr iB| ait Adel- 

phi. 
Bartholet, Flem. Liegois, died 167^« - '. 

Bartoli, Pictro Santq, died 1700.*' . \ 

Bartolomeo, of Florence, bori^;i4§9> di^d'1517. ) ' . 

Bartolhome, of Holland, born .1 0:20, died 1 OoV> 
Bassano, Francisco da, the eldest, borp i 55J , dvcd 1 ^9^* ' 
^ I * ; JaPKS 4a Pogjt, ]>Qrf| i^ib, 0k4 1.59-2. ' 
^-i— i— Gfo BaptiSta, died I6is, aged 60, , , - ^r 

— Leandio, died 16*18, a^4<;^« ' ' ^ ' . 

Battista, Franco, di^,1^6.V.. - ' : 

Bathieux, M. die(!( pep/l8, I7^l^,.3^ei|^i. 
£aur, William, dfe4 i.6,40. ' '\ t ' ^ - ■ • 

Bcal, Mary, born'ieai, rfii^4§t^7. ■, . -, • 

Becafami, Dominico, 6f Sieruia, bprp 4484^ d%d i^44« ' 
Bcccafu5v^3j^Oflse,^n(Mx^«i^, d:ifd,a.54J^.^ ' \ . , ;. ,. 
BecnbcrghjUarth. of tJtrccbt,"die.d| l<rpQ. « ^..' . ." ' 
Bek, David, boro 1681, 'died 165(0. , ' / ■-•»,. ' 

Belie, Stcphano, a ^oitnwo^j^^^f^ i9^,h^¥>^.^ J*#% . 



M&iiy Gentfte, ol VieiiiOe, Vjm 14si» dM isou 

-«— — Gwcomoj ofificio/boni I40«» died I4>0t 

Bellori, John Peter» died I696. 

Bemini, of Naplcty bori^ 1599| died 1080* 

Beaoari, G«Md. oft ittlj, bom 1>«7» died JWf. 

Berghcm, Niihoio, bom ftt Almcerdftmi 1634, died itfts* 

Jieraardi, John, cngraw> ified 1 565. 

Bcrrettiiiiy PMuo, bom 1590» died 1699b 

Berfi»n» Nich. bten 1004, died 17«0. 

Biaachi» Vetti^ horn 1094, died 17^» 

BianGhini, Fnncit, bom it VenMM> i«M» died 17 39^ 

Bibicoa, Ford. Galli, of Bologaa, died 1740. 

Bie, Adrian de, born 1594. 

Biscbop, John de» born I040i died 1080b 

Comcliot, bom 1030, died 1074. 

Biaet, Charkt Emanuel, bom 1038. 

Blanchiid, of France, bora 1000, died 1088. 

Bloemart, Ab. of HuUand» bom 1507» died 1847« 

- Cornelias, engraver, died 1080. 

Bogdani^ an italtaa, died 17 10. 

Bol, Haiiay of Mechlin, bom 1584, died 1598. 

Bologne, John of, died 1900. 

Boloaese, of Mj^ bom 1000, ditd I08o« 

Bohrcft, Scheldt, eng^very flooiiriied 1050* ^ 

Borcht, of Bruttelsybom I583« 

Boidone, of Venioe, bom 151S, died 1587. 

Bofgognone, Giacomo, bom 1905 « died 1080« 

Bofomco, Frandv of Flennce, bora 1440, died 1517. 

Boidiaeictt, Thos. Vailuboit, bom 1098> died 1070. 

Botfe, Abn^m, engraver, Boaiiahed i05O. 

Both, of HolUud, bom 1000, died 10*0. 

Boiiodfar, of Floiencc, bom I497f died 1515. 

Boodiardon, Edm. sculptor, bom 1098, died 170>«* 

Boucher Prancit, bom 1704, died 1770. 

Bouillogne, Bon, bom I049>died 1717. 

■■■■ Louis, bom 1055, died 1704. 
Bourdon, S^bast. of France, bora ioi«, died 1009. 
Boydell, John, Esq. engraver. Alderman of London, the great iai» 
provcr of the graphic ait in England,* died Pec. ii, 1805, aged 

80. 

Bramanttno, of Mibw, bom 1400, died 1450. 
Biandi, Hiacinio, of Ludfrane, born I OSS, died 109 1« 
Breda, Jpho Van, born 1098, died 175a 
Brentel, Francis, a Dutch fiaintcr^ Bourishod 1085. 
Breeank, Hants, toniishedioio. 
Brescia, of ltalv,bom 1597, died 1598* 
Bretsynder, Michael, Bower painter, died 1095. 
Bieugel, or QM Bieugel, bom 1505, died 1750. 

■ ■ John, of Brussels, bora liji, died •049, 

■ i* i ii Peter, bom 158Q, died |0O9b 



.^8 . I^IXIIM. -^e. 

Brill, Matthew, » Dytf^bn^B, .htm >5>09 difd ^Mlk 

— — Paul, of Antwerp, bora 1A549 diqd lfi20. . 

Brofci, of Urbino, boru 1^38, died 1619. 

Brocklandt, a Diuchman* bora iJ^^a, died aJ^9v 

Brower, Adrian, i^ £Ki|cbn»i>i^ bcrn l6oa» difd l04^ 

Bruges, or Joba Vaneyck, See Vanaqk, , 

Brun, Charles 1e, bom I619,, died iQaOf ... 

BruncUaschi, born 1387^ died 1446, , 

Bruxellenti, of BiusseU, died 1^19. 

Buckthorne, Josei b, a Dut^hmaiv, floyrished K>?o« 

Buck, Sam tAt tbe eogi«\er aofl draftsivianf died ag^ B9j Aug:* 

1779. . . . , 

Buffdmaco, a Florentine, born 12C2, died 1340. 
Bunel of ttlois, born 1^58^ - . . 
Buonacorti, bQ;n I30d, died 1547* 

Budnaioti, MicbaelAngelo, .a Florentine born 1474| died 1564* 
Byrne, Will am, engraver, Cii«d Sept. »4, 18U»'. 
Cadcre, a Vene^an, born 147 7^ died 1^10% .. x 

Cagliaro, or Paul Veronese, ^iecj I5a8« 
Cajetino, Scipio, contemporary wilji Baphai^ died 15d4, 
Calcar, a Venetian,. born 1^546. 
Caliari, Paulo^ an Italian, bom I58a» died lj^88* 
Callot, James, a French engraver* bomi^gs, died 1085» < 
CR!-,Trt, a Dutchman^ bom 15W, died i«$.' 
Cambiagio, a Genoese, born 1537., died i^8SU 
Campa^nola, Dom. aVeneti^r^ ilq|UHih«d.l.5Ai« 
Cangiage, or Cambiaft* diod l^HA* . 
Cantdiini, ^non, died i€49* - . 

Carloac> Joho, died 10dp. . 
Carra, Mons. French |i»inter,. died April 1^. 17oa» . 
Car^cci, Antonio, an Italian, boni.]48a,.diefl I618. 
Carravaggio, Polidcra* an Italian, bern 14 Sl^* f^ed 1549. 
Carpi, an Italian^ bom )50), (ousd o^ti ibe ^rc i?i pairing in 

cbiaro^obscuro, with, three . pUt^^, to .imitate dra^iiagsj died 

1450. 

Carracci, Annib. an Italian, died.iOoO, aged .4.9* 

— • Augustinj of Bottlogne, born 1557., died 160S 

Luddtvtci', born 1557, died 16 J 3. 



.E 



'aruci, Ja<;ob9 ol VeoiKC,. born 1493, died. 155^. 
Casaubon, Fred, a German, born I6*i3, died l6go. 
Cassaaa, Kicolo, bocn.i^59»dicd.md. 

Gi»¥«ini> bofo ia64. .... 

Cases, Peter James, died 1754, aged. 79.' 

Casolan, of Sienr>a, blnra 1&49, died lAOO*. \ 

Cas^cnthio, founder of the academy at KI«i«nQr, )ived in l^AOt 

Cassfeels, P. flourished l7Aft , • ; 

Castagna, of Florcece,bofn 1410, died USQ. • 

Casiclli, Bernard, -boTB J,*V> died l.«^. 

— — Velario,tbo».lfla4, diedih659. 

Castiglione, Benedict, an italiaii, ioio i«MI>.duMl >A79« ^.^. 



PAftrtlSk!^; eta:- S<i^ 

Castlefnnco, of V^eifice, lK*n 147t, *ttl t^l!. * " ^ 

Cavillini, anitaliauibbm 1304, ditfd 187S. 
Cavedone, James, born 1 580, died 1^60/ 

Gazes, Fran, botn W»i dkd'l754. • ; • ' ' 

Certo» Guichino, anItaliaA, b6rn I590;'dkd i99^.' ' ' 

Ceerquozzi, an TtalUn, born letfO, died idOp. \ 

Cellini, Benevodio, born i50o; died ibfO. ' . "" 

Champagne, of Brussdsi born \dOif died 1^4- * -' ' , 

Change, Da, engraver, ' died 1757 ai^edyo. 
CheveaUf MnDii, eognivef, died \6yO, 
Chemin, Catherine Du, died 169^. 

Chtari, Joseph, died 1717, aged 1 97 ' , . . . 

Cibbcr, Caius Gabriel, seulpTor, died about 1700. • ' ' " . ' 
Cignani, Car. an Hillan, born 17*2«, died 1719. 'i 5. ; • . 

Cigoli, Lodov. of Floren<%, bom 1559) died iftis: '"".!. 

Ciambua, Gioi^ahf, of Florence, born 1240, died 13<J0. 1 

Cipriani) df6dDec» 14, 'i 78 5. . ' ' 

ClfCiAiaa^, of FtoreBce, bora I5]9,'d9«d'li»l3. ' 
Ciaudede Lorraine, bom i603, dicij lOS'i. * , * ' 

Clerk, Seb. le, French engraver,' bOrri i!JSJ7, <fic(! 17 U. ; 
Cleyny FrawOtS) a Diitchtntcnj flourfshW teoo. ' ' ' 

Clovio, Giulo, of R*me, bohi 1498, died- 1579^ / '^ j' -^ 
Cochin, Charl. Nich. en5raver, died i?74,>ge(f<Ji5. '/' , 

Codai«a^ VMino« a* Ithliah, bom 1599, died 1*74. ;• ' '- 

Coech, or Koech, died 145 J. ^ 

Colombal, Nich. born 1646; died 1717'. * • . ^ 

Coloni, Adaftiy* a botcWmtn, df^d 16SS.' 
———— Adrian, frts son, died 17 (H: 

Comte, Louis le, sculptor, died 1094. * .- • . . 
Florcntle, died 171^ ' • . ti.- 
Conca, Sebast. an Italian, bom'l670,<ifc*l 176*;; • ' *■ 
Cook, Henry, botni^i, died 1700. ' * • 
Cooper, Samuel, of London,- born IdOQt' di!5d-17d3.' ^ 
Cuques, Gonzales, bf>rn iejl8,''^died 168^.* 

Cornelia, Michaeli died 1768. '.■.,' T 

Cnrregio, Anton. Allegrida, bofn T4#4', died 1594. " 
Cort, Corn, born 1596, -ciied 1578* * * 

Cortessi, Olmius, an ItaKan, b«m 1 605, 'yiW 1080. :••<•' 
Cortona» Pet da, an-lttrtian; born vi^, died^b6{^. - - ^ " 
Cosirao, Pie^o, bf Floreifice, bom I44l, died 15^1. *■ f, "'''' V 
Coortoit, James, «tUed le Bourjpsi^on, ^ bdrn t6*2i, d!le3'i,670< 
Cousin, John, sculptor^ died 1 569' ' ;.'.,.•• 

Cooston, Nichofas; sc^TpiOr, died i^ras. ; * ' 

Craen, Luke Van,- of S«w^yi #Mirish«d1h l509v . / I' 

Dae, John, of Cologne, flourished 1580. * .'/..-« **. 

DafHer, N. of Grneva, engraver, died after 17 si. . ■ / 

Dandiai, PietifO, boM» f64<*, ditd 17 lit. ... . ' f -v 

Dankerts, a Dutcbnaan, *bom 1961, died 1934. ^* 

Dant^, Vincent, died 1576. / -.^ • 

DelaNotteGhiraido^ flmiithodiB i5f<K / «*"^ 



Sfl PAWTBKti 4a 

D'Aipiiio, Gfot. tn ItaXinm, hon i»«»> 4M i«io. 

l)e-U-lbKe» a Frenchmaa, born 104IS died lyio* 

De Bemct, Fr. a Dacchman, I09t* 

DelanBajTf a Fieacfa engraver, died I79t» aged sa, 

IMhajrtv John Baptiat, bom 1730, died 170»* 

Diepeabec, a Datchman, bom itfof. 

Dobam, Williaiii, of London, bom t6lp, died 104/« 

IkMt Gnrlo, an Italian, bora 1616, died 1666. 

Domhiichiao, bora at Bologna» isai, died 164 !• 

Ilonatdla, or Donato, a Ftoiciitine, bora 19069 diad 146^ 

l>origny. Fir, bora 16 16, died 1666* 

Dow, Genrd. bura at Lejrden 1616. died 1680. 

Dongbct, an Italian, bom 1600, died I66i« 

Drevet, Peter, Fieoch engrafcr, died I739t aged4ftj 

Dochanse, Gasp. engraTcr, .bam 1660, died 17*4* 

IXipont, Gainsbofoiigb, painter, died Jaa^M, 1797* 

Dnperron, M. Anquetil, bora Dec. 7t 1761, died Jan. I60S* 

Dbrer, Albert, a Garman, inventor of catting 6n wood^ bold 

147 If died 1597. 
Eeckhont, Vaad. a Oatchman, bom 1691, died 1674. 
Sginton, Francis, the painter upon glass, died Maich 96^ lios* 
BIlis, Mr. the engraver, died July 1796* 
Elsheimer, bom 1»74, died 109Q. 
Ejk, John ab, commonly called John of Bruges, iaiaiilor of 08 

painting, 1410, died 1441. 
Fitbriaco, an Italian, died 1460, and 88. 
Fabriano, Gentile da, an Indian, bora 1669, died 1419* 
Fage, Rajmond de la, eminent designer, died 1 690. 
Faithom, William, engraver, died 1690. 
Farinato, an Italian, born 1599, died 1606, 
Ferri, an Italian, bom 1664, died 1689. 
Fctti, Doroin, an Italian, bom 1589, died 169#. 
Minks, Godficjr, of Cleves, bora 1616, died 166O. 
Flormttno, an Italian, bom 1609, bora 1867* 
Floris, a Datchman. bora 15S0, died 1570* 
Forest, John, boro 1666, died 171ft. 
~ Fosse, Charles da la, bom 1640, died 17 16. 
Foqnieres, a Dutcbmaa, bom 1580, died laso. 
Fiancesca, a Florentine, bora I67ftf died 14>6. 
Fianeia, Francisco, of Bologna, born 1450, died 1'516« 
Aanois, Simon, bora 1605, died 1671. ^ "' 
Fianotscbini, an Italian, bora 1646, died. 1790.' 
Fianoo, Baptist, a Florentine, bom 1406, died 156I. 
Francois, John-Charles, angmvcr, bora 1717> died I769ti 
Fianli^ Francis, died 1640. 
— -^ Mr. died, Feb. 10, 1799. 
Freraoft Cbarles-Alpkonso du, bora 1611, died 1666* . 
FriminetHi Parisian, bom 1567, died 4664. 
Fuller, Isitf, died 1676. 
Gabbiiii, A«t4)om. bora lf69, died i|99» 



QmAdt, a Plorentkie, bom r3S9» died 1$13> the nmmn of Mo« 

nic m Italy. 

■ ■■ ■ Angelo, a Florentine, born I8d3» died 1387. 

■ Jaddeo, a Fiorenttaey builder of Uieir iJMnous btida» bora 
ISOOy died 1850. . 

Gaclon, Alex. Van. died 17039 aged Ml* 

Gaecanoy Scipio» died 1988, agcdds. 

Gainsboroush, Mr. died Aug. 3, 1768. 

Galantina, Hippolitt^ bora 1027, died I708n 

Galtetti, Fiiippo* bom 1064, died 1742. 

Galloche, Louis, died I7ai, aged 91. 

Gambarirli, Gioscppe, bom I679, died 1730* 

Garamond, Claude, engraver, died 15431* 

Garbieri, Lorenxo, bora 1590» died 16&4. 

Garbo, an Italian, born 149 is died lSi4. 

Garobola, bora 1481, died 1559. 

Garrard, Mark, born 136I9 died 1639. 

Garzi, Louis, died 1731 > aged 81. 

Gaspars, J<^n Bapt. died 1691. 

Gand, Heniy, engraver, died 1639, aged 89. 

Gentiicacbiy an Italian, bom 1563, died 1647* 

Gerbier, Sir Balthazar, born I59ii. 

Ghirlandio, Dom. a Florentine, born 1449, died 1498. 

Gibson, Richard, died 1690, aged %^, ^ 

Cillc, Claude, (or Claude of Lorraine) bom lOoo, died 10SS. 

GiUot, Claude, engraver, bora 1073, dieJ 1733, 

Gilpin, Saurey, died March 8, I807, aged 78 

Giordino, Luc. an Italian, bprn 1630, died 1705, 

Giorgione, an Italian, born 1476, died 1511. 

Gioaeppino, born 1560, died 1040. 

Gioctino, a Florentine, born 1334, died 1356. ' 

Giotto, an Italian, born 1376, died 1336. 

Girtin, Tho. died Nov. 9, 1802* ^ 

Goltaius, Henry, the engraver, born 1558, died ISlJ. 

■ Hubert, engraver, born 1536*, died 1583. 
Gonnelli, John, sculptor, died blind 1^73. t 

Gotttier, John and Louis, painters on glass, died in the 7th cen. 

tury. 
Goyea, John Van, born at Leyden, 1593, died 1«56» 
Gozzoli, Ben. a Florentine, bom 1400, died 1478. 
Greenhill, John, died 1676. 
Uriffier, John, nf Utrecht, born 1658, died 1718. 
Grignion, Reynolds, the engraver, died ^ept. 14, 178T. 
Grimaldi, Franciseo, an Italian, bom 1606, died 1680.' 
Qrim. Sam. Jerom. died April 16, 1794. 
Gros, Peter le, sculptor, born 166'6, died 1739. 
Guaspre, Dughart, born 1613, died 1675. 
Guerdno, an Italian, born 1590, died 1666. 
|«uido. Rent, an Italian, born 1595, diiid 1642. 
Hall, Afr.tbeengrav«r» died April 6, I7d7« 

4.A 



366 niMTSRS, 9cB. 

Halle, anrie-Gnr, born l^l, died 17S6. 
Hals, Frank, a Dutchman, born 1590, died 166C. 
Hamilton^ William, died Dee. 1%0U 
Manneman, Adiian, dkd about I680. 
Hayman, Francis, died Feb. 2, 1776. 
Head, Geor^, died Dec. IB, 1800. 
Beem, Jobn David, of Utwcht, bom 1^04, died \S74» 
Helmhroker, Theod. bom96S4, died 1694. 
'Hemskirk, a Dutchman, born !4<^3, died 1574. 
Hio^hmore, Jos. born June 13, 1692, died March 3, TT99* 
Hiiliard, Nicholas, of London, born 1547, died i6l9. 
Hosrarth, William, died 1765, agetl 64. 
Holbein, Hans, born 1496, died in Lmidon, 1554. 
Hollar, Wenceshios, engraver> 'bom 1607i died T677. 
Hondicooter, Melch. a Oulehnian, bom 1836, died 1G9€» 
Hoodius, a Dutchman, born 1573. 
'HonthoTSCj-Gerartl, a Dutt.hnian, born 1595. 
Hoskins, John, flourished iGJO. 

Houston, Mc MeMotinto engraver, died Aug. 4, 1775. 
-Hudson, the painter, died '1760. 

Huy6ym,John Van, a Dutchman, born 1662, died 1749- 
-Jamesone, George, born at Aberdeen 1586, died 1644. 
Jans^ens, A/braham, paintei^ born at Antwerp, 1569. 
Jardint Karel du, born at Amsterdam 1640; dred 1676. 
aarvia, ChaH. died 1739. 
Jode, Peter de, engraver, dieU 16E2. 
Johavnes ab Eyk, commonly called John of Brwges, im-eBtor df 

oil painting, bem .137©f died 1441. 
Jordaens^ James, a DutAinan, born 1594, died 1^76. 
•Jordano, Luco, born 1632, died 1-705. 
-Jouvenet,. Francis, bom at Rouen 1614, died 1717. 
^JuIien de Parma, hist, painter, died 1799j aged 63, 
Ketel, 'Cornelius, flourished 1560. 
KneUer, Sir Godfrey, born at Lobeck 164«, died 17126. 
JCouc, "Petei^ engraver in wood, died 1550. 
'liairesse, Gerrai^, ewgraver, bom ^640, died 1711.. 
Lianbert, George, died 1765. 

Lancrink,1*F08.iien. a German, born 1628, died 1693. 
'JLaneret, Nicholas, born 1690, died li743. 
Xiaiifraneo, Giov« an Italian, bom 1581, died 1"647. 
Languean, Remi, died 1691. 
Lanier flourished 1636, died 1660. 
Lanture, a Fleming, 1 580. 

Lapi, Ar«olf«, the architect off Florence, died 1300, ag«d69» 
Largilliers, Nich. born 1656, died 1746. 
X«aroon, Marcel. Imm^i at the Hague 1653, died 1705, 
Laurati, Pietro, flourished in the ]4lh century. 
X<auri, Filip, an Italian, born 1623, died 169i 
i,azari, an Italian, bora 1444, died 1514. 
&«blOD, Mlth. of FMUMfort, died 1650. 



PAINTMft: ^i»: MP 

^aIsts Sir Peter, a Germui* bom I6n» dM \^9bl. 

IvemeBSy Balth^cefy a Dutcbman, died ia l4ondi}D, '1704»- 

I^femput or Remee, Remigiui, died in hooduMf 1680^^ 

]L(ens, Beraardy died hliO. 

I>e Seur, Charles, bom at RIns 1617, died 1655. 

JLicinio, Gio» an Italian^ bora 1434> died ISiO. 

Xiii^orio, a-NeapoUtaD, bofii 1493,.died 1573. 

I^ingleback, John^.b^rn 1^5.. 

Lippx^Tilippo, a Floreati«e> born 137l9ditdJ4Sts 

jun. ditto,. bom 1428, died ISOS*- 

■ ItaurentiuSy dwd 1664. 

lioir, Nicholas, bora 1634, died 167S*. 

Looiazzo, born 1538.' 

I^fOinbardo, born .1500. 

I«oreuzetti, Aub^i>{ Sieana, flourished 1$20> died aged 88.. 114: 

was the first thkt painted Storms, 
l^orrain, Roberfela,.iiciklptor, born 1666, died 1743* 
JLiOtoiv John, of»Holland, died 1681. 
Loth, Gio. Carlo, of Munich, died 1698. 
Liucas, de Ueyden, died in 1535, aged 40. Hi^ print ol.ab*C*- 

piper sold ia Holland for 161. 
Luth, Benedetto, of Ftorenoe,. bora'1566, died 1 6S4» 
MflM»> D. a Dutch painter, flMirished in 16j^. 
Mabuse, John, died 1560. 
Mac Ardeil, Jan^es, engraver, died 1765.. 
Mafrnard, Mich.i>om.l604, died l^S»i. 
Maio, a Dutchman, born 1500, died 1559. 
Malton, James, engraver, died July 37* 1803. 
Mander, Charles Van, born 1539, died 1607* 
Mantegna, Andr. an Italian, born 1431, died 151 7* 
Maratti, Carlo, an lulian, bora 1625, died 1713. ' 

Margaritone» of Aresze, inventor of the art of gildUng with leaf' 

gold on bole armoniae, died 1975, aged 77* 
Mariuy Nuzai, a Neapolitan, died 1673. 
Marot, Francis, died 1719) aged 53. 
Maso, surnamed Finiguerra, inventor of the engraving en cap* 

per-piates, flourished 1450» 
Masolino, an Italian, flourished 1433. 
MassaccK;, a Florentine, born 1417, died 1443. 
Matham, of Uaerlem, born 1571, died 1631* 
Mathuriu, of Florence, died 153$. 
Matsyfl, Quintian, died 1539. 
Maturino, a Florentine, born 1493* died 1537. 
Maz/i )li, of Parma, bora 1503, died 1540. He invented eteVi 

in^ with aquafortis. 
Mt'dina, Sir John, borii 1660, died 1711. 
Menimi, Siifnorii, of Sienna, born 1385, died 134€» 
Meiolli, 4ug. of Bologna, died 1660. 
Meulen, Vand. b»rn I6;i4, died 1680. 
Meyer* Felix* bom 16^3, died 1713. . . 



If iel, Jslin, the Flctniiis, horn 165^ died I6M, 

llieres, Phincis, born at Leaden 163$, died 1681; 

Mignard, Peter, bom l6lo/died 1695. 

Mi^non, Abraham, a German, born l6S9t died l(i60« 

Mile, Francis, a Dutchman, born 1648, died 1680. 

Afitian, Jerome, bom at Rremsia 15^8,^ died 1590. 

Modena, Pellegrtno da, floarished 1 5!i0. 

Mola, Pietro Franceseo, born I6099 died 1665. 

Monnoyer, John JIapt. born ) 635, died 1699. 

Montper, the Fleming^, died 1650. 

Moore, Mr. landscape painter, died at Rome, Nov. I793. 

More, Sir Antonio, born 1519* died 1575. 

Morel, several of this name in the I6tb centory. 

Morland, George, died Oct. 9$, 1804, ae^d 39* 

Mortimer, Mr. John, bom 1743, died Feb. 5, 1779: 

Moser, John Michael, died Jan. 84, 1783. 

Murillo, Bart, an Italian, bora 1613, died 1695. 

Mutian, of Lombardy, died 1589. 

My tens, Daniel, a Dutchman, 1656. 

Kantenil, Robert, engraver, bora 1630, died 1678« 

Kattier, John-Mark, died I766. 

Netscber^ Gasp, a Bohemian, died 1684. 

Kieulant, a Dutchman, born 1584, died 1635. 

Nicol, del Abate, of Modena, born 151S, died 155S* 

Noiden, Fred, the desif^er, died 1749. 

Nuzzi, bom 1599) died 1673. 

Odorici, de Agobbio, floarished 1975. 

Odozzi, John, engraver, born 1663, died 1731* - 

Oliver, Isaac, died 1617, aged 61. 

— — — Peter, bis son, died 1764, aged 60. 

Opie, John, Esq. bom 1761, died 1807. 

Orgagna, And. a Florentine, born 1399, died 1389* 

Ort, Adam Van, bom 1557, died 1641. 

Ostade, Adrian Van, a Dutchman, born 1610, died 168&« 

Otho, Venius, born at Leyden 1556, died 1634. 

Paas, Crispin, engraver, flourished 1610. 

Pace, Michael-Angelo, born 1610, died 1670. 

Pagani, born 15S5, died 1605. 

Pagi, Gio-Bap. engraver, born 1557^ died 1699» 

Palma, James, sen. born 1460, died 1556. 

/• jun. born 1544, died 1628. 

Pangenus, Greek painter, 457 before Christ. 
Parmegiano, an Italian, born 1604, died 1540. 
Parecel, Joseph, born in France 1648, died 1704* 
> — Peter, died 1739. 

. Charles, died 1758. 

Pantre, Peter and John, engravers, Peter died 1744, 
Passari, an Italian, born 1654, died 1714. 
Passignani, a Florentine, born 1559> died l6Sd« ^ 
Patiuier flourished 1580. 



1 



IPellegrino, TiffAMi, of Bo!ogna» ^ped 1591/ a^d 70. 
■ of Modena. died 1530. 

Pembrooky Thomas> died 173S. 

Penni> J. Fr. a Florentine, burn 14ad, died 1559* < ' 

Penny^ Edward, died Nov. 17, 1791. 
Pens, Geo. <tf Nuremberg, cn^ver, floorished ISIO. 
Perrier, Francis, burn 1590, died 1655. 
Iferugino, Pierrd, of Perouse,' died 1524, a^d 7d. 
Perusal) Balth. of Sienna, born 1500, died J 536. 
Pesara, Simon da, an Italian^ born 16 IS, died l€4t. 
Peterness, of Antwerp, born 1530. , 
Pettitot, John, famous for enamel, bom at Geneva 1607> died 

1691. 
Picard, died 1/68. 

Picart, Bernard, engrayer, born 1678, died 1733. 
— -^ Stephen, engraver, died 1781. 
Pickett, Mr. William, revirer of painted ^laas, cQcd Oct. 14» . 

1795, aged 65. "^ 1 

Pierce, £dward, died 171?. 
Pierino, del Vago, born 1500, died 1547. 
Pietro, del Franeisea, died 1443. 

■ Cosmo, died 15SI. « 

Piles, Roger de, born 1635, died 1709.* 
Pilon, Germain, sculptor, dit^d 1590. _ 

IHntarriccio, of Sienna, born 1466, died 1513. 
Pxombo, Seb. a Venetian, born 1485, died 1547. • 
Piper, Francis, died about 1743. 
Ptsani, Andrew, sculptor, died 1369*' 
Fisano, GiounCo^ a Grecian, sent for to Florance by the senat««' 

1«36. 
Pitua, Nicholas, engraver, died 1671. 
Poilly, Fvancis, engraver, born 1633, died 1693. 

i Nicholas, engraver, bom r696. 

Pulenburch, a Dutchman, born 1590, died 1667. 

Polidore, de Caravagio, born 1495, died 1543. 

Polliolo, Ant. a Florentine, born 1436, died 1496^' 

Polygnat-us, died 1410 before Christ. 

Ponre, Paul, sculptor, flourished 1562; 

Ponca, bom 1510, died 1592. 

Puntorma, James, born 1493. 

Porta, aYenetian, born 1515, died 1654. ♦ 

Potter, Paul, a Dutchman, born 1639,, died U64* 

Pourbus, Peter, died 1590, aged 40; 

Francis, dred463S. 

Poussim, Gaspar, an Italian, bom I6OO, died 1663. 

■ - Nich. a Frenchman, born 1594, died 1665. 
Primatticcio, Francesco, of l^dogna, died 1&70. 
Procaccini, Jv^m Gttsar, born 1548, died 1687. 
■ ' ■■ an Italian, born 1666, died 1636«, 

iVopertia, d^Hoisii of B^lo^a, sculptor^ died 153*^ 
A a 3 



iVi PAINTERS, fo 

Prorogenesy of Rhodes* flourUbeil 308 tieibre Christ. 

Pu^het, Peier-FAul, a Frencbman, bora \6iSy died 1^5. 

PuntormiOy an Italian, born 1493, died 1556. 

Quellinus, Erasmus, of Antwerp, bom \6t\7» 

- Arthur, sculptor, flomidied 1640. 

Quesnoy, Francis de, of Brussels, scutptor, born 1570, died 

1645. 
fiuintin, Mesias, or Matsyi, the Blacksmith of Antwerp, died 

1520. 
Rabel, John, flourished in the 16th oentury. 
Raibolini, Fr. of Boulogne, born 1450, died 1518. 
Rambouts, Tbeod. of Antwerp, died 164S. 
Ramsay, Allan, died Aug. 10, 1784, a§ed7l. 
Ranc, John, born 1674, died 1735. 
Aaoux, Peter, born 1677> died list. 
Raphael, d'Urbino, born at Urbino 1483, died 15$0. 
JUvenet, Mr. the engraver, died a|^d 69, 1774. 
Raymond, John, died Aug. 35, 1784. 
Reg^io, Raphael da, bom 155S, died 1580. 
Repllo, Antonio, bora 1484, died 1548. 
Regnaurdin, Thomas, sculptor, died 1706, aged 79. 
Rembrant, a Dutchman, born 1 606, died 1668. 
Reni, Guido, an Italian* born 1575, died 1643. 
Restaut, John, born 1693, died 1768. 
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, died Feb. S4, 1792, aged 69, 
Ribera, Joseph, ealled also L'Espagnolet, d^^d 1656. 
Rieci, Sebastian, bora at Venice 1659» died 1724. 
Rigand, Hyacinth, born 166^, died 1743. 
Riley, Jobn, born 1646, died 1691. 
Rivaix, Anthony, died 1735, aged 68. 
Ruestraben, Peter, flourished ]670. 
Rogers, Charles, bbrn 1711, died 1784. 
Romanelli, an Italian, bom 16179 died 1669. 
Romano, Julio, died 1546, agedii4. 
Romney, George, died Nov. 15, 1803. 
Rooker, Michael Angelo, engraver, died March 3, 180 !• 
Rosa, Alba Carreirn, born at Venice 1673, died 1755. 

Salvat. an Italian, born 1614, died 1673. 

Roselli Cosmo, a Florentine, born 1416, died 1480. 

Rosso, an Italian, burn 1496, died 1541. 

Rotenhamer, a Dutchman, born 1564, died 1604. 

Roubilliac, the statuary, died 1763. 

Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, bora 1577> died 1640. 

Ruisdaal, Jacob, born 1640, died 1683. 

Russici, John Francis, a Florentine, horn 1446, died 1538. 

Rj'sbrac, Jobn'Micbael, sculptor, died 1770, aged 78/ 

Sacchi, Andrea, an Italian, born 1601, died 1661. 

I>adeler, J. engraver, of Brussels, born 1550, died I606.. 

If- Raphael, of ditto, born 1555. 

« GUies, of Antwerp, born 157.0, died 1629. 



P4lNTBS,.4c. f7t 

Salimbini, an Italian^ bom 15 J6, diod 158$. 
ISalviati, Franeiaoo, a Florentine, born 1510, died \s6$, 

— Gioseppe, boril at Venice 1»35, died 1585. 
8andby, Mr. Thomas, died June S4, 1793. 
Sandrart, Joacbim, born 1606, died 1676. 
Santerra, Jubn Baptist, boni 1651, died 1717. 
Sarazm, James, sculptor, died 1660. 
Sarto, And. .delf born 1478, died 1580w 
Savory, a Dutchman, born 1576, died 1639. 
Scalcken, Godfrey, born L643, died 1706. 
Scbaverty, Christ, bom at Inglestad 1 550, died 1594. 
Schidoni, Bartholomew, an Italian, born 1560> died l6t6« 
Scfaivoni, Andrea, bom 15SS, died 1582. 
Schorel, a Dutchman, born 1425, died 1592. 
Schnebbetir,' Mr. Jacob, draftsman, died Feb^ SI, 1794. 
Schut, Cornelius, a Florentine, born 16<K). 
■ his nephew, died 1676. 

Schwartz, born 1540, died 1594. 
Seorza, Siiiibaldo, a Genoese, engraver, born 1631, died afed 

41. 
Segers, Ger. a Dutchman, bom I59I9 died l65U 
Seghers^ Daniel, died 1660. 
Serres,. D#m, died Nov. 6, 1793. 
Sberwine, .Mr. Wm. the engraver, died Sept. 1790. 
Signpretti, Luca, of Cortona, boro 14i9> died 1531. 
Silvester, Israel, engraver, born \62\, died 1691. 
■■ Lewis, died 1760, aged 85. 

Simonneau, Charles, engraver, died 1728. 
Sirlet, Flavius, engraver, died 1737. 
Slingeland, John Peter, born 1640, died I69I. 
Slotz, Rene, sculptor, born 1705, died 1764. 
Smith, Rene, mezsotinto scraper, died about 1715, 
— Thomas, died 1767. 
Snyders, Francis, born at Antwerp, 1579- 
Solimeni, an Italian, born 1657, died 1747* 
' Spinello, Gasp.' a Florentine, flourished 1330, died aged 77. 
Sprangber, Barthol. boin 1526, died 1582. 
Squartione, Fr. an Italian, boni 1394, died 1474. 
Stalbent, Adrianua, died 166O, aged 80. 
Steenwick, Henry, born 1550, died 1603. 
Stefauo, Florentine, died 1550, aged 48. 
Stella, a Frenchman, born 1596, died 1647. 
Stone, John, statuary, died 1633. 
>■ Nicholas, statuary, died 1647, aged 6i, 

Stradano, born 1527, died 1604. 
Strado, born - 1547. 

Strange, Sir Robert, the engraver, died July 5, 1792* 
Streator, Robert, died 1680, aged 56. 
Seuer, Eustacbe le, born 1617> died 1655. 
Swauewelt, born \W* 



^7f PA^NTims, 4e. 

Sybrecbt, John, bom 1650, died 1703. 

Tadda, Francis, sculptor, flourished 1350. 

Taffi, Andrew, a FlonmtiiK*, born 1^1.), died I9S1. 

Tempesta, Antonio, an Italian, b«rn 1555, died 1630. 

Teniers, David, pen. of Antwerp, born 15«2, died 1649. 

■ ' — jwn, a Dutcliman, born 1610, died 1694. 

Terberg, Sir Gt^rard, bom I6rt8, ilied 1691. 
Terweston, Augusttn, born 1649, died 171 1. 

Elias, died 17?4. 

Testa, Pictus, born 16 U, died 1650. 
Thew, Robert, engraver, dfed July 180f. 
niiomassin, engraver, died 1741, aged 63. 
Thornbill, Sir James, died 1733, aged 57. 
Tiarini, Alessaiidro, died 1668, aged 91. 
Tibuldij Perager, born 1518, died 1393. 
Tinelli, Tiberio, born 1588, died 1638. 
Tintoret, an Italian, bom 1512, died 1594, 
. Mary, born 1650, died 1690. 

Titian, a Venetian, born 1477, died 157tf. 
Torrentitis, John, died 1640. 
Trotter, Thomas, engraver, died Feb. 14, 1803, 
Troy, Francis, died 1730. 

« John Francis, died 1753. 

Turpilius, flourished 69 before Christ. 

Tyssens, Peter, bom 16^5, died 1693. 

Uccel, Paolo, a Florentine, died 1433. 

Udine, Giovanni, da, horn 1494, died 1654 1 celebrated fat 

having been the reviver of stucco work. 
Vaga, Pierino del, a Florentine, born 1500, died 1547. 
Valentine deColumbiers, bora 1600, died 1633. 
Van Balen, a Dutchman, bom abool 1540. 
Vanderroeeren, John, died I69O, aged 63. 

1 the younger, died 1688. 

Vandermeulrn, born 16:M, died I69O. 

Vanderneer, Egion, a Dutchman, born 1643, died l'70S. 

Vanderwerf, Adrian, a Dutchman, bora 1659, died 1737. 

. Peter, born 1665, died 1718. 

Vanderelde, Adrian, born 1639, died 1673. 

, — William, the old^born 1610, died 1693. 

boyn 1633, died 1707. 

Vandiest, Adrian, died 1704, agt^ 49- 
Vandvck, Sir Anth. born at Antwerp, 1599, died 164U 
Vanecky Hubert, born 1366, died 1436. 

m John, born 1370, died 1441. He first introduced oil- 

colours. > 

VanGorvon, John, a Dutchman, bom 1596, died 165B« 
Vandhysum, John, boro.1682, died ^749- 
Vanloo, John Baptist, bom 1684, died 1745., 
■ Carlo, born 1705, died 1765. 

Vanmander, Charles, born 1548, died 1616. 



Vannus, Fnnceflco, born at Sknna, t5G9, died IStO; 

Van Ojbstalt GerraH, ftcalptor> died 1668, ag«d 79. 

Van Ouft, James, tbe old, died 1671> aged 71' 

-" ' the younger, bom 1637» died 17 la, 

V^n Ort, Adam, bom 1S57, died 1641. 

Van Orlay, Bemard, born 1490, died 1560. 

Richard, born 1639, died 173«. 

VsnOstade, Isaac, bom 1617. SeeOstade. 
Vanuden, Lucas, a Dutchman, born 1595, died 1 665* 
Vargas, Ludovicus de, born 1528, died 1590. 
Vasari, George^ an Italian, born 1514, died 1 578* 
Vecchia, Pal ma, an Italian, bom 1508, died 1556* 

— ' Pietro di, bom 1605, died 1678. 

Vecelii, Francisco, born 1483. 

Veeninx, John Baptist, bornj62I, died 1^660. 

Venetiano, Dom. of Venice, where he introdneed the use of oil 

<:olour8, flourished 1476, aged 56. 
Venlus, Otho, born 1556, died 1634. 
▼erbraggen, Henry, bom 1588, died 1640. 
Verelsty Simon, died 1710. 
Verheacht, Tobias, bom 1556, died 1634. 
Verkoiie, John, bora 1650, died 1693. 

' ■ Nicholas, died 1746, aged 73. 
Vermeye, John Cor. a Dutchman, whose beard touched the 

ground when he stood upright, born 1500, died 1569T 
Vernet, Mr. died 1790, a^d 91* 
Veronese, Alexander, born at Verona 1600, died 1670. 

■ ■ Paul, an Italian, born 1532, died 1588. 

Verocchio, And. a Florentine, who first found out the method 
of taking off a likeness in plaster of Paris, bom 1432, died 
1488. 

Verrio, Anthony, died 1700. 

Verscburing, Hen. born 1627, ^ied 1690. 

Vertue, Geo. the engraver, died July 26, 1766, aged 72. 

Vezelli, an Italian, born 1479^ died 1554. 

Vinci, Leon, da, an Italian, born, 1445, died at Paris, in the 
arms of Francis I. King of France, 1520. 

Viola, Gio, Baptisti, born 1572, died 1622. 

Vivares, Mr. Francis, the engraver, died Nov, 25, 17W. 

Vivani, Ottavio, born 1596, died 1674. , 

Vivien, Joseph, born 1657, died 1737. 

Voet, Charles, died 1745, ag«d 75. 

Volterra, Daniel da, bom 1509, died 1556. 

Vos, Martin, bom 1520, died 1604. 

Vosterman, Lucas, engraver, flourished 1636. 

Vostermam, John, born 1643, died 1693. 

Vouet, Simon, a Frenchman, born 1582, died 1641. 

Vroom, Henry Cornelius, a Dutchman, bora 1566. 

Wale, Samuel, professor of perspective, died Feb. 9> H^S. 

Walker, Robert, died about 1690. 



M^ 



PAlNTBRVIker 



Warin^ Jobiv tft^nrmfer, bom 1604» died U73. 

Watteau, Anthony^ a Fleming, born 1684, died ITSU 

Wheatley, Francis, died June 38, 1801. 

White, Kobeil, engraver, died 1704. / 

IVildens, John, born 1600, died 1644. 

Wilton, Joceph, Stat nary, died Nov. 8> 1803. 

Wiffin^, William, born 16'56, died 1687- 

Woollett, William, the en$rraver, died May 93, 1785, S^ed 50l 

Worledge, Mr. the engraver, died March 1783. 

Worsdale, James, died 176?. 

W outers, Francis, died 1659.. 

Wouvermans^ Philip, a Dutchnan, bom 16SK), died 166&. 

Wright, Joseph, of Derby, died, a^ 6a» on Aug. 99, 1791-^ 

Wycke, Thomas, born 1616, died 1686. 

' John, died 1702. 

Wynants, John, born 1600, died I670v 

Zampieri, Dom. born 1581, died 164 k. 

Zenodoms, ecul)4tor, flourished in 64. 

Zeuxis, flourished 468 before Christ. 

Zuppo, Marco, a» Italian, born 145 1> died 1517<» 

Zoust, Gerard, died 108^1. 

Zuccbiro, Taddeo, an Italian, bora 1529* died 1566.. 

■■ Fred, an Italian, born 15-^, died 1609. 

aiicchareUi, an Italian, died Dec. 1788. 

Zumbo, Gttston, sculptor, born 1656^ died 17.01 •. 



List of several of tkt fiwst eminent Pimiters of the Old School— 
with a srale oftheiriifftf^nt merits; found among the papers^ 
•J a dvitvnismiei Arixsi lately deceased,. 



School, 



^ame. 



l^™* AlBANO, bom 1578, died 1660. 

FIcm. AlbcrtDurcr, b<^rn 147^, diedi5i8 

Rom. Andrea del Sane, bora 14.7 8> died 1530« 

& Flor. 

Rom. Raroche, bora 15^8, died 1^13 

James Bassan, born 1533, died 161SP 
John Bellin, born 1421, died 1501 
Bourdofi, bom I5ia, died 1588 
l^ Brua, born 1620, died 1690 
Claude Lorraine 
Carracci^ bora 1557^ died 1600 



Ven 

Ven. 

Fr. 

Fr. 

Ven. 



9 

1 




9 

o 
c 

2. 
3 


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14 


14 


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8 


10 


10 


12 


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tkWtEViS. 



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'Scliool. 



Name. 



torn. Correggio, born 1494, died 1584 

Rom. Daniel de VoUen, born 15099 died 1550 

Flem. Diepembek, born I6O8. 

Lorn. Dominichino, bora 1581, died 1641 

Ven. Giorgioni, born 1477, died I5il 

Lorn. Guerchinoy b<vn 15G6, died IQG€ 

Lorn. Goido, born 1575, died 1643 

Fieixi. Holben, bom 1498, died 1544 

Flem. James Jourdans, boin 1594, died 1678 

Fiem. LucJordaao • • • • ^ 

Rom. Julio Romano, bom 1446, died 1500 

Lom. Lanfranc, bom I58i, died 1647 

R»m. Leonardo da Vinci, born' 1445, died 1530 

Flem. Lucas de Leide, born 1495, died 1535 

Rom. Michael Angelo Buonarottii bom 1474, 

died 1564 
Lom. Michael de Caravaggio 
Ven. Mutiens, bom lits^ die^ 1590 
Flcra. Otho Vcniu^ born 1556, died 16J4 
Ven. Palma the Eider, bora i46a, died 1556 

Ven. the younger, bom 1544, died I6a8 

Rom. PiMrmesan . . . , 

Ven. Paul Veronese, born I53'j, died 15«8 
Rom. Perrin del Vague, born 1500, died 1547 
Rom. Pietro4e Coriana« bom 1596, died I6G9 
Rom. Pietro Perugino, born 15'24, died 1^02 
Kom. Polidore 4c Caravaggio, bora I595j 

1643. 
Yea. Pordmon ..... 
Tr. Poutsin, Nich born 1594, died 1665 
Rom. Primatrice, died 1570 . • . • 
Rom. Raphael, born 1483, died 1520 
Flem. Rembiandr, bom 1606, died 1668 
Flem. Rubens, born 1577) died 1640 
Rom. Salviati, Fra. born I5i0, died 1563 
Fr. Le Sueur, bom I617, died 1655^ 
Flem. Teftien, bora i582, died 1649 
Kom. Pietro Testa, born i<Oi i« died 1&50 
Ven. Tintoret, born 1512, died 1594 
Ven. Titian, born 1477) died 1576 
Flem. Van Deik, born ]5t^ died 1641 
Rom. Vanius, bori^ .1:550, died 1>634^ 
Horn. Tadec Zuccte, bora i529f «bcd I5i6 



isiai5 
uio'u 



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B 9 18. 4 

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15 19 16 
15 16 7, 
1614 12 



died 



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( «76 > 

LORD UEUT£NANTS of IRELAND, tinoe his BffA<L 
JESTY'S Accession. 
Duiik» Earl of Halifax, Oct. 1761 • 
Hugh, Earl of NarthumberUnd, Sept, 93, 1763* 
Lord Viscount Weymouth, June 5, 1765. 
FVancis Earl of Hertford, Oct. 1§, 1765, 
'Augustus, Earl of Bristol, Qct. 6, 1790. 
George, Viscount Townshcnd, Aug. ig, 17(57, 
SHnon, Earl Harccurt, Qct« 1772. 
John, Earl of Buckinghamshire, Nov. 80, 1770* 
Frederick, Earl of Carlisle, Oct. I3, 1780. 
William Henry, Duke of Portland, April 10, 1789. 
George Kiigent Greenville, Earl Temple, July ai, 178-2. 
Robert, Earl of Northington, April 20, 1788. 
Charles, Duke of Rutland, Feb. 1 4, 1784. 
George, Maujiiis of Buckingham, Dec. 16, 1787» 
John, Earl of Westmoreland, Dec. 17 89. 
Earl Fitzwilliam, Dec. 10, 1794. 
Earl Camden, March 11, 1705. 
Marquis Comwallis, June 20, 1798. 
EarlofHardwicke, Feb. 23, 1801. 
l^uke of Bedford, Feb. 12, i8d6. 

LORD CHANCELLORS since his MAJESTTS Accession. 

Lord Henly, afterwards of Northington, Jan. 17 01. 

Charles Pratt, Lord Camden, July 17 60. 

Charles Yorke, Lord Hardwicke, Jan. i77o. 

In Commission, viz. Sir Sidney Staflbrd Smythe, Knt. Hon* 
Henry Bathurst, and SirRd. Aston, Knt. Jan. 1770. 

Henry Bathurst, Earl Bathurst*, Jan. 1771. 

Thurlow, LordThurlow, of Ashficld, June 2, 1778. 

in Commission, viz. Lord Loughborough, Sir Wniiam Ashurst^ 
and Sir William Beaumont Hotham, April 8, 1788. 

Lord Thurlow again, Dec 98, 1788. 

in Commission, viz-. Sir James Eyre, Sir William Heniy Ash- 
hurst, Sir John Wilson, June 15, l792. 

Lord Lou^borough, Jan. 97, 1793. 

LordEIdon, April 15, I801. 

LordErskine, Feb. 7, 1800. 

Lord Eldon again, March 25, I8O7. 

CHANCELLORS of OXFORD, since the REVOLUTION^ 
James Duke of Ormond, installed 1688. 
£arlof Arran, 1715. 
John Earl of Westmoreland, 1759. 
George Henry, Earl of Litchfield, 1702. 
Frederick Lord North, late Earl Guildford, 17;^. 
fVilliam Henry, Duks uf FonlanO, 179a. 



BATTLES^ &C. 



tn^ 



eiuMOELLems of Cambridge, since the iteroitttion. 

Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset, instatled 1688« 
Tifoaiaa Holies Pelham, Duke of Newcastle, i;4S« 
Augustus Fltrioy, Dale of Grafton, 17S8« 



LORD MAYORS of 
Hu Hon. Tho. Harlcy 
Samuel Turner, Esq. 
Wm.BeckfoM, Es<i.\ 
Bar. Yrecothick J 
Brass Crosby, Esq* 
William Nasb, Esq. 
James Towns^end, Esq. 
Frederick Bull, E^q. 
John Wilkes, Esq. 
John Sawbridge, Esq. 
Sir Thomas Halifax 
Sir James Esdaile, Knt 
Samuel Plumbe, Esq. 
Brackley Kennett, Esq. 
Sir Watkintewes, Knt. 
Sir William Plomer, i^nt. 
Nat. Neivnham, E&q. 
Robert Peckhamf Esq. 
Rxhard Clark, Esq. 
Thomas Wright, Esq. 
Thooews Sainsbury, Esq. 



LONDON, from the year I768, 

1768 John Burnell, Esq. i78t 

I7<J9 William GiH, Bjaq, 1789 

iTff^ William Pickett, Esq. , 179« 

^''° John Boydell, Esq. ifgi 

3 7^1 . John. Hopkins, Esq. 179^ 

177a Sir James Sauiuierson, Knt. ir&9 

17^78 Paul Le Mesuftcr, Esq. 17fiA 

17*74 Thomas Skinner, Esq. - i7g» 

1775 William Curtis, Esq. 179t 

1 7 7 D Brook Watson, Esq . I79f 

nil John Wm. Anderson, £sq. 179ft 

1778 Sir Rich Carr. Glyn, Bart. 17 9t 

1779 Harvey Combe, Esq. isoft 

1780 Sir John Eamer, Knt* isol 

1781 Cliarles Price, Esq. 18«i 
1783 John Perrins, Esq. isoft 

1783 Peter Perchard, f!i&<ii 1894 

1784 James Shaw, Esq. 180» 
17 85 Sir Wm. Leighton, Esq. 180« 

1785 John Ainsley, Esq. I60|r 
176/ Charles Flower, ^ I80ft 



BATO-ES, SEA-FIQHTS, SIEGES, &•. 



AsOUKfR, in Egypt, surrendered to the English fbrcet, 
March 18, 1801. 

Acapulno ship taken by Adm. Anson, June 20, 1744. 

Acre uken by Richard I. and other crusaders^ July Id, ll^l^ 
after a siege of 3 years, with the loss of 6 archbishops, It 
bishops, 40 earls, 500 barons^ and 300,000 soldiers; attack;e4i 
by the French under Ruonaparte, July 1, 1 7987 and relieved 
by Sir Sidney Smith, March 6, 17d9i whea the French wer^ 
totally routed. 

AdriRuople taken by the Ottomans, 1 360. 

Africa conquered by Bftlisai ius, 533. 

A^ra, the fortress uf, (termed the Key of Hiad^fttan) 8urre«« 
48red t9 the EagUsh, Oct. 17, 1 803. 

9 • 



nt BATTLES; arc, 

AU-la-Cfaapelle was taken hf 4iie i^eneb traop* in f 7dS ; «ift 

Again Sept. 81, 17^4. 
Alessandria, in, Italy, st;iz«d by the French, in 1798; aurreo* 

dered to tht; Austrians and Rufsians, July 34, 179^- 
Aleaandiin, in Eg>pt, taken by Ca;sar, 46 before Christ ; takeii 

by the French, 173« ; by the English, Aug^. 22, 1801. 
Alpers raduced by Admiral Bhike, 1655*, botAbarded h^ the 

French, 1761. 
Alraeyda, in Portugal, taken by the Spaniards, AtifC. SS^ 176& 
AmKterdam was taken possession of by tiie Frtinefa, Jan. 18, 

1795. 
Amboyna seized by .the Dutch, 1624; seized by th^ Engiisb, 

Nov. 28, 1796.. 
Ancana was taken possession of by the French, Joly 1T96, and 

suiTendered to the Imperialists^ Nov. 13, 179^* 
Angtesea subdned hy the Romans, 78; by the £ngliab, 1295* 
Anglo Saxona first landeel in Britain, 449- 
Anuria and his family seiZRd, 1750 ; forts destroyed, 1756» ^ 
Anti^alUean privateer's prize detained at Cadiz, 1757-- 
Antwerp sacked and ruined, 1565; taken by the French, 1*79) 

and 1794. 
Atiot, in the East-Indies, taken by the £ns;Ush) 1739. 
Ar^onautic eiqwdition, 1250 before Christ. 
At lied neutrality of the 'Northern powers, a{^aSn9t England, hy 

the Empress of Russia, commenced 1780; renewed 1800; 

dissolv^cd by a British Fleet, 1«0I . 
Armara, the Spanish, arrived in the Channel, ifuly 1«H 1588, 

bnt di>pet%d by a storm ; Armada of the Spaniards delated 

in llie Downs by the Dutch, 16*39. 
Armenia was conquered fey the Turks, 1522. 
ArzUla, in Morocco, st- irc'd by the Portu«;uezc, 14/0. 
A tracan, in Taiiary, taken by the Russians, 1554,^ 
Athens taken by Xerxes, 480 I.efore Christ. 
Avis^non taken from the Pope by the French, 176.0; restored on 

the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773 — ^Declared to belong to 

Fra .<e by the National Assembly, 1791. 
Austr '■ taken from Hunsjaiy and annexed to- Germany, when it 

re • '^ed its name, 1040. 
Aufit n vessel stopped by the Dutch in passing^ the Scheldt, 

U.t. 1784. 
An^t'ii'.n Netherlands entered by the French trudps, April 28j 

i d:. 
Bahama Islands taken by the Spaniards, May 8, 1782; retaken 

by th» Entrli^h, July 16, 1793. 
Bajazet dt^feated by 'Pamerlitne, 1402. 
Bambers; was taken by the French, Aug, 4, ,1796. 
Bauda Isles seized by the butch, 1621. 

Bangalore, in the East Indie=?, taken by Earl Cornyallis, 1791» 
B; titam siM^d by the Dutcb, I6R2. 
Jg^rbAry conquered from the Greek wnp«^, i40i first COnqtet 

there by Spain was Melilla, 1497« 



|IATTLES> %. • tat 

Batj\Tia Ukep by the English, Jan. 1782 ; agjiin Sept. 12, |800. 
4)iSotTah war 6oiotiicnced> 3f9 5 «nded 330 before thrist. 
Bartbqlemew (St. in tbe We^t Indies) taken from the D^ms by 
England, Marcb 26, 1801. ^ 

"the Horatii and Curiatii, 669 before Christ'. ' , 
Marathon, 490 before Christ. » 

Salaipisi who delivered Grtjece from the M«4es^ 4801>ffi>r« 

Eurymydon, 470 before Christ. 
Leuotra, 373 before Christ. 
Mamiuea, 363 before Christ. 
Ghaeronea, 338 before Christ. 

t^e River Grauicus^ when Alexander defeat^dthe Ters^asm, 
■ 334 before Christ. 

Irsus, when Darius lost 100,000 men, S33 before Chrift. 
Arbela, 331 before Christ. 
Cantias, where 40,000 Romans weie killed, 316 b^ort < 

Clirist. 
Pbarsalia, When Pompey was defeated, 47 before Christ. 
Phiiippi, which terminated the Roman Kepublic^ 41 hafore 

Christ. * . 

Actium^ 31 before Christ. 
l^hropshu-Q, ^vhen Caractacus was taken prisonar^ h\ ^fter 

Christ. 
Stamford, in Lincolnshii^j the first between the Brkofit 

and Saxons, in 449* 
Aylesford, 465. 

Crayford, in Kent, when the Britons were defeated, 4&*t^ 
Kydwdly, between the Briti>ns and the ArmoHcana^ 4W. 
Ipswich, between the Britons and Saxons^ 4^6. 
Bath, in 520. 

Banbury, in Oxfordshire, in 543. 
Bedford, in 571. - 

Camelford, in 542 and 908, 
Hatfield, in Yorkshire, between Cadwalleti a^d Ediriii, 

633. . 

Oswestry^ between Penda, the Merciani, and Osw^d, af 

Northumberland, 641. 
Malerfield, in Shropshire, Aug. 1, 1642. 
Gelling, 651. ! 

Leeds, 665. 
Landerbfarne, 740. 
Benson, in Oxfordshire, 771. 
Hellst9n» in Cornwall, and in Isle 4)rShepey, bet^ean J^ 

bert and the Danes, 834. 
^omaey, 8^0^ in Souieiseishire, 843 ', in Devonshire, 915 ^ 

at Loiidon and Cantf;rbury, 853, betweea £thelwolf and 

the Danes. 
The Isle of Thanet, wh(}re the English were defrntidl|^ aadl 
^ . V^e. pavQ«fi settled, 854. 



r 



""Assencbiis where tbe Danes were def^tedl by Alfred aai 
£ihelfred ; another defeat at MertoOf 87 1. 

Wilton, in Oxfordshire^ where the English were deibited 
by the Danet, 878. 

Famham^ in Hampshire where the Danes were defeated^ 
8^. 

Bury, in Suffolk, between Edward the Elder^ and his coufia 
Etbelwaid, 905. 

Edward and the Danes, 910, 913» and 914^ 

Griffith of Wales and Leofric the Dane, 91& 

Maiden, in Essex, between Edward and the Danes, 918« 

Che&ter in 988. 

Stanifoid, in Lincolnihire, between Edward, the Daneg^ 
and Scots, 983. 

Ben6eld, 984. 

Widcndane, between Athelstan, the Irish, and Sa>ts^ 938* 

Brombridge, in Northumberland, tn 938. 

Saxons and Danes, with cUfierent success, foug^ht several, 
from 938 to 1016. 

Ashden, in Essex, between Canute and Edmund, 10 IS. 

Crossford, with the Welsh, 1038. 

Dun5inane,in Scotland, between Siward and Macbeth, 1054. 

Stanford-Bridge, or Battle-Bridge, between Harold I. and 
Harfinger, Oct. 14, 1066. 

Hastings, where King Harold was slain, Oct. 14, 10G$, 
3 < Alnwick, 1098. 
^ Tinchebray, Normandy, 1106. 

Rouen, in Normandy, U17. 

Brenneville, in Normandy, 11 19, 

V&lweves, in Portugal, 1189. 
] Cardigan, in Wales, 1136. 

Northallerton, or the Standard, Aug. 88, ir38« 

Lincoln, 1141. 

Alnwick, H74. 

Ascalon, Sept. 16, 1191. 

Gisors, 1198. 
^ Bovines, July 85, 1814/ 

Lincoln, May 19)) 1817. 

Lewes, May 14, 1864. 

Evesham, Aug. 5, 1865. 

Chesterfield, 1896. 

Dunbar, April 87, 1896. 

Falkirk, July 83, 1S98. 

Courtras, in Flandere, 1308. 

Biggar, 1303. 

Baitnockbuni, June 85, 1314, when the English were to- 
tally defeated. 

Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire, in 1388* 

Halidon-bUt, near Berwick, where 80,000 of the Scots 
were slain, and only 15 English, Jaly89j 13332 -Aug. 
.t 86,, 1346. 



ilAr'Pi,!^^ % sin 

^pCansant, in Flanders, Nov. ISS'J^ 
Auberoche, in Franct;, 1^4* 
Creasy, Aug, t6, i34S. 
Durham, where David, K^ii^ of SQ0tUa4» wa$ take* j»ri- 

goAcr, Oct. 17, l'M6, 
NeviFs Cross, in Durhaixi, 1347* 
Paictiers, where the King^ of France aadbis 8Qa ym%UiiM9k 

prisoners, Sept. 19,. l^oG', 
Auray, inBrittaay, in 13&i» 
Brif ftai, in Provence, in 1363* 
Najara, 1369. 
Rochelle, 137 K 
near Berwick, 1378. 
Otterbarn, between Hotspur and the ^oA of i)ou|flas^ jTuIy 
* 31^1388. 

Nisbet, between £iiglHf» aodScots^ wh«n iO,0Qa,«f; the 
. latter were slain, Aif ay 7, l'4p2r i 

' Shrewsbury, July 23„ 1403. 
Monmouth, whjeo the Welsh wer« ddEeatodi, l^aroh M«ftnd 

May II, 1405. 
Agiitcourt, Oct. 25, 14 1^. 
Beauge, where the Duke of Clarence aad ^()9^2i^lUh ffttp 

killed, Aprils, 14S1. 
Crevent, June 1423. "^ 

Verneuil, Aug. 1^ 14^^ 

Herriuigv, FeS.;i2, 1429* : ' 

Patay,' under Jean of Aro» Juno 10|. 142^ 
Herberoy, in France, 1434. 
Basil,, in Swisserland, in* 1444*, 
Castillon, in Guienne, in 145^ . 
St. Alban's, May 22, 1455. 
Bloreheath, Sept. 22f 1459*' . , 

Northampton, July 19, 146a., 
Wakefield, Dec. 31, 1460. 
Towton, March 29^ 14^1. 
St. Alban's, on Shrove Tuesday^ l^f^ 
Mortimer's Cross, 1461. 
Hexham, May L5, 1463. 
Banbury, July 26, 1469. 
Stamford, March 13, 1470. 
Barnet, April 14, 1471. 

Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. , ^ 

Boiworth, Aug. 212, 1465» * 
Stoke, June 6, 148T< 
St. Aubin, in France, 1468* 
Knocktow, lce)»odi 14^. 
BUckheath, June 23* 1497. 

Flodden, Sept.9» 1513, wbenJiMpesIV« Kil^ofSfiofiiai^^ 
was killed. 
tMarigimLM^italy, Q«tf 13, i^j^^ . . . 






fit B'A T T L E S, aB< 

fPAvift, fnltaly, 1584. 
I Bicoca, in luly, 15SS and 1B85. 
I Solway^ Nov.S4» 1549. 
1 Cerisoles, is Piedmont, in 1544. 
. Muaselboroug^by Scotland, Sept. 10, 1547* 

St. Quintin^ Aur. 10, 1557. 
Gravellnes, in randers, 1556* 

Dreux, in France, 1562. 

Jarma^ in Poictien, in 1569. 

Aidavat, in Ireland, 1885. 

Arques, inNonnandy» Sept. SI » 158S. 

Blackwater, in Ireland, 1597* 

Newport in Flanders, \$O0, 

liutzen, Sept. 1, 1633, Kin^ of Sweden killed; 

Ayein, in Liege, May 16*35. 

Newcastle, in Northumberiand^ ltfS7. 

Callbo, in Flanders, in 1638. 

Arras June 1640 

Hopton-heath, tn Staffbrdsbirfj Maidi 19, iHfi 

Woreester, Sept. S3, 164S. 

£dgel)ill» Oct. S3, 164S. 

Brentford, in t64S. 

Kilrush, Ireland, 164S. 

Liscarrol, Ireland, 164S. 
„ Uskard, in Cornwall, Jan. 19* \64B» 
^ < Uopton-heatb, near Stafford, Mar^ I9> iMt 
M Barham-moor, Marcb S9> 1648. 

Ross, Ireland, Marcb, 1643. 

Roeroy, in France, 1649. 

SbattoR, May 16, 1649. 

Lansdown, July 5, 1648. . 

Roundaway-dowD, July 13^ 1649* 
"^Newbury, Sept. SO, 1648. 

Aire&ford, Marcb S9, 1644; 

Croj^y-bridgej^ Oxiord^ire, Jtg»fc 6; fSHi- 

Friedburgb, iir^watbia, 1|344. 

Marston-moor, JuiyS, l644i. 

Newark, in 1644^ 

Newbury, Oct. S7, 1644.. 

Aldem, May 15, 1645^ 

Neaseby, June, 1645. 

Alferd, July S, 1645. 

Norlingen,. in Swalna, Au^. 8> 1648^ 

Benbwrb, Ireland,. 1646. 

Kingiton,L in Surry, I64f • 

Knocknoness, in Ireland, NpfV. lt4tt' 

Ratbmines^ Ireland, J 649< 
^Dunbar, Sept. 3^ I6SCK. 

Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. 
|,BgUiw«Ubridge« J«M«9£.i^%. ' 






B A T T L E t, ft< ^ 

rAmSy in 16M. 

' Brad, in Sclavonia, 1668, 

Zintfheim» in Germaoy* 1674« 

Sen«9e, inFlanderSy 1674. 

MulhauscD» inAUace, 0bc.31, 1674. . 

Febrbellin, in Brandlenburght «^ttoe 18, I675v 

Altenbeini, July 38» 1675. 

Both well bridge, in Scotland^ 1679* 

AigDs> in 1683. . AUi«s and Tsrics. 

Barlcan» in'Hangaiy» in 168S. Allien and Tucks* 

Vienna, July 18> 1683. Allies and Turks. 

Sedfemore, in Somersetsblre, Aof . 6» 1685. 

Coron, in European Turkey^ in 1685.i Allies and Tuit^ 

MobafeH in Hongavy^ Aug. 4, 1687* Allies and Turks^ 

Hersan, in Unugary, 1687* AlHei and Turks. 

Torven, between tbe Germans and TurkSj 1688* ^ 

Walcourt Allies and Frencb, 1689. 

KilUkrankio* in SooUand, 1689. 

Newton Butlers, in lieland, 1689. 

Boyne^ in Lrelandt July 1, 1690* 

Salttsses, in Piedmont^ Aug. 8» l69<>it 

Fieur»s» ia Flandersy July 1$, 1690. 

StaifenUiy F^ncb and Piedmontese, 1690« 

Salankemeu, Austrians and Turks, 169U 

Lcuse^ Allies arid Frencb, 169 U 

Attffrim, JulySJI, 1691. 

Portsbeim, Germans and Frencb^. 1693. 

Steinkirk, 1693,. Allies and. French. 

I Landen». July 19* 1693, Allies and Esencb. 

Marfaglia, Oct. 8, 1693, Piedmontese and FreqcOi;. 

Neckar, Germans and Preneh, 1698. 

In.Transytvania, Allies and Turks, 1695.. 

Olascb, Germans^aad Turks, 1 696. 

Zeuta, in Hungaiy,. 1697. Germans and Tnrks^. 

NJlra, by, Charles XIIv of; Sweden, Dee« 1709.. 

Cbiava, Ajsg. 6j 1 701, French and Allies^. 

Riga, Russians and Pules, 1701. 

Carpf, in Medena^ 1701, French and AUiei«. . 

Gtissa in Poland, 1708, Swedes and Saxons.* 

' FrIdlingfaBiii in Swiibia,. 17^3, Frencb and Gemum^. 

Vittoriai Erencb and Allies, U03«. 

Lausara, in Italy, Aug. 15, 1703. 1 

Pultusk, Pol^i and Swedes, 170^ 

Eck«»cn»i|v Brabant,, J^une 30, 170S,.nr£iiehand Dtttc!;. 

IXMiavert, Jaly.3». 1704, frencb ai|d Germanih. . 

'^I^Bmtts, Swedes and.Saxons,^17P4v 

mpn^VP, Aiig-.3a. 17049..AlU^aQd Er^ch.. 

Scbfemburg, Austrians and Bavarians, 1704«. 
. Mittau, Swedes and |(|i8«a|bij July, 1705. 
lVCmmp*, in lta%M n#x tmAmiAOkth. 



#»^ 



SATTnKa,'ftkt 



I 



'Tlrlemont, French and Allies, 1705. 
PraunstadC, in Silesia, 1706» SwedCMUod Sftkens^ 
Calcinate, in Italy, 1T06, PnHicb and Alliei. 
Ramilies, Whitsunday, ]J4>6, French and Attiet*. 
Turin, Sept. 7, 1706, French and GeraUms. 
OfTenbur^, Oermant and French, 1707* 
Calisb, in Peland, April I707» Poles aiid BamrMQip 
Almanza, in Spain, 1707, Allies and Spain. 
Oudenard, ^ujie 30, 1706, Ffenehand AlHes. 
Holf^zin, hi Russiar 1708, Russians and Swedci^ 
Czarnanapata, in Museovy, Sept^93, 17W. 
LfCzno, in Poland, 1708, Russians and -Swadett. 
Gcmaurthorff, in Poland^ 17<W> ditto. 
W^nnendale, Sept. 128, 1708, Fveneh and Allies^ 
Caya, Mav 17, 1709, ditto. 
Pultawa, June 8, 1709, Russians and Swedeis. 
Malplaquete, Sept. 11, 1709> F\rencb and AlilMw. : 

Rumersheim, French and GermaMS, 1V09* 
Gudina^ AHIes and' Spaniards, 1709. 
Almanza, July tS, 1710, French aiid Allies* 
Elsinburg, Swedes and' Danes, 17 W. 
Saragossa, Aug. 20, 171^, French andGemaoi^ 
Villa Viciosa, Dec. 13, ITIO, ditto, 
^rleux^ Allies and French, 1711. 
Gadebash, Swedes and DaneSy 1718. 
Denain, in Netherlands, in. 171$, Allies and Fireochr 
Pulkona, Russians and Swedes, 1713. 
Friburg, French and Germans, 1713* * 
Preston, Nov. 12^^ 1715, when the nbels were ^kfeatfd ia 

ScotlaiTd. ■ 
Dumblain, Not. 18, 1715, ditto, 
Peterwarden, Anstrians and Turks,, Any. Hf f^lC*' 
Belgrade, July 16, 17*7^ Austriatts andTurka* 
Glonshielde, in. Scotland, June 10^ 1719. 
Between the Turks and Persians, when Kouli Kan lost 

10,000, and killed 99,000 men^ before Bahylo% FtW 3^ 

H33-4.. 
Parma, June $9, 17W. * 
Guastella, Aug. 1734. 
in Ptrsia, where the Turks were totally dtofcats^by ICouli 

Kan, and lost near ^0,000, a general, and six bashaws^ 
^ May 32, 1734. • ' 

Bitpnto,. Austrians and Spaniards, 1734. 
Parma, France and Spain against Austrlsi- 17*4*' 
Seccbia, -Fiiench and Anstrianp, 173*. • ' ^ ^ 
Turks and. Persians, 1735 ;*50,tXK) of Ae hetter fcMle^ 
Bagnialuk, in European Turkey, Julj 3^ 173f>;**ttSiiWtt 

andTnrks.. • . . . ...» 

Bog, Rusa^^ns andTtirks, 17S8. ' • ' *' •../.' 

^^.Kroska, Austrians aftd TurieBi 11«3J^'i- -'•« • . 



^^ 



B A T T L £ S; &€. tSB 

%erna]^ Turks and Ptersiaiu, 1730. 
ehoczim, in Hungary, July 21, )730. 
Molwits, AprU 10, 1741, Prufisians and Austrians. 
Williamstadt, In Sweden, Swedes and Russians^ July 23. 

1741. 
Hilkersburg, April 8, 1743, Prussians and Aus(ria|fis, 
Ca^law, May 7, 1748, ditto. 
Teyn, Austriaos and French, 1749. 
Breoau, Austrians and Bavarians, 1743. 
Cafnpo Santo, Spaniards and Allies, 1743* 
Dettingen, June 15, 1743, Allies and French, 
Cani, Allies and French and Spaniards, 1744. 
Landshut^ Prussians and Austrians, 1145. 
Friedberg, June 4, 1745, Prussiaas and Austrian), 
Pontenoy, April 30, 1745. 
Preston- Pass, Sept. 21. 1745. 
Erzerum, Turks and Prussians, 1745. 
Falkirk, in Scotland, Jan. 17, 1746. 
Roiicoux, April 13, 1746, French and Aljies* 
CuUoden, m Scotland, April 17, 1746. 
Su Laaaro, May 31, 1746, French and Allies. 
Placentia, June 15, 1746, Spaniards and Allies. 
£xilles, in Piedpaont, July 6, 1746, Allies and Freaek* 
Vail, inFlandera, June 20, 1747, ditto. 
Lassielt, July 20, 1747, ditto. 
Arania, in India, 1751. 
Bahoor, in India, Ang. 7,^ 1752. 
Fort du Quesne, North America, July 9, 175S* 
Lake of St. George, Sept. 8, 1755, 
Paraguay, 1755. 

Calcutta, in India, June, 1756, and in 1759. 
Lowbschutz, Sept. 30, 1756, Prussians and Austriansi 
Norkitten, Russians and Prussians, 1757* 
Plassie, in the East-Indies, Feb. 5, 1757. 
Prague, May 22, 1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Reicbenberg, in Bohekuia, 1737, ditto. 
Kolin, June 12, 1757, ditto. 
Haslenbeck, July 25, 1757, French and Allies. 
Jagersdurf, in Prussia, Aug. 3, 1757, ditta. 
Rosbaeb, Nov. 5, 1737. French and Prussians. 
Breslad, Nov. 21, 1757, Prussians and AustriaRS. 
Liffii, Dec. 5, 1757, ditto. 

Hoya, in Westphalia, Feb. 24, 1758, French and Alll«i|k 
Crevelt, June 23, 1758, ditto. 
Sandershausen, July 25, 1758, ditto. 
Meere, Aug. 5, 1758, ditto. 
ZomdorfF, ^ug. 25, 1758> Prussians and At^rianj^ 
Olmitz, 1758, ditto. 
• !ockkirehen, Oct, 10, 1758, ditto. 
^Landwcreuhagen, 1758, French and AUieSp; v 



M 



KKTt L IE. B, ^ 



1 



5^ 



'ColieSy 1758. 

Ber^ii, April 14, 1759t French and A.Uies. ' 

Mind(*ii, Aug. 1759, ditto. 

Zulichaw, ifi Silesia, July 27, 1755, Prussians and iKltS- 

sians. 
Peterswaide, Prussians and Austrians, 1759» 
Pasberg;, ditto, )75j). 
Niagara, inN. America, July 24, 1759. 
Warburg, Aug^ 6, 1 759, French and Allies, i 
Montmoreuci, Aug. 10, 1759, Pre ijeh and English. 
Cunersdorf,.Aug. It, 1759, Prussians^ Russians-, sum) AUS^* 

criaus. 
Plains of Abraham, Sept. 15, 1759, French and English. 
Wandwash, East-Indies, Jan'lO, 1760. 
Strehla, in Silesia, in 1760, Prussians and Austriani* 
near Quebec, April S8, 1760. 

Pfaffendorff, Aug. 12, 1760, Prussians and Austrian^* 
Torgau, Nov. 3, 176f, ditto. 
Fulda, 1760»v ditto. 

Plain* of Silleri, English and French, 176t. 
Langensaltze, Allies and French, 1761. 
Slangerode, ditto, 1761. 
Kirk-Denkern, ditto, 1761. 
f rllii%hausen, in the Palatinate^ Jnly 16, 176l> Prusma^ 

and Austrians. 
Dippolswalda, ditto, 1763. 
Graeben^tein, June 4, 176IP1 French and Alii*. 
Backcrtdurf, July 32, 1762, ditto. 
Fredbiirg, in Hesse, Oct. 59, 1762, Pruisiant and A$j|r 

trians. 
Homburg, Allies and French, 1762. , 
Mttnden, ditto, 1762. 
Johannisburg, Allies and French, l76fL 
Buckr-Muhl^ ditto, 1762. 
Busb^ Bun, m Anierica, 1763. 
Nunas Nullas, in the East*Indies, I76.3. 
Buxard, ditto, 1764. 
Calpi, ditto, 1765. 
Err^r, ditto, ^767. 

Mulw^ggl^, 1768* / 

Choczim, April SO, 1769, Russians aud TuUtf^ 
Braillow, in European Turkey, 1778. 
Silistrta, m EuEppcan Turkey, 1773. 
Lexington, near Boston, April 1», 1775» 
BunkeiVhill, Junc27, 171». 
Long-Island, America, Aug. ay, 1776. 
White Plains, near New York, Nov. 30, 17ia.. 
Brandy -Wine Creek, in America, Sept. 13, 1777.^ 
of the Lakes, July », 1277- , ^^ 

I^SIjcncsborough, in Noith A»criQa, July 7> 1777* 



BATTLE S, fee; Af 

•flcnritngton, .;Ulto, ^ug. 1 6, 1 7 7 7« 

Aibany, ditto, 1777. 

Saratoga, Oct« 7) 1777) General Borgoyne surrendered to ^^ 
Americans, 

Germantown, Oct. 14, 1777# 

St. Lucie, ditto, 1778. 

Monmooth, ditto, 1779, 

Rhode Island, ditto, 1778. 

Briar Creek, ditto, 1779. 

Stoncy Ferry, ditto, 177*. 

Camden, ditto, Aug. 16, 1780. 

Perimbapcum> in the East-fndics, iHo. 

Waxau and Cdtauba, in N. America, 17 80. 

Broad River, ditto, 178 1. 

Guilford, ditto, March lO, 1781. 

HobkirkVHilU ditto, 178I. 

Entaw Spfings, ditto, 1781. 

York Towuy when £vl Cornwalii? surfcnderedi Oct. t9)i 
1791. 

Port Novo, in the East Indies, 17Sl» . [ 

Arnee, ditto, 1781. 

Russfans and Turks, 1781. 

Russians and Swedes, 1788. 

Austrians and Turks, 1768. 

Bassarabia and Ukraine, 1789. 
^^ Finland, Russians and Swedes, 1789. ' 
aq ] Foczani, Austrians and Turks, I78tf* 

Lassmarc, Austrians and Turks, 1 7 89. 

Ukraine, Russians and Turkii, 1790. 

Mac^in, ditto, 1791. 

Scrtngapatam, in the East-Indies, 1791. Again in 1793} 
when Tippoo was reduced by Uord Cornwallis. 

The Austrians defeated tiie French nea'r Mons, April ao, 1791« 

At Longwy, when the Austrians 'were defeated, Aug* jla^ 
179*2. 

Grand-pre, when th^ French were defeated, Sept. iQ, 1799. 

Valory, between the French and Austrians, Sept. 'iu> l/sp^ 

Menehould, Pnissians and French, Oct. 2, 179''2* ' 

Conde, Austrians and French, Oet. 2, 1792. 

Haaau, ditto, Oct. 147, j 7 9'^. 

Vosi»u, ditto, Nov. 4, 1792. 

\Jamappe, when Do mourier entered Brabant, Nov. 6, 17.9)1 

Arderlecht, Austrians ;iud French, Nov. id, 17 91* ^ 

Thirlemont, ditto, Nov. 17, 1792. 

Varoux, ditto, Nov. 27, 1792. 

Hockh^im, ditto, Jan. 7, 1793. 
Aldenhoveri, ditto', Feb. as, \7^. 
Aix la Cha;>eile, ditto, Jan; 15, 1793. . 

Tongrfes, ditto, ditto, M<uch4, I7'i3. 
. Jurvicftden, near TMrlemont, ditto, March 16, 17^^ 



B A T T ^ £ S, au^. 

*Thir1emont, ditto, March 199 1703. 
Lovatne, or the Iron Mounuin, ditto^ Manh St» 1703^ 
Coblentz, ditto, April l« 1703. 
Cassel, ditto, Apiil 7, T703* 
Toomay, Aostriaas and English against (he French^ May 8^ 

179». 
St. Atnand and Maulde, ditto. May 10, 1703. 
Valenciennes, Allies and French, May 33, 170S, 
Manheim, ditto. May 30, 1793* 
Furnes, Dutch and French, June 91, 1798. 
, Austrians and French, June 36, 1798. 



Villiers, ditto, July 18, 1793. 

Cambray, or Caesai's Camp, ditto^ Aug. 6, 1Z93. 

Lincelles, ditto, Aug. 18, 1703. 

Fumes, ditto, Aug. 31, 1703. 

Rexmond, ditto, Aug. 39, 1793* 

Dunkirk, English and French, Sept. 7* 1798. 

Quesnoy, ditto, Sept. 11, 1703. 

Limbach, Austrians and French, Sept. 13, 170S« 

Menin, ditto, Sept. 15, 1793. 

Tottlon, English and French, Oct. 1, 1703. 

Weissenburg, Austrians and French, Oct. 14, 170d«, 

Maabeuge, Allies and French, Oct. 16, 1798. 

Birtemont, diito, ditto. 
^ J Orchies, ditto, Oct. 30, 1793. 
S^.Wanzenaw, ditto, Oct. 35, 1708. 
* ■ Landau, ditto. Nor. s«9, 1793. 

Toulon, when it suAendered to the Fiench« Not. 19, 1798. 

Lebach, ditto, Nov. 27, 1793. 

Roussillon, the Spaniards and French, Dec. 11, 1703. . 

Perpignan, ditto, Dec. 30, 1703. 

Oppenheim, the Allies and French, /an 8, 1704» 

Waterloo, ditto, Jan. 33, 1704. 

Werwick, ditto, March 1, 1794. 

Bayonne, Spaniards and French, March 19, 1794. 

Perle, Allies and French, March 32, 1794. 

Cateau, Allies and French, March 28, 1794. 

Cracow, the R^ussians and Poles, April 4, 1 7 94. 

Durkheim, AUiesand French, April 5. i794. 

Piedmont, Sardinians and French, April (J, 1794. 

Crorabech, Allies and French, April 14, 1704. 

Arlon, ditto, April )7r 1704. 

Warsaw, Russians and Poles, April 31, 1794. 

Laiidrency, Allies and French, April 34, 1794. 

Cambray, English and 'French, ditto« 

Cateau, ditto, April 36, 1704. 

Courtray, Allies and French, April 39, 1794. 

Ostend, ditto. May 5, 1794. 

Montesquan, Spaniards and French, May 1, l7o4t 

^Aost^ Saidinians and French, May 3| 1794, 



£< 



ft^AfT'UES; l^c. 



^ItorgU, Sardiiiiaiif and Fitneh, M«jr •^1^94/ 
Tournay, En^Hsh and Prencli, Mtiyi; 1794. 
Couitiay, Allies and French, May 19, 1794. 
M«n«, ditto, May le, i7o4. 
Tournay, English and French, May 19, 1794. 
Bouillon, Allies and French, ditto. 

Tottfiiay, ditto. May 2), 1794. • - 

Lautcrn, ditto, , May 93, 1794* 
Lithuania, Ruiiians and P^les, June d, 1794. 
PUHccke, ditto, ditto. 

Barcelona, Spaniards and French, June 14, 1794* 
Charleroi, Dutch and Fiench, June ]7» 1704. 
Cracow, Prnssians and Poleity ditto. 
Anat, Sardinians and French, June ad, 1 794. 
Puycerda, Spaniards and French, ditto. 
Blonie, Russians and Poles, July 7, 1794. 
Manhcim, Allies and French, July 19, 1794. 
Djrbilo!«, Prussians and Poles, July 19, 1794. 
Fontarabia, Spaniards and French, Aug. s, '17941 
Zegre, Fnissians and Polea, Aug. 92, 1794* 
Bellegarde, Spaniards and French, Aag. 29, IJgik 
Valley of Leira, ditto, Sept. 8, 1794. 
Maestricbt, Allies and French, Sept. 18, 1794. 
Clermont, ditto, >«pt. 90, 1794. 
Piedmont, ditto, Sept. 93, 1794. 
Posnania, Prussians and Poles, Sept. 94, 1794. 
Kot'hir Bezsee, Russians and Poles, ^cpt. 95, 1794^ 
t Milan, Sardinians and French, Sept. 3i, 1794» 
Emmerick, Allies and French, Oct. i, 1794. 
Wanaw, Poic^^otally defeated by the PrussUuw, Ac. Oct. n, 

1794. 
Druten, English and French, Oct. 90, 1794. / 

Pampeluna, Sfwrnarda and French, Oct. 98, ifQ4^ 
Nimeguen, Allies and French, (fofv 4, 1794. 
Sendomir, Poles and Prussians, Ac. Nov. 16, 1794k 
Navarre, Spaniards and French, Nov. i>, 1794. ^ 

Ments, Allies and French, Dec. I, 1794* 
On the Waal, J-An. 11, 1795. 

Nantes, between the Chuuans and Republicans, Ja|i.:ity 
' 1795. 

Catalonia, Matrch 5^ 179-^. 
Neve Monster, «»here the French vkit repulsed, Mirib s, 

179& ; again the isib ditto. 
Aa Fignvas the Spatiiards were defaced, April 5, 1793. - 
Piedmont, the Piedmomese were liefcatedi April 19, 1796. 
Pontes, in Catalonia, where the French were defeated, June 

14,1795. 
Kedmontf when the Fretich wef» defeated, hmt 14, 1795 ; 

a^iiin th» 97th ) and sgain July 1; 
.Pami^elnna, when the French were defeated, July t. 
c c 



1^ 



M A.T TLBS, fte. 

"Bilboa, when the Spnnianb vtre dnhifttdt ivi^ 179 ^19fii 

Gtuib«ron» the Enignnis weie defeated, July 91. 

Urocia, when the Frcoctai wef« defeated^ July 80. 

Viuoria, when the S|>aniards were defeated, Aug. 14« 

Piedmont, the Aufuians vtere defeated, Aug. 20. 

La Pictra, when the French were defeated, Aug. 31* ^ 

On the Lahn, when the French weie defeated, Se|}t. 10« 1*795. 

Manheim, the Austrians were defeated, Sept. 23. 

PiedmoBt, when the Fiench were defeated, Oct. i« 

•On the &iayne, when the French were totally defeated, Oct. 

IJ. 
Mentz, when the French were defeated, Oct. 29. 
Wormes, when the French, were defeated, Nov. 8« 
Mofelle, ditto, Nov. aa. 
Deux Poms, ditto, Nov. a9« 
Alsentz, ditto, Dec^ 8. 
Piedmont, Sardinians were totally defeated by tlie Freccb, 

April 14, 179^. 
Lodi, Frer>ch and Austrians, May 11, 1796. , 

Mantua, xHtto, defCfitcd May 39> 17 9A- 
Fiench defeated near ^etzlaer, June 4, 1793* 
Ditto, under Jordan, by General K ray neat Kirpcn, Jtme 20. 
Austriaos^leftated by Jordan, July 6, 17i'd. 
The Archduke repulsed by the Fter^cb, July 8, 
Afantua's siege lai&ed, when the French left behind then 140 

cannon, 100,000 shelis, balls, &c, July 31. 
The Austiians wtie defeated by General JordaiH Aug. ] 1. 
Jcrdan was defeated by the Ar<chduke near Nuttmburgh, Au^. 

18. 
The French were deftated by the Austriansj^ar Neiiwied and 

Ambeig, Aug. -24. 
Jordan was defeated near Munich, Sept. 11. < 
Again near Liniberg, :>evt. lb, aj.d on the following day at 

ishy, on (be Lcck.{ 
« Between the Au&trians and Burnaparte, in Italy, Jan. 19 and 

97» i^67» when the Aukiiu.iu were defeatecL 
Buonaparte defeated the Archduke, Apiil l, 1797* 
Ihe Austiians were again defeated on the Upper ^hid«9 May 

7, when the French lock Fiai.kU rt, Kebl, &c. 1797. 
The Swiss troops were tctally defeated by the FiCDCh^ and 

their inde| ttidency alolivhed, Sept. 19, >798. 
Between the Ir^h rebels and tl<e JCtogs toicesat Kikullen, 

May 22, 1798. 
Ditto, at Naas^ May .23 j the saiae day at 8tiaili>nd upon 

SUney ; at I ackcftiown. May 35 ; at Dunleven, May 35 ; at 

Tata^h, May 2e ; at Carlgw, May 27 ; at Monaatei«%Aa the 

same day ; at Kildate, May 28 ; at Ballacaaoe and at New- 

toiibeiiy, June l ; at New Ross, June 5| ai Amtlim, ibe 
. san^e day ; at Aclik<w, Jimic 9 ; ac MaJIjoalii&chy June U i 



« ftt OflSto^fif 'Mttd t» $ lit Btflytenttb, lone to; ttill 

which places the iosurgenM were defeated. 
In Coanika;ht» where the ^fetich aided the Irish lehds^ and' 

were all taken prisoners^ Sept. f, ' 179S* 
-Near Naples, hetweea the Freneh and Neapolitaiift, Jte. i^^, 

1799- ' 

The Arcbdute Charles totaftf defeated die Freneh, and took . 

2000 prisoners, &c. March 14 and 3d, 1799, near Scockach^ 
The French were defeated nesir Verona, M^rch 5, 99, and 39« 

with great loss ; and A^Mn 30/ and April 5. 
The Austrians defeated the French in Jtaljr, April 9 and 39|. 

near Crertiooa. 
The Russians defeated the French near Milan, April 37i lijOOO 

killed and taken prisoners. 
The French were defeated neat Cassano, April 37* 
Buonaparte was repulsed against Acre by the Tiirks tfid Sir S*. 

Smith, April 16. 
The French were defeated near the Adda, March 30, 81, and- 

May 5. 
Sttwarrow^s army defeated the French under Mereau, near' 

Alessandria, May 17. 
The French were defeated at Zorieh, and lotft 4000 men«. 

Jane 4-^ 
Su war row defeated the French under M^eddnald, June 19, 
i when the French lotft 18,368 men, 7 cannon, and 8 stand<< 
3 J ards. 

n ] Tippoo Saib was defeated and slain near Periapatam, in the East- 
Indies, by the £nglish forces, Miy 4, with considerdble 
slaughter. 
Tfec Austrians were defeated near Coire by General Massena, 
when Captain D'Ausanberg and 700 men were taken pri»- 
soners, May 7. 
The Archduke defeated Jourdan, April 3. 
General Kray defeated General Sclierer, commanding tile 

French in Italy, April 18. ' 

Suwirrow defeased \thc French in forcing the passage of the 

Aida, May 23. 
Buonaparte was defeated before Acre by Sii* Sidney Smithy 

Miy '27- 
The Pffench were defeated at Naples by .Cardinal RuflPo, Juric 5. 
Suwdrrow defeated Macd()ha!d near Par nai' with the loss of 

10,000 men and four Generals, July 13. 
S'tSwarrow defeated General Moreau, July 13.- 
Jouberc was tota'ly defeated by Su war row, and waskllfed Aug. 
1^; atNovi, with 10 ;0e6 killed, 400 prisOnen, and all the 
artillery, • 

The French wer^ defeited near Tranto, June 19. 
The French were dfeafei near Manheim, An?, li. 
f he"I*ft}>enarti8ts Were drf iatcd near fTurtch, Sept. 34» . 
JThc French were defeated near Mondovt| ^ov* €• . 
c c3. 






BATTLIS^ m. 

fHmr Ph3i|riMu^wbcatfieFic««h|0rt4MOawn, Tkc.%, I 

1799. 
Neir Gonit which place sumaiered to the AastrianSy Dee, 4. 
Near Genoa, wfaeq the Auttiiaiia weie defeated, and 8000 mtOy 

Dec IS. 
Novi, Jan. t, 1800» Aostrians and Freneh. 
Sb«oi;p», in Italy, April 8, Anttrianfrand French. 
Vcragio, April 10, French defeated. 
Stockacb, May 1, Anatitaai defeated. 
Mofikirch, May S) Aostrians defeated. 
Rjas, May 9, Austiians lost 500 men. 
Brow, June 10/ by which the French btCftme possessed of 

Italy from Miian le Plaeentia. 
Marengo, oooo Aostrians killed^ 8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces 

of cannon taken, June 31. 
Hohenlindea, Austrians defeated, Nov. 8. 
On the Miocio, Dec.^25, Austrians defeated. 
Kbamonia, in Egypt, French defeated by English, March 21, 

1801. 

East' Indies, between Scindiah and the English^ former de- 
feated, Aug. 11, 1803. 

Ferruckabad, East-Indies^ English victorious, Nor, 17, 1804. 

"Bhuripore, East-Indies, Jeswunt Rao Hoikar, defeated by the 
English, April 2, 1805. 

Guntzburgfa, Fl^ch an4 Austrians, French victorious. Oft. 

2, 1805. 

Ulm, French and Austrians, latter taken prisoners, Oct. 19, 

1805. 

Moelk, French and Austrians, latter beaten, Nov. 10, 1805. 
Austcrlitz, French against Austrians and Russians, F^rench 

victorious, Dec. <r, 1805. 
Maida, French and English, the former defeated, July «, 

1806. 

Castel-Nuova, French and Russians, hitter defeated, Sept. 99, 

180«. 

Auerstadt, .French and Russians, latter beaten, Oct. 18, 1808. 
Eyiau, French and Prussians, latter defeated/ Feb. 7, }807. 
Friedland, in wliich the Russians were defeated with dioidful 

slaughter, June 14, 1807* 
Vimlera, in which the whole of the Freneh force under Gen. 

Jiinot waf defeated by Sir Arthur WeHesley, Aug. 91, 

1808. 
Corunna, French and English, the former defeated, Jan. 18, 

1809. 

Oporto, in which the French were defeated by Sir A VfcU 

Tesley, May 11, I8O0. 
Aspern. French and Austrians, the former defeated. May 91, 

93, 1800. 

Talavera de la Reyna, in which the French were defeated Iff 
. by Sif A. WeUealey and Gen, Cuesta, July 97i I80f« 



Selleisle ttilceii firom flie Preneh, Stmt 7, 1Y6I. 
Re.nbow, Admiral, fought tlir? French off Carthagena, 170f, 
Hender» treaty of, July St, 1711 ; city burnt. 1774. 
Heiievento seized by the Kin* of Naple? from thfrPope^ in 17M ; 

but restored on suppr^Mu^ the Jesuits, 1773. 
£Eengau on the Danuoe wa9 taken by the Prendi, Att^*. 1795. 
Seri^err-op-Zoom taken by the Fi-each, Sept. 19, 1747^ and 

1794. 
Serlin laid under contribution by the Austriam, 175^; taken . 

1 700, and pillaged ; resiorei in 1736 ; Uken by the French, 1 807. 
Bern, in Switzerland, tai&en by the French, 1^98. 
Bevel and, South,, the island of, taken by the English, Aug. 3« 

1809. 
Blake reduced Tunis, Tripoli, and ATgiers«-.lft55} deiiroyeiz, 

Spanish fleet, 16&7, and again 1658.<. 
B&Iogna, in luly, seized by the French, June 18,.1T99| an^ ! 

the Atistrians took it, June 12, 1799- 
Bombay yielded to the English by Portugal, iflSffl. . 
Bois-le-doo was taklen by the French, Oct. 1794. . 
Boulogne bombarded by Lord Nelson, Aug. 15, 1801. . 
Br;ftsil seised by Portugal from liollaud, 1654. 
Breman repulsed and defeated the French invasion, 17^* 
^ Breda taken by the French, Feb. 24,i 1793 { aud agaia 179V ^ 
and >i795. . . 
Brennus sacked Bome, 39® hefore Chri^. '. ' . . 
Breslau takenby the Austrians, 1758 find i76l* . 
Brest invaded by Jatius Oesar^ 54; poiteessed by the Eilglishf . 

1378; re-delivered to the. Duk^ of Bretagne, 1391. 
Briel, &c. seized by the HuUanders, which bega:a that KpuUipi , 

1 570 ; seized by the French, Jan.j 179& • . 
Bruce landed in Ineiand with an army, (Vfay $5, 1315; soo^ af- - 

ter crowned at Dundalk ; 'slain, 1318. 
Bruges sacked %. the Ga»ntois, 1383; th6 bason, gates, and I 

sluices of the canal destroyed byXbe* Eit^lish, May 19> 1798*^ 
BrusseK take» by Ihe French; 1792 and 1794. 
Boda taken from the Turks by the Imperialists, itk n^liote pof-' . 

session it had been 150 years, 1696^ • 
BuenoiS Ayres taken by the English, July d, 1806 j retaken by / 

the inhabitants, 1807. 
Boonaparte sets^Egypt^ ^uly 1, ,179^; >ahd quitted It^ Auc. . 

23, 1799. 
BysantiuBi taken by the Rpmaiis, 73; destroyed bySererut, _ 
Id^ly rebuilt by CenstaDtiue» 330; taken by the Turk^ 
. HW. . . 

Cadlz^ In Spain, taken by the EhgUsh, 159^; bombarded July 
Hy. alter it; liad beeo blocked up with the Spanish fleet by 
Earl St. Vipceiit, 1797 to 179^ 
Cae»»Jn Novouuidy^ plundered by ihe Edjglisb, 1846, 
Caffa, in Crim Tartary, planted and reMlt by Gcnoa^ iS^I'i^ 
tatoi by tbt TUfk«» 14«4. 

c.c3. 



SH EATTL£S»ft«. 

Cairo uken by tU £Bg:lidi aad Turia. fron Che Fmich» iftuf 

9U 18U1. 
Caiaii uken ^y the EngUsb^ Aug. 4» 1841 i rttaltea by the 

French, Jaj^lO, 15&8. 
Calcutta uken by the Xabob» 1758. 
CaWif in Cofeici» •urrenderad to the British forces, aftet % 

uege of 59 days, Aug. 10, 1794j lurreodered to the French, 

1796. 
Cambridi^ destroyed by the Danei, lOlQL 
Canada taken by the English, 1C38; restored to France, 1631 ; 

taken again Sept. IS, 1759. 
Cfuidia eeised by the Saraoeni, 808, who changed its name horn 

Crete; retaken by the Greek empire, 9^\ ; taken by the Ve- 

netiant, 1904 i retaken by the Turks, 1669. 
Canterbury cathedral burnt by the Danes, 1011. 
i^ute, fiist Danish itWig of England, Invaded thui country, 

1015; made a voyage. to Denmark, attacked Norway, and 

took possession of the crown* 1028. 
Ope Breton taken by the English, 1745 j again^ 1758. ' 
Cape of Good Hope was taken by the English, June 1795 ; agaia 

Jan. 8, 1806. 
Capua surrendered to the Allies, July S9, 1789. 
Ciuractacus defeated by Ostorius Scapula in 51. 
Canbbee*s war began 1773, adjusted 1773. . 
Carthage destroyed, 146 before Christ ; again by the SaraeeflSbi 

««. A. D, 
iC^rthagena Uken by Sir Francis Drake, 1584 ; pillaged hy the. 

French of 1,SOO,008L iii 1697. 
■ bombarded by Admiral Vernon, 1740.. 

Carthaginian wai>«eased 160 before Christ. 
Csssel taken by the French, 1760{ besieged, without effect^ 
- 1761 ; iurr^dered 176«. 
^ CentA, in BArbary, seized by Genoa, 1231 } by Portugal,. 14 15^ 

bySpMn, 1640. 
Ceva and Caiale abandoned by the French, June 15*. 1799* 
Ceylqo Isle was Uken by the Portuguese, 1505;^ by the HoU 

landers, 1603 $ attempted by Denmark, 1620 i by the. Portu^ 
. .guese,. 16^1-1. by the Dutch, 1658; a great part. by the East 

India Company's trefops, 1782; restored to the Dutdb^.1783; . 
. Uken again.by the English, Sept. 16, 1795, 
Chagree fort taken by Aamirdil Vernoli, 1740. 
Charobje furt, in Canada, taken by the ProvinciMs, Oct. 9% 

1775 i retaken by the English troops, Jan. 1 8,. 1776. 
^Charleroi surrendered to the French, June 26, 1794.* ' 
Chanles-town, South Carolina, surrendered to thcBiitish feroe«| 
• May 4, 1780. 

Chatham, the English fleet destroyed there by the Dutch/ 1667. . 
Chcrbur^ forts destroyed by the En|l:sb, Aug. 8, 1758. 
jGknu inhabitants uf^ bad nearly dispossessed the ^paniard^ 
' 1765. -^ »^ r -7 



ChioA cion^pnrti by the Eastern Tartan, 1635» 

Chios, the file or, conquered from Genoa by the Turks* 1566» 

Christoplier, SU Isle of, retaken from tbe French, 1690;. takea 

by the French, 1783} restored to England, HftS. 
Cimbri, the war with, 113 before Chiist. 
Civiu Vtechia was taken by the French, Fkh*. 11$$, and era^f 

cuated in September following;. 
Cleves taken, 1760 j by the French, 1794, 
Colbert besieged in vain, 1758, 1T59, 1760, Hfil ; taken. 17.62^. 
Copire, surrendered to the Allies, July t6« 1799^ 
CobienU was taken by the French, Oct,. 13, 1794* 
Columboa in Ceylon,, surrendered to the Eiglish, . June 13^ 

1796. 
Coni was taken by the Austrtans, Dec. .3, 1799- 
Constance was seized by the French*. Aug. 2, 179^6, and again 

Oct. 1799. 
Constantinople uken by the Latins Croisade, 1S04 ; recorered 

by the Greeks, 1261 1 taken by. Mahomet U.. which put an 

end to the EaUtern empire, that had subsisted 1 \%S years, 

1453. 
Copenhagen destroyed by the Lubeckers,, 1319;.. again by tlus 

H;inseatic fleet, U61 and 13S9; bombarded bv the English, 

under Lord. Nelson, April 1801 ; the city and the Danish fleet 

aurrendered to Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart, Sept. 7^ 

W07. 
Corfu was seized by the French, in 1797, but was taken by the ' 

Russians, March 3, 1799. ** 

Corsica sei^eed by the Gtinoese from the Moors, 1115 ;.^ was of-. 

leced the English, It 39; surrenderedi^to th^ French in 1766|, 

put undbrthe patronage of the £oglish,.June 1794; quitted 

Cracow, in Pohind, surrendered t» the Prussians, June. 1$, 1794. 
Croisade,' or the holy War, began 1063; again 1101. * 

Cvoix, a Swedish island in the West Indies, takctu by th^ £ng-. 

lish, March 31, 18(^1. 
Crownpoiiu Uk^ by the English, J759 J hy th^ PfovJBcials^ 

May 14, 1775. * ^ ^ 

Crowland burnt hy the Danes, 863. , 
Cuba, Isle of, taken by the Spaniards in 1^11 ; by^the Eag^ishf 

in 1763. 
Cwipberland, Earl oi, expedition itgains^ Sjtain, ,1$89. . 
Cumoona, in the East Indies, surrendered tv tb^ Acitis^ fkre^, 

l^ftt'.ai, 18.a7. 
Curacoa sei2ed by H6lland, 1634; taken by the Englisl^Sepk 

14, 1 800 i and dan. 1, 18017, , 
Cyprus taken from the Vejietian^. by the Turks, ,157.0. 
Cyrus took. Babylon after a loiig.siege, 544 befere Cbost. . 
JQaneS| th.«ir--fii;st descent upoaKi) inland,, at Portlaild,,787;* 

th.eir' second, in Northumberland, 794," When Ihey w'ere re» 

felled, 9iii<^ ^fiaht^ by shipwreck ^ilaaded on Shepey Islaiiik 



»e* B ATtI t: 6, Ac. 

839; t^aln in Cornwall, and defeitec! by Egbert, 9:t6; ajain 
at Chirmoutfa, and d«;tc.ite<i fitU^ilw >IF, 840; landed at the 
motitb of the Tha ues, from 350 shijjs, and took Canterbury 
and London, 851 i saidued by Ethelwolf, at Okely, in Surry, 
853; invaded Nojtbun'ieiiand and seized York, 867,5 ^*^' 
fe.tced Kiii^ Ectieldred and his brother Alfred at Basing and 
Merton, 871; SMrprised vV.irha:n Castle, and took Exeter, 
87d ; took Cbippenhim, 877 ; l^iOS of them killed by Odun, 
£ari of Devonshire, 87d; Alfred entered into treaty with 
them, 88i; their flet-t totally desfroyed at Appledore by 
Kin; Alfred, 8^4; invaded An;lesea, 900; submitted to Ed- 
ward the Eider, 931 ; invaded Dorsetshire, 9^3; lauded a^ain 
in E^se^, 991 ; and were bribed to depart the kiii^clom; their 
fleet dlofeated, 993 ; number of them massacred by order of 
Etlieldrel II. Nov. I», 1003; made En^hmd tributary to-. 
them, 1097; under Canute conipiered Eiiglind, 1017; con- 
tinued their ravages, and defeated the English at Ipswich, 
lUlO; took Canterbury, and put nine out of ten of the inha- 
bitants to death, 101 1 ; settled in S^^otUnd, 1030; expelled 
England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried 
off much plunder to Flanders; joined the Northumhriant, 
burnt York, and slew 3000 Normans, 10G9; invaded Eng- 
land again, but were bribed by William to depart, 1074. 
mA> under Rollo, made their first descent OD France, 895; 
, and made a settlement in Neustra, now Normandy, 905- 
Danish Revolution, Jan. 17, 1772, and May, 1784. 
Dantzick taken by the Swedes, 1734; by the Prussians, J 7 73. 
Dartmouth burnt by the French, 1337. 
David, King of Scotland, taken prisoner by the £ngUsb> J346; 

ransomed for 100,000 marks, •1357. 
Deraerara, &c. was surrendered to th^ EagUsbf April S^s^nS^j 

again Sept. 23, 1803. 
Dieppe laid in ashes by the English, July 14,j.lfi94.^ 
Dominica taken by the English, 1761; by the Freucb, Sept. 7i . 

1778; restored to the English, 1Z83. ' 

Dort taken possession of by the French, Jan. 10,.179S^ 
Drake, Sir Francis, defeated the S}>anish Armada, 1588. 
Dresden taken by the Prussians, 1758; the. Imperi^ilists, 1759 1 

the Prussians again, 17G0. 
Dublin stormed by Dermood, 1171. 
Dunkirk taken by the English, June 84» 1658, from Spain, and 

delivered to France. 
Dupont, General, surrmdered with hU^army ^q tb« Spanish. 

Patriots, July 19, 1808.. 
Dusseldorp surrendered to the. French, 3ept. 6, J795., 
Edinburgh taken by the English^ )396. 

E^pt conquered by the Saracens, 640; usurped by Assareddetty . 
^1«0.; conqMered by the Turks, 1516; visited by the French^, 
1793. 
*<i;|irenbnitetdn surrendered to the Trtneh, ^an. !«,. T7a3ei. 



B A T T L £ S, &c. SSI 

Elb*, Isle of, near Leghorn, taken possession of by the Eng^Usb^ 

July 6, \J9$i relinquished, 1797. 
St. Elmo surrendered to the Royal troops of Naples, July 15?^ 

1799. 
Ely monastery burnt by the Danes, 870. 
Embden subdued by Hamburgh, 143d. 

England invaded by Julius Caesar, 54 before Christ. [He says 
that the inhabitants on the sea-coast, from their correspon- 
dence with Gaul, were clothed; those who lived in the inland 

'counties were entirely wild and naked. ITiou^h they had 
bones, and chariots armed with scyth<is, thf>ir towns were 
only a par(!el of huts on an eminence, fortified with trees 
Jaid crosswise, like the Indians in America, only that they 
had plenty of corn and cattle. Their money was iron and 
brass plates, and rings of determined weight.] Abandoned 
by the Romans, 430; ravaged by .the Ptcts and Scots, 44Q; 
invited over the Saxons to expel the Picts and Scots, 446, 
who soon began to establish themselves, by taking pdssession 
of different parts of the kingdom on the South side of the Se- 
vern ; invaded by the Scots, who were defeated by AtheLstan, 
931 ; invaded by the Welch, ^84; invaded by Sweyn, Kin^ 
of Denmark, 1003; invaded again by Sweyn, 1013, and al>- 
jQSOst totally subdued by him ; invaded by Canute, 1015 ; in- 
vaded by Godwin, Earl of Kent, 1053; invaded by the Nof- ' 
mans, under William, their D«ke, who subdued the kitof* 
dom, 1066; invaded by the Irish, who were defeated, I069| 
the iDish landed again, and were defied, 1070 ; invaded by 
Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt several churches, &c. 1071 1 
again in 1091 and 1093, when Malcolm and His son wem 
killed at Alnwick; invaded by Robert, duke ofNormandy^ 
1 101 ; invadfjd by David of Scotland, 1 136 ; by the Welcb» 
the same year, with success; invaded by the French, 1416 9 
invaded by Henry, Duke of Richmond, Aug. 7, 1485 ; by tha 
Spaniards, 1588. 

fisopus on North river, in N. America, totally destroyed, witli 
freat quantities of stores, Oct. 15, 1777* 

Eustatia, Island of, taken by the French from Holland, 1689; 
by the English, I690 and 1781 ; retaken by the French thft 
*same year; restored to Holland, 1783. 

Exeter taken by Swein, King of Denmark, and destroyed, 1003; 
dty rebelled, 1067, and reduced by King WiUiam the Coii« 
querer; again by-Henry VIL 

Expedition, grand secret, Sept. 1757. 

Falkland Islands seized by the Spaniards, 1771. ^ 

Falmouth, in New England, destroyed by the Brictsh forctty 
Oct. 18, 1775. 

Ferrara was taken from the French, May 28, 1799* 

Flanders dismembered from France, 866 i overrun by the Fseacki^ 
1792 and 1794^ and dtchired part of tbat Repiftbiic. 



f M B A T T L K 8, . 4r;. 

Florenoe wm taken possettion of by tlie Freocfa, in July ITdSy 
and Mareh 30, 1799> and evacuated in July 18 foUowin?* 

Florida tak«n by tbe English, 1759 ; by the Spaniards 1781. 

Plushinfir surrendered to the English, *Au^. 1809. 

Formosa seized by the Dutch, 1635; tbcUutch inhabitants ex- 
pelled by the Chinese, 1663. 

Fart St. Georgtt, in the East Indies, seized by the French, 1746 ; 
restored 1748. ' 

Fort William taken by the English, 1757. 

France conquered by the English, 1 170"; agsiin 1358 ; recotFered 
by the French, 1447. 

Franckfort was seized by the French, July 1796. 

Frankendal was taken by the French, Oct. I7i 1704 ; retaken Not, 
la, 1795. 

Gavil§ar, in the East Indies* taken by the English, Dec. 15, 180S. 

Gacta surrendered to the French, July, 1806. 

Gaza, near Malta, surrendered to the French, June 11, 1 796 ; and 
was taken by the English Tor the Neapoiiuas in, November fol- 
lowing. 

Genoa taken by the Aastrians, Dec. 8, 1746 ; seized by the French 
in 1798, who were repulsed Aug. ]7» 1700; taken by the Eng- 
lish and Austrians in May 1800 j surrendered to the French the 
July following. 

Georgia, s^rrendeted to the British forces, and relinquished obe- 
dience to the Congress of America, Dec. to, 1778 ; abandoned 
)»y the English forces, 1783. 

Gibralcaar was taken from the Moors by the Castillians, in 1463 ; 
taken by Sir George Rooke, July 23, 1704; besieged by tlie 
Spaniards, Feb. I7a7» May 1731, 1780, to Sept. la, 178«, 
.when their floating batteries were burnt by red-hot balls from the 

' .garrison, commanded by GenerHl Elliot. 

Goree, Isle of, taken by the English, 1758; again 1770; restored 

I to the French, 1783 ; taken by the French, Jan.* 18, 1804-; re- 
taken by the English gth Mrch foUowine;. 

Goths slew 800,000 inhabitants of Mi an, big, 

Goxa, an island dependent on Malta, surrendered to the English, 
Oct. 1798. 

Granada recmrered from the Moors, 1491. 

Grind Cairo r-ikcn by the Turks from the Egyptian S^jltans, and 
their empire subdued, Mid ; sozed by the French in I7p0. 

Greek empire mastered by the Latins, iao4 , re <inquerc<<, 1961 } 
invaded by the Turks, 1330 -, its final overthrow, 1453. 

Greenland ^tiz-d by England from the Dutch, 16IO. 

Grenada Isle taken by the French, July 6, 1770 ; restored to the 
English, 17^3. 

CrisT^ns rrvol: fiom Germany to the Swiss. 1741. 

Guadaionpc tciken uy the English,' 1750 and 1779; VkI again 

.17.14 

G':!i.'.r>ati dostmyed before Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782. 
Hamburgh sacked by the Pagans, 1012, 1066; by the Danes, 



K A T T L E S, &c. 29S 

1216 fb^ lift ^drwegtftnsy 1344; ulcfn possession of hj the 
Danes, Marches, 1601. 

Hanover desolaeed by the French, 1758; taken by tht French, 
June 14, 1803. 

— — the celebrated boring machhte in the iron foandery at, va- 
lued at -2,000,000 crowns, carried away by the French^ Jan* 

1804. 

Harfleur talcen by the English, Sept. 19^ 141 S. 

i4avannah taken, Aug. IS, 1763. 

Ha^re de Grace successfally bombard^, 1750. 

Hawkins, Sir John's, expedition against Spnnish America, 1595« 

Helder Point in Holland surrendered to the British forces, Aug. 37^ 
1790 ; relinquished Oct. 19 fi&Uowing. 

Helena, the isle of, taken by the Dutch, 1672 ; by the English, 
l«7d. 

Hermoine, Spanish ship, taken March 2i, 17 62 ; which sold for 
544,6481. clear of expences. 

Howard, Sir Edward, attacked Prejeant,. a French Admiral, off 
Brest, and was defeated, April 15, 1519 

Holland taken by the French, Jan. 23, 1795 ; was invaded by the * 
English; Aug. 37, 1799> and abandoned- by a convention, Oct* 
19, 1799. 

Howe, Lord Viscount, slain in battle, 1758. 

Hudson Bay4brts (^istroyed by the French, 1686 and 1783. 

Hungary conquered by Charletisagne, 791. 

St. Jago, Sianish register ship, taken May 179s, valuedat l|500,ooof. 

Jamaica plundered, 1595; pillaged by the £ngti&h, 1635; taiccn 
by the English, May 7> 1655., 

Jerusalem takcn-by David from the Jebusitee, 1048; by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, after a siege of 18 months, June 9, 5^7 before 
Christ ; destroyed by Titus, Aug. 31, A. D. 70 ; taken by Ro» 
bert, Dukeof Nojnr.anciy, noo. 

Jersey attempted by the French, May 1, 1779 ; and their shipping 
destroyed in Concale Bay. 

Joppa was retaken from Buonaparte by the Allies under Sir Sidney 
"^Smith, June 23,, 1799. » - 

InvasipRs of Erigland and Great Britain.— ??y tTie Romans under 
Julius Caesar, 55 B. C— ^Again under IMamius, A. D. 43 — By • 
the Saxons, 447 — By the Danes, in 787) 832, 851, 866, 979, 
and 1012, 

From the death of Edward the ConfeSsor there* hate been the fol- 
lowing- invasions : ^ 1 

1066, Sc|t 29, successful, William of Normandy, 

1069 ■ ■ " unsuccessful, by the Irish. 

1071 ' ' unsuccessful", by the Scots. 

J 093 unsuccessful," by ditto, when iheJi King, MaW 

colm, was killed. • ' 

nioi ' rf " ' unsuccessful, Robert of Normandy^ 

1136 — unsuccessful by the Scots. • 

1L39 ■' unsuccessful, Maud. 



4«a BATTL£<5,lt^ 

193«, Sept. Id, tucceufnlf I«bcH, Queen «f Bdwtid 11% 

1399» July, successful, Duke of Lancaster. 

1416 ■ ■ " nuftttocessfal, by the Frencli. 

1462 unsucceuful, Henry VI. Qacea. 

1470 succestfol, Earl of Waorick. 

14;] ' successful, Edward IV. 

1471 unsuccessful, Henry VI. Queen. 

1#84 unsuccessful. Earl of RichaiDi9iL 

I48&, Aug. 6, successful, Carl of Richmond. 

1487 ■ unsttccuBfu4| L-ambert Simnell. 

' 14^5 . I. unsuccessful, P^tkio Warbeck.. 

1457 ■ unsuccessful, ditto. 

I5gg ■ unsuccessful, Philip of Spain. 

1650 unsuccessful, Charles II. . | 

1685, May S5, unsuccessful, Duke of Monmouth. | 

l^aS, Oct. \9f successful. Prince of Oranse. 

lf>88, March It, unsucrcssful, Janes li. I 

I708» March I7f unsuccessful, the Pretender. 

1715 ■ unsuccessful, ditto. ^ 

I J 745, July 14, unsuccessful, ditto. 

1797, Feb. 2S, unsucc^sful, by tins French in Vales. 

Italy was rava;^ by the French, 1796 and 179Y. 

Ireland subdued by Kin^ t:dg^, 96S ; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, 
near Wexford, May 1170, who settled there the first colony 
of British iHhahitantsj surrendered to Henry 11. 1179; to- 
tally subduedf 1210; invaded by the Spaniards, I60I; at- 
tt-mptcd to be invaded Ly tlie French, in 1760, by Thurot; 
and iu Jan. 1789» at fiantry Bay by ihe^rfuch, inhere their 
forces Mere dispersed by a stt>rDi ; put under martial lair, 

. May'19, 1797 ; the Fn-mh landed, at Killala Bay, 1500 men, 
on Aug. S2| 1798, and surrendered prisoners,. Sept. 7, follu«\- 

^ttjcuriha, war with, 111 before Christ. 

Julius Agiicula totally subdued the Britons, 78. 

Kt:hl suromdered'-to the Austrians, after 49 days siege, Jan. 

1797. . 
.Landrecy surrt^dered to the French, July \kg 1794. 
Lefevre, Gtneral, defeated by the A rragonese, Aug. 1808. 
Lcghoin was taken possrsf^ion of, July 29i 17^6, by the French 

under Buonaparte, April 15, 1799- 
.I.eipsic seized by the Prussians, Sept. 1, 1766* -^ 

LleMellin, the last piiitce of the Welch, defeated* and his head 

put on the Touci of Loudun» 1286. 
Liege, the city of, takeu by the English, IKMI; by the French, 

in 1793; by the Austii-iMt, in 1798; by thit Frauch, in 1790. 
X.oinb4rdy cpnquered- by Charlemagne» 7J0. 
Londu'nderi y Lesie«ed, April 20, 1689. 
Loretta pllia|(«id Lv the Fi4ucb armiy, and the Madcna sent U 

Paris, Feb. 6, 1797. 



B A r T L K S, *«• 3(ft 

i (ntlsboar^ tak«n by the English, jQtic 17) 1745; gtren tip u 

<be French, 1749 j retaken July 33, 1758. 

lUbec entered' by the Prussians, March 1801? taken by the 

French, June 1803 ; taken by storm by the French, Nov. $, 

180$. 

ittcifty St. taken by the fingUsh, Jan. 17, 1779, and 17^4 j ajai* 

May 31, 1796 ; again June 33, 180.X 
ijuxembourg was taken and pillaged by the French in 154.1'; 
was retaken by the Spaniards, 154 1; was taken by the French, 
, -June 4, 1684, but was restored to Spainy 1697 ; again take* 
by tbe French, 170 !«; belonged to the Emperor, 1715 ; an A ' 
was surrendered to the French, after a severe siege, June 7, 
4795. 
If acedoniaa war commenced, 300 before Christ. 
Marleira, Island of, take^i by the English, July 35, 180! ; agaift 

Heo. S4, 1807. ' 

Madrid evacuated by the French, July 27, 1808; retaken ^ 

them, Dec. 3. 
ilaeitriebt was taken from the Spaniards by the Dwtch, 1632; 
from the Dutch by France, 1673 ; restored to them in 1679; 
was taken again by the French, Nov. 4, 1794. 
Malacca seized by the Dutch, 1640; surrendered to the English* 
tf^ Aug. 17, 1795. 

coi».Maloe*R, St. reduced to ashes by the English, 1695. 
2, t^ Malta was taken by the French, June M, 1798 1 by tbt EfigiiA 
1; ( in 1800. 

luM Manilla taken, July ?7, 1765. 

il0 M<^"l)cim was taken by the French in 1791, and retaken by th» 
Jji Austrians, Nov. 32, 179'5, with 10,338 prisoners, 4 genera)*^ 
and 400 guns, besides stores, 

j}^i .. H^ was taken by the French, 1796, but ret^en by tlril 

Austrians, Sept. 18, 1799. 
Mantua sunotidered to the French, Feb. 1, 1797» and was re- 
taken July 3^8, 1799) by the Russians and Austrians, after a 
in long siege. 

St. Marcau Isles, on the coast of France, takefi by Sir Sidney 

Smith, in July 1795, and ably defended by Lieutenant Prict 

againjBt the Fret»cb troops, May 7, 179^. 

^ Margaret, Queen to Henry Vf. with her son, taken prisoners at 

the battle of Tewkt?sbury, May 4, 1471. ♦ 

Marc (St.) West Indies, taken by the English, Oct. 31, 1803. 

ar Martinico taken fr«m the French, Feb. 1763 ; again March 33, 

1794; and Feb. 24, 1809. 
i Klartin<>j (St.) a Danish island in the West Indies taken, by 
i the English, March 34, 1801, 

Matthews and Lestock, Admirals, suffered the French and Spft« 

nish squadron to escape, Feb. 1746. 
Massenian war, first 743; second 685 before Christ, 
Mexico ssized by the Spaniards, 1531. 



:^ . 3 A T T L « ». 4<s.- 

>llUaa WM seiMcb by tbe frensh, May «, 1796 ; the Cactle, mi 
June 39; mud wai taken from them by the Russians and 
AuUriaiu, April 38, 1799. ^ 

Minorca conquered by General Stanho|)e, Aug. 1708; turrert' 
derad to tbe' French, June 1756; restored to the-Englltsh 
il76'i} was besiefced by the Spaiiianli» and tftken« Feb. 5, 
1792; snFrend<>rel to tbe Kn<(}tsh, Nar. 14, 1796: 

'Modena surrendered to the Austritns, 'May I799t 'and waa retaken 

• by tbe French, July 3 fallowing. 

Moldavia and Wallaehia invaded by the Russians, Nov. 23, 1B06. 

Moncey,. General, dafisaied by the Patriou of Valencia, Juiy I, 

1808. 
' Monmouth, Duke of, invaded Bngland, June X^/>1885 ; proclaimed 

King at Taunton, 'June ?0 following ; defeated near Btidgcwater, 

July 5 ; beheadad>on Tower-hi!l, July i b , aged 5. 
Mont5errat« Isle of,, taken by the French, Feb. 18, 178a ; restored 

to England, If 8i). 
Monte Video taken by theBnglish, Feb. 3, I607. 
Montreal taken by the English,- 1 780 ; by the Provincials, Ngt. n, 

1775; and retaken by the English, June l», 1773. 
Moro cattle, at the Havannabi taken by the English, 170S* 
Morocco conquered by the King of Fez, 1 8n . 
•Munich was taken by the Fieneh, Aug. as, I700f again June 2i^ 

1600. 

X^ur was taken by the Ficncb, July >8, J7W. 
Naples was taken possession of by the French, June 91, ]790> and 
retaken by Cardinal RuflTo, July .10 following ; again possessed 

by the French, Aj ril 8, 1 801. 
Nevis Isle taken by tbe Frciich, Feb. 14, 1782 ; restored to ^« 

Eni^Iish, 1783. 
l|ew York surrendered to the Brirtsh troops, Sept. lb, 1778. 
Niagara taken by the English, 1759. 
Nineveh destroyed by the Medes, 61 a before Christ, 
Norfolk, in Virginia destroyed by the British foices, Jan. i^lTTTfS. 
• Normandy conquered from the crown of .France, 876; invaded oa 

.all hands, 1117. 
Normans, their invasions crmmerced in 800 ; settled in Fra&cein 

lOOi ; in Fiiesland 101 1 ; reduced England, 1066 ; diivtnout of 

Naples in llfi4. 
Norwich destroyed by Swcyn of Denmark, 1004. 
Nova Scotia taken by ibe English from the FreiKh, 1081; restored 

I7di ; taken again, 1745 and 1738, and confinned tu England, 

1 76a ; divided into two province*, 1784 ; had a bishop appointed 

by the King of England, Aug. 11 > 1787. 
Kumantine war commenced, 141 before Christ. 
Nuremberg was seized by tbe French, July 0, 1790 ; and by the 

Austnans in August following. 
-Omoa, in the Bay of Hondura*, take* by the &itish forces, Ocfc 

90, 1770 ; but soon after retake^ by the Spaniaids; 
©raw. In Barbary, taken by the Si>i.niards from the Moors, 1307, 

aeaed to the Aljrrine^ m 1791 • 



QrldftMi 4be li^of. May 4« lias ; agaia idOt. 

Ormus Ukea from Portugal by the assisuoce of the £ast ladia 
Company, 1<)S9. 

Osnaburg taken and pillaged by the French,- i;ci.: 

Oitend had its worits and floodgates of itseai^dil destroyed by th«- 
English, May iv, 1798.> 

OiWego taken by the English,. 1759. 

PaUmas, in Spain, taken by the French, 1691. ■ 

Parma and PlaccAza seized by the French, July s, 1790. 

Pc^loponnesian war, which continued. 27 .yeoxs, began «3i befoi*^ 
Christ. 

Persian empire conquered by Alexander, 331 befort Christ. 

Pe»chiera in Italy takon- from the Ffencb,.wiih 90 pieces of cannon,. ■ 
&c. May 0, J 799« - 

Peter boroug^h city nearly destroyed by the Danes, 687. 

Petibn defeated with great lUughier, and his flotilla destroyed hf ' 
Christophe, Chief of Hay ti, Feb. 1808. 

Pbillipsburgh taken by the French, ] 784. 

I^bcaan, or sacred ^nrar, a*7 before Christ... 

Piedmont, surrendered to the French, Dec. 0, 1798; recovered m- 
1799. 

Plantigenet, Geofiery, EarlofAnjou, invaded Normandy, 1137. 
. Plymouth burnt by the French, 1977*« 

P^ndicherry taken by the.i>utchiiom.Fcance,.4694$ by the Eng- • 
iish; i7(>i,iOct. 177:8, and Aug. d,' i7Q3k . 

Polerooa Isle, 4n the East Indies, seized by the^Dutcb, l§64. 

Portobello taken by Admiral Vernon, Nov. 22, 1739. 

Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, Jan. 1, < 
177Q^ 

Punic war, the first cammenced^ 263 ; tlie second, uiS ; the thirds 
149 before Chriit, 

Pyrrhus wounded in a battle with (he RotoanS; in which he lost 
20,000 men, they. 6,000. 

Quebec besieged in vain by the English, 1711. 
■ ■ taken from the Frenfch, Sept. 13, 1759- 
■ ' besieged in vain by the Provincials. Deo. C, 177*. ■ 

lUgusa, beseigedby the Russians and Montenegrins, July 18OO. 

RcbeliioRS remaikable in British history—Againit William 1 in fii- 
vour ot Edgar-Athcling, by ihd Scots and Danes A. D. 1069 — 
Against William H. in fav.Hir ot his brother Robert, lo«8; ex- 
tinguished, 1090— Of the Welsh; who defeated the Normans and 
Kogltsh, 1095 — In Kr.gland, in favour of the Empress Maude, 
1139; ended 1153— Wince Richard against his father Hen. 11. 
IISQ-Loi the Barons, April l'il5 ; compromised by tbe grant of 
Magna Cbaita, June 15 following— Of ditto, I26i; ended 1-267— 
Of thclords spiritual and temporal against Edward Jl. on account 
of his favourites the Gave.^tons, 1312; and again (i>n account of 
tbe SpenserSy I32i — Of Walter, the tiler, ofDeptfoid, vulgarly 
•ailed Wat Ti'er, occasioned by the brutal rudeness ofatax- 
- ^herer to his daughter ', having killed the collector in his rage^ . « 
D o 3 . 



S$4 ^ A T T L S S, ace. 

be Raised « party to oppose the tax itself, which was a grUhrens 
. pclUtax, 1381— Of the Duke of Gloucester and other lords, 
1 388— Of Henry Duke of Lane^aster, who caused Richard II. to 
be deposed, 1890— In Ireland, when Roger Earl of March, the 
viceroy and prefumptiveheir to the crown, was slain, 19(19. Set 
Kichard II.— Of the English and Welsh, l400~Against Henijr 
IV. by confederated lords, 1403 — Uader the Earl of Northumber- 
land, who was defeated at Bramham Moor, and slain, 1469— Of 
Jack Cade, in favour of the duke of York, 1450— In favour of 
the house of York, i43-i, which ended in the imprisonment of 
Henry IV. and seating Edward IV. of York on the throne, 
^646.^0f the English in Yorkshire, owing to some encroach mei:t, 
' respecting St. Leonard's hospital in York, 14O9 — Under V^ar- 
vviok and Clarence, 1470, which ended with the expulsion of 
Edward IV. and the restoration of Henry VI. the same year— 
Under Edward IV. 1741, which ended with the death of Henry 
Vf .— Of the Earl of Richmond, against Richxrd Hi. 1485, which 
ended with the dcih of Richard — Under Lambeit Simncl, who 
jrctended to be Richard Illd.'« nephew, 1480, which ended 
ihe same year, in discovering that Simnel was a baker's son : he 
Was pardoned— Under Perkin Warbcck, 1492, which end^d in 
the execution of Warbcck, 1499 — Under Flam rooc, 149>, owing 
to taxes, which ended with the battle of Blackheath— Of the Eng- 
lish, on account of destroying the monasteries, ihZ6 ; ended the 
same year— Of ditto, in the West, owing to inclosures and oppres- 
sions of the gentry, June 1349; suppressed the same year — Of 
ditto in Norfolk, headed by Ket the tanner, but soon suppressed 
Aug. 1349 — In favour of Lady Jane Grey, against Queen Mary, 
3 553, which ended in the death of lady Jane— Of Sir Thomas 
AVyat, against the Queen's marriage with Ihilip of Spain, &e. 
3 554- Of the Homan Catholics against queen Elizabeth, 1339; 
suppressed the same year— In the North of England, 1569- Of 
the Irish, under the earl of Tyrone, 1599 ; suppressed, I601 — 
Under the earl of Es«ex, against Elizabeth icoo, which ended 
in h's dc'ith, 1601— Against Chailes I. 1C39 which endtd with 
h'S fife lb, 164 9 — Of the Iriih, under Roger Mofc, .Sii Phetim 
O'Nei!, JiC. t.gainsi the Fnglish in leland, lC.4 i ; ended i631-«^ 
Ct the hcfuch IC66— Under the duke rl Mt.iurouth, 1685, 
Vhlch tnded in his dtaih - O' the ""C >tth^under» thn oc! ' icex.uier, 
J715; fcjuelled, l7ie~Ottl.e r.cach, uif'.cr ihc \\l.iis Hticn- 
cler, 1745; quelltd i74(5-Ot the An,r»^ • -, i u jccount of 
taxes. 17/4 — In Ireland, whtn they l .■'. up i'n.i, May Q4, 

1718. 
Rhi'Us talscn by the Sarann-, ai.d ihe col >sus, whicl^ had Uen 

till "An dtmu b} an earthquake, wb ch we,»h d 7v0.000lb. ^oid 

to a Jew in 63-2 ; taken by the Tmks, 1521 wheii ihc .N-iiights 

t^uiticd it. andsctiltia* .Malta. 
Kh(>(:e^ is'.and wao taken fiom the Americans by the I'ritis^ foices, 

Dec. 6 177^. 
Richard • . King of I ngland, taTeu prisoner in Germany^ tad m^^ 

somcd for 100,000 marks, 1193. 



B A T T L 'E S, Atfi sOi 

Kome sacked by Brennus, 990 before Christ ; seized by the French, 
Feb. 2, 1709. and surrendered to the Neapolitans, July 18, 
1799 ; and the Austrians and Russians entered and repulsed the 
French from the castle uf St. Angelo, on Sept. 30, 17 9O. 

Rora«y fortress of, taken by the Knglish, Dec. 3, I808. 

Rye burnt by the French, 1377. 

Sabine Virgins, rape of, by the Romans, 750 bef.>re Christ.- 

Saint Domingo, French part, put itself under the Knglish protection, . 
Aug. 18, 1703 ; declai ed itseU independent, Jan. 1707. 

Samnite war ended 272 before Christ, havitig- continued 71 years. 

Sandwich burnt by the Danes, u37* 

— i-r- — , the Karl of. Admiral, blown up in an engagement with i 
the French. May 31, 167*2/ 

Santa Cruz surrendered to the English^ Dec. 23, 1807* 

Saragos>a taken by the French,' Feb. 21, I809. 

Sardinia, isle of, taken by the. English, 1708. 

> taken by the Genuese from the Moors, 1111.. 

Sardis taken by the Athenians 5U4 before Christ. . * 

Saxony conquered by Charlemagne, 774. 

SchweidnKz taken by the Austrians, 17^8, and retaken by 'the . 
Prussians. 'J aken again, 17^1, and again.. retaken, 1762. 

Schomberg, duke.of» landed m Ireland, near Carrickfergus, with .. 
an army^ Aug. id, 1089; killed at ihe battle uf the Boyne, . 

Sc^pio, Qn. tuck the two. cam;)9 of 'Asdrubal and .Syphax, killed 

40,000 of their men, and t9ok 6000 prisoners, 2 14 before Christ. 

Scotch regalia and crown jewels taken and brought to England, with 

their coronation chair, now in westniiruter Abbey, 1-296. 
Sea-figbt.with the Danes, when Alfred defeated. 120 shij>s off Dor- 
setshire in .898. 

.— between the French and English, 1'<217. 

■■ >. between the English and Flemings, 1371. 

■■ w;th the French, near SluySi, and. 400 saiLiaken, witb -. 
30,000 men, 1340. 

—- . 80 French, ships taken by t^e English, 1389. 

.— off Barfleur, ^here the.duke of Bi^dtord took 300 French ; 

and 3 Genoese vessels, I4ia. 
.■ „-.■■. — near Miltord Haven, when 31 French ships were taken 
<»r destroyed,. 1.405. 

— — off bandviich, when the French fleet was taken by the - 

EaiJ of Warwick, Nov. 14 4&. 
■i.— ,. — between the English and French, when. the latter were 

defeated, 1346. . 
- . -^ — again 15491 when lOOO i'rcrxh were killed, 
.. ,^ .,^.— near the , Gulph of Lepanto between tne Protestant 
powers and the Turks which, last lost 23,003 men . 
killed, and 4000 taken prisoners -, and out of :20o ves- - 
sels, saved onlv 2^ Oct. 7, 1571. 

■ . u , between the i^ngViKh fleet and the Spanish Armadai l^8f»>«. 

■ ■ „ ., bcnveenihe Spaniards and Dutch; I0d9» 

9 D 9 



806 BAT T'L E S, , &e. 

£ca-fi:;ht, in the Downs with tht Dutch, Jvne lo, 16»9. 

— -^ — again, Sept. 28, Oct. 2S, Nov. fg, 105-2. 

< near PtirtUiul, with the Dutdi, who were beaten, 

I'fcb. 18, l6ji>-3. 
• *>ff Portsmouth, when Adm. Blake took U Dutchmen 

of WAV aivi 30 nuTchant ships, Feb. 10, 16'5'2. 
— — - off the North Foreland, when the Dutch lost 20 men 

of war, June 8, 1653. 

■ on the coast of Holland, when t\iey lo»t 30 men of 

war, and Admiral Tromp was killed, July 29, l6o3. 

— — at C:uUz, when the galleons were destroyed by tht 

English, Sept. 16o6'. 

■ at the Canaries, when Blake destroyed the galleons, 

April 1657. 

■ 130 oi the Bourdeaux fleet destroyed by the Duke of 

York, Dec. 4, 1664. 

■ off Harwich, when 18 capital Dutch ships were taken, 

and 14 destroyed, June 3, 1665. 

■ the Earl of Sandwich took 12 men of war and two 
. East India ships, Sept. 4, 1665. 

' a;j:Hisi, wlicn the Knp:lish lost nine and the Dutch 15 

ships, June 4, 1666. 
«- the Dutch totally dtfeatrd, with the loss of 24 men of 

war, fou!' admiral-, and 4000 ofKcers and svauicn, 

July 25, ^6, 166U 
' five of the Dutch Smyrna fleet and four East India 

ships taken by the English, March 14, 1671-2. 
. at Suulhwold-bav, when the Earl of Sandwich was 

blown up, and the Dutch defeated by the Duke of 

YtnU, May 2«, 1672. 
__, ng:alrt, by prince Rupert, May 28, June 4, and August 

12, when the Dnteh were defeated,. 1673. 

■ ■ in the li.iy of Tripoli, when the English burnt four 

•men of wnr of thai state, March 4, 1674 h. 

— — olf Bc.tclw-he.idj. when the EtigUhh and Dutch wen 
deflated by tlie French, June 30, I69O.. 

— otf ha llo{jue, when the French fleet was entirely de- 
feat e<l, and 21 large luen of war destroyed. May 19, 
16.02. 

.._^ ofl" St. Vincent, when the Engli-h ami Dutch were 

defeated by the luench, June 16, 1^93. • 

■ ' ■ •• * tJje Vi«'o fleet taken by the English and Dutch,. Oct 

12, 1702. 
— bet^veen the French and English, when the former 

'ntireiy relinquished the donunion of the aca to the 
. ]j»ttcr,*Aug. 24, 1704. 
— — — at Gibraltar, when the French lost five men of war, 

Nov. 5, ^l;04. 
" " ' off the L Kard, when the English were defeated, Ott. 

9, 1707. 



B A T T L B »» &c. SdT 

S«a*ilght, Admiral Leake t9ok sixty French vessels ladea mtk 
provisions, May 2^2, 1708^ 

■ — near CArthag;ena,, w4aeu Admiral Wa^er destroyed, a 

rteet, May 28, i7»B. 
— — — French fleet destroyed by Sir G-H)r^e Byng, July 31, 

1713. 

offTouljn, Feb. 9, 1744. 

.^-.^ ill the £aH Indies,, whon the Fj;:encb retired to Paa* 

dicherry, 1747. 
— — — off Cape Fiuisterre, when the French fleet was taken 

by Admiral. Anson,. May 3, 1747* 
m< I ^. off Newfoundland, when Boscawen took two men of 

war, June 10, 1755. 
« — r-— off Uslwnt^. when Admiral Hawke took seven.meaof 

\v.»rofthe French, Oct. 14, 1747. 
. — off Belieisle, when he took I4.saii of victuallers, Julj 

J4, 1756. 
— ^— Qpf Cape Fi-ancois, when seven ships were defeated by 

Three English, Oct. 21, 1757. 
— — French beat off Cape Lagos^ by Admiral Boscaweu^ 

Aii^..l8, 1759. 

■ off Q'uberon Bay, when Hawke defeated the French, 

Nov. 20, 175^. 
■I I. Keppel took three French frigates, anJ a fleet of 

merchant ships, Oct. 9, 176-2. 
■ ■* -- on Lake Champlain, where the Provincials were to* 
tally destroyed by the British forces, Oct. II, 177C, 

^ -.— off U-haat, a drawn battle, between Keppel and Dorr 

viUicirs, July 17, 17.78. 
— .. ■■ off Penabscot, in Nifw England, when the Americao 

fleet was totally distroycil, July 30, 1779. 
. ■ . near Cape St. V'mconi, between Admiral Rodney and 

Admiral DL>n LunL:.;ra, when the latter was defeated 
and taken prisoner, Jim. 8, 1780. 
^ near Cad'u, wheir Aflnuial Rotintjy defe,ated tlie Spa- 
nianh, Jan. IC, 1780. 
■ Dogger- bank, between Adm. Parker and the Dutch» 

Aiig..5, []4\, 
■ ij(l lUe Cape of Virginia, between Admiral Arbuthnot 

ajid tlie French,. 1781.. 
—— — between Martinique and GuatUloupe, when Admiral 
Kodn<'y d-.R-aled. the French tcoing to attack Ja* 
roai'.'.'i, and took five ships of the line and Adoi^ 
Count ill Gra.sse, April 12, 17^^2. . 
. I .. the same day Arimiral H«i^bes destroyed the fleet of 

Fiance i\iu\cr Admiral SulTtvin in the East-lnJies. 

^^ Lonl Uowe totally defeated the French fleet, teok 6' 

ships of war, an«i b '.ink several, June 1,, l:i>4. 
m I I ■ Sii Edward Pellew took 15 sail, and burnt 7, out tf 
a fleet U' 35 Gail of tr.ia ports, March 8, 1795. 



3or B A T T L£ S, &(h 

8e«-6gfct, The Prencli fleet defeated, ^ndtwo ships df War 
taken^ by Admiral Hofhaiii, March 14, 1793. 

«■ * i Admiral CornMrallis to.jk i transports, under conToy 
of 3 Frrnch men of wai, June 7, 1795. 

* ■ ■ 11 Eleven Dutch East Inuiamcii. were taken by the 

Sceptre man of war ami some armed Indiameni 
Juntt 19, 1795. 

• ■ ■ The Fr«nch flept defeated by Lord Bridpopt, June 25, . 

1795, and three ghij^s of war taken near L*Orient, 

■ ■ ■ The Dutch fleet under Adin. Lucas, in Saldanna Bay, 

Africa, consi&ting^ of fire men of war and several fri- 
gates, surrenjied to 5ir George Ktith Eipbinstone, 
ouAug. 19, 4793. 

■ I. ■ The Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. Javvis, and four 

line ot battle ships taken, Feb. 14, 1797 

■ I ■ The Dutch fleet was defeateil by Admirai Duncan on 

the coast of Holland, where their two Admirals and 
15 ships of war wejre taken or destroy^fd, Oct. II,, 

1797. 
' -■» > ! ■ The French flec^t, of 17 ships of war, totally defeated, 

and 9 of them taken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, Au-j. 

li 1798, near I he Nile, in Egypt. 
»' tn"- The French off the co;is; ol IreUnd, consisting of nine 

ships, by Sir J, B. Warren, Oct. 12, 1798, when he 

took five of tbein. 
'■■■ ' ^ . .- — The Dutch fleet in the Texel surrendered to Admiral . 

Mijchell, on his taking the ^eldcr, Aug. 29, 1799. 
' ^ - The Danish fleei, of 28 '^ail, taken or destroyed by 

Lord Nelson off O^penhagen, April 2, 1801. 
■' Bet^veep the French and English in the Bay of Gihral* 

tar; Hannihal of 74 gunslost, July 5, 1801. 

■ French fleet defeated near Cadiz, >Iuly 16, liJOl; tw»^ 

French 74 burnt, one taken. 

■ . , ■ . ■ Sound, between Denmark and Sweden^ passed by the, 

English fleet, when Copenhagen was bombarded^ 

April 2^ 180 U 
> m French and Spanish fleets totally defeated off Cape 

'i lalVilgary Lord Nelson killed in the action. Oct. 2], 

1805. 

— T^ French'flcet takeil by SirR. Stracban, Nov. 4, 1805. 

--'T French JBeet defeated in the West Indies by Sir T. 

Duckworth, Feb. 6, 1806. 
« . I French s(|uadr©n taken by Sir J. B. Warren, March 

l;^,. 1806* . 
p. French squadron, in the hasbour, of Cadiz, snrren- 

dered tothe Spanish Patriots, ^une 14, 180«U 
— — ir— Russian fleet in the Tagus surrendered to tlie £ng]i$b, . 

Sept. 3> 1808. . 
*' ■ .. French shipping and batteries destroyed in.9a8%0jr • 

Roadis by Lord Gamhieo April }809.' 



BATT L E S, &e. SOf 

SeQeSal taken by the Englisb,'May 1, I7&9; again 1779. 
Sennacherib's army destroyed, 7 10 before Christ. 
Serinsapataaij capital of the Mysore, taken by the English ua* 

der General Harris, May 6, 1799*- 
Sheerness blown up by the Dutch fleet, 1667. 
Sierra Leone nearly destroyed by a PreRch frigate in 1795. ' 
Silesia taken by the Kitig^ of Prussia, 1740. 
Sluys was taken by the Spaniards in 1597, and in' 1604 the Dutch 

retook it. The French took it in 1747, but it was restored at 

the p«ace. 
Spain became subject to the Saracens in 713, and was recovercdT 

from them, 1493, invaded by the French, 1808. 
Smetonii^s Paulinas, in the rei^ of Nero, invaded the island of 

Angjesea, and burnt the Druids, 59 ; defeated Boadicea at 

London, and slew 80^000 of jthe lii'itons the same year. 
Surat taken by the English, 1759. 
Surinam surrendered by the £nu;li8h>to Holland, 1667; taken 

by the English, Aug- 30, 1799; a^ain May 5, 1804. 
Susa, in Africa, bombarded and nearly destroyed by the Vene- 
tians, Nov. 1784. 
Syria was subdued by the Turks, 1515. 
Tangiers taken by the Spaniards from the Moors, 1470 ^ de^ 

stroyed by the EivgUsh, 1684. 
Temeswoer taken by the Imperialists, 1716; 
Ternate, in the East Indies, captured, by the Enj^lish, June SI> 

1891. 
Theban waf, 1225 before Christ. 
Thebes destroyed by Alexander, when he left only Pindar the 

Poet's house standing, 335 B. C 
Thetford burnt by the Danes, lOlO. 
Thomas, St. a Daiiish Inland taken by the English, March 29* 

1801; a-^ain Dec. 21, 1807. 
Thdi'ot, Miixshal, made a descent on the coast of Ireland, Feb. 

SO, 1760. 
Ti'»Jiulen)j;a taken by the English, 1759; by the Provincials, 

May 13, 1775. 
Tobago take IV by the Elnglish from the Dutch, 1 1672; retaken 

by them, 1664. 
taken by the French, June 2, 1781 ; and retaken by the 

Engiisli, 1793 i again June 30, IdOS. 
-^Tortt)na was taken by the French, July 5, 1799; abandoned the 

20th of the same month, and surrendered to the Imperialists, 

Aug. 11, 1799. 
Toulon taken Irom the French Revolutionists by Adm. Hood,^ 

1793 ; surrendered to their forces, Deeember the same year. 
Trent was taken by the French in 1796, who were repulsed by 

the Austrian? the same year, 
Treves taken by th^ lFrenc?h in 1794. 
Triest was seized by the French^ but retaken by the Austrian^, 

ApriU4, 1797. 



8f» BATTLES, ft*. 

Trincomalt, in Ceylon, taken by tbe EajUsh, Jan. 11,. IfffT^^ 

and 1795. 
Trinidad taken by tbe £nglisb witb four sbips of tbe line, 1797* 

Tripoli reduced b> Admiral Blake, 165.5. 

Troy, the siege o^ began 1 184 before Christ. 

Tunis reduced by Admiral Blake, T665 ; taken by tbe Emperor 
Charles V. and restored to iu king that had been banished, . 
1535. 

Tuscan war commenced 312 belore Christ: 

Tuscany was seized by the French in April, and abandoned in^ 
Aug. 1799* again seized, 1800; ceded to Buonaparte, 1807' 

Turin was taken possession of by the French, Dec. 6, 1798, and 
surrendered to the Austrians and Russians in June following, 
and the citadel, May 5i7, 1799- 

TyroTwas seized by the French, 1797. 

Valenciennes was besieged from May 2l to July 14, 1793, when 
the French garrison surrendered it to the combined army 
under the command of the Duke of York j , retaken by the 
French in 1794. 

Venice was seized, and their republic abolished by the French, 
in 1797, and soon after part of their territories were seized 
by the Austrians, and surrendered to them by the French. 

Venlo surrendered to the Frenchi Oct. 34, 1794. 

Verona was taken by the French, when. a great part of it wMi- 
cKjfiMvyedby a fire, April 2t, 1797,.: . ^ ' 

Vespa«.ian conquered the Isle of Wight, 43^,' 

Vicenza was taken by the French, 1797. 

Vienna was besieged by the! urks, 1629i 1533, 1543, and 1683,- 
taken by the French, Nov. 14, 1805; and April 13, 1809. 

Vigo ffalleon«5 taken by the English fleet, Oct. 13, 1703. 

Vineent's, Si- Isle cf, taken by the French, June 17, 1779; re- 
taken 1793; iusurrec;^on there, March 1795; suppressed 
1796. 

Urbiup, in Italy, surrendered to tbe Austrians, July 10,- 1799. 

Utrecht surrendered to the French, Jan. 18, 1795. . 

Walehercn, the island of, taken by the^.Euglii^h, Aug. I8O9. 

Wales had its prince defeated and murdered, and the principa- 
lity annexed to England, 1286 j invaded by the Fr.euch, Feb.- 
S3, 1797. 

War, among many others, with Scotland, IO68, 

Peace with ditto, 1091. 

Ditto with Fran G,?^ 11.13. 

War with ff ance, 11 16. 

Peace with ditto, 1118. 

Peace with Scotland, 1139. 

War with France, 1161. 

Peace with Fmnce, 1186. 

War again with France with succea», 1194. 

Peace with ditto, 1195. 

War with France, 1201. 



BATTLE S, ftc. tQl 

"W^r, Civil, renewed, 121Sw 

War ended, 1216. 

War with France, 1224, 

War ended, 1243. 

War, Civil, U62. 

War, Civil, ended, 1267. 

War with France, 1294. 

War with Scotland, i^96. 

Peace with Francr, 12^9. 

Peace with Scotland, March 10, ItH 

War again with Scotland, 1337. 

Waremlcd, .13'^8. 

War again with Scotland, IJ33, 

War with France, 1339. 

Peace with France, May 8, 136a 

War with Framie, 136tf. 

War, Civil, 1400. 

War with Scotland, 1400. 

Peace with France, May 31, 1420. • 

War with France, 142^2. 

War, Civil, between York and Lancaster^ 145fi 

S^ace with France, Oct. 1471. 

War, Civil, 1486. 

War withPi-ance, Oct. 6, 1492. 

Peace with ditto, Nov, 3 following. 

Peace with Scotland, 1509. 

War with France, Feb 4, 1512. 

War with Siiotland, 1543. 

Peace with France, August 7, l-5i4. 

War with ditto, 1522. 

War \>iih Scotland, 1522. 

-Peace with France, 1527. 

X'eacti with Scotland, 1542. 

War with Scotland directly after. ; 

Peace with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546. 

War with Scotland, 1347. 

War with France, 1549. 

Peace with both, March 6, 1550. 

War, Civil, 1553. 

War with Scotland, June 7, 1557. 

War with France, 1557. 

Peace with FraHce, Apnl-2, 1555. 

Peace with Scotland, 1560. 

War with Prahce, 1 562. 

Peace with ditto, 1564. 

War with Scotland, 1 570. 

War with Spain, >! 568* 

Peace with Spain, August 18, 1604^ 

War with Spain, l6iJ4. 

War with Fraiioe, 1637. 



Peace witb Spain aad France, April 14^ l6Si. 

War, Ciril, 164«. 

War with the Dutch, 1651. 

Peace witb ditto, April 5, 1654. 

War with Snain, 16j5. 

Peace witb Spain, Sept. 10, 1660. 

War with France, Jan. 96, 1666. 

War with Denmark, Oct. 19 following. 

Peace with the French, Danes, and Dutcb, Aug;. 94 1647* 

Ditto with Spain, Feb. 13, ^668. 

War with the Algefines, Sept. 6» I669. 

Peace with ditto, Nor. 19, 1 671. 

War with the Dutch, March I67?. 

Peace with tlie Dutch, Feb. 38, 1674. 

War witb France, May 7, 1679. 

Pea<«y general, Sept. 30, 1689. 

War with France, May 4, 1703. 

Peace with Utrecht, July 13, 1713. 

War with Spain, Dec. I7I8. 

Peace with ditto, 1721. 

War with Spain, Oct. 19, 1739- 

War with Fiance, March 31, 1744. 

Peace with France, &c. Oct. 18, 1741. 

War with France, 1756. / 

War witb Spain, Jan. 4, 1763. 

Peace with Franc^ and Spain, Feb. 10, 1768* 

Peace between Russia and the Tnrkt^ 1773. 

War, Civil, in America, commenced June 14» 1774^ 

War with France, Feb. 6, Wig* 

War with Spain, April 17, 1780. 

War witb Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. 

Peace witb France, Spain, Holland, and America, 17^3* 

War with France, 1793, by the English, Prubrians, Anstrii^ 

Sardinianc; and Italian States. 
Peace bet\reen Prussia and France, 1795. 
Peace between France and Spain, 1795» , 
Peace between France and Naples, 1796. 
Peace between the French andSardtitiants I79€* 
War between England and Spain, Nov. 1 1, \7^6, 
War between Franee, Naples, and SaryiinSa, Nov. 179t. 
Peace between Austria and France,^eb.^, 1801. 
War between Spain and Portugal, Feb. 38, 1801. • 
Peace bctweetj Naples and France, March 1801. 
Peace between Portugal and Spain, June 10, tfOK 
Peace between France and Portugal, Sept. ^9$ 1801. 
Peace between Prance and the Porte, Oct. 17, 1801. 
Peace between England, France, Spain, and Holland, Mv^"^ 

37,' 1802. 
War between England and France, April 39, 1803. 
'Var between England and Spain, pee. l'^ 1804. 



K A T T L E3, &•. Sl$ 

Peace lictween England and Spain, June 6, 1808. 

War between France, Russia and Austria, Sept. 1 805. 

Peace between France and Austria, Dec. 27» 1805. 

Wars of Austria:— 1. The war with the Ottoman Porte from 
1592 to 1606, terminated by the peace at Sithvarock, in Hun- 
gary, on the 31st of October, 160$. 

^J. The war, commonly called the ttiirty years war, whicb«Iasted 

• fpom l6l8 until 1648, terminated by the peace at Westphalia 
• on the I4th of October, 1648, at Munster, in Westphalia. 

S. The wa^r respecting the Mautuan succession, which lasted 
firom 1€29 to 1631, terminated with France by a treaty of 
peace at Katisbon, on the 13th of October, 1630; and with 

" ipain by arrangements made on the 6th of April, 1631, at 
Cherasco, in Piedmont. 

4. The second war with the Ottoman Porte, which lasted fronl 
1661 until 1664, terminated for 20 'years by the peace of Vas- 
var, in Hungary, on the 10th of August, 1664. 

5. War with France from 1672 to 1678, terminated by the peacft 
at Nimegucn, in Holland, on the 5th of February, 1679. 

€. Third war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to l6i)8, ter*. 
jninated by the peace of'Carlowits, in Sclavonia, on the 26tli 
of January, 1699- 

7. Second war with France, from 168^ to 1697, terminated hy . 
the peace of Ryswick, in Holland, on the 30th of October, 
1697. 

8. War with France and Spain, from 1701 to 1713, terminated 
by the peace of Eastadt, in the citfpire, on the 6th of March, 
1714. 

9. Fourth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 to 1718, 
terminated by the peace of Passarowitz, in Servia, on the 
21st of July, 1718. 

10. Secortd war with ^pain, respecting the possessions in Italy 
from 1717 to 1720, terminated by the peace of Vienna, ia 
Austria, on the 30th of April, 1T25. 

11. War with France and Spain, from 1733 to 1739, terminated 
with. France by the peac^ of Vienna, in Austria, on the 3d of 
October, 1738 ; and with Spain, by the peace at Versailles on 
the 20th of April, 1739. 

12. Fifth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1*737 to 1739, ter- 
minated by the peace of Belgrade, in Servia, on the 18th of 

' September, 1739. 

13. War of Austrian succession at the death ot the Emperor 
Charles VI. from 1740 to 1748 : it lasted with Prussia (for 
the first time) from 1740 until 1742, and was terminated b;> 
peace itiade at Breslaw and Berlin, on the 1 Itt of June and 
38th July, 1742; it lasted with Bavaria from 1741 to 174i, 
and wa^ terminated by peace hiade at Fvspen, in Suabfa, oil 
the 22d of April, 1745. It lasted with France and Spain to^' 
getheri from- -KWl t»- 1-7489 and was t«rmi«at«tcU by peace 
made at Aix la Chapelle on the 18th of Octyber^ 174d, . 



.314 B A T T JL E S, &c. 

Lastly, it wts a^in carried on with Prussia f for the second 
time), from 1744 to 1745, and was terminated by peace con- 
cluded at Dresden on the 25 th of December, 1745. 

14. The seven years war, or third war with Prussia, from 1756 
to 1763, terminated by the peace of Huberubourp> in Saxony, 
on the 15th of Febntaryi 1763. 

15. Fourth war with Prussia, respecting the Bavarian 6uccessien« 
from 177B to 1779) terminated hy the peace of Tescheoj in 
^pper Silesia, on the 13th of May, 1779. 

16. Different wars with the States General of Holland^ from 
1784 to 1785, respectini^ the opening of the Scheldt, ter- 
minated by the treaty of Fontainbleau, on the 8th of Novem- 
ber, 1785. 

17. Sixth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1788 until the ar- 
mistice of 1790, stipulated by the Congress at Rerchenbacb, 
in Silesia, and terminated by peace m^de'at S^istors on the 
4th of August, 1791. 

i8. War with France from. 1799 to 1797, terminated by peace 
at Leoben, in Upper Styria, on the 17th April, 1797* 

19. "War with France, March 1799> terminated by the .peace of 
Lunevilie, Feb. 9, 1801. 

SO. War with France 1809. 

The following is a list of tlie wars between England and 
Prance, wKh the terms of their duration, since the one, 
which commenced in 4116, and continued two .years .-— 

Hits, lasted twenty-five years i 1141, one year; 1201, fifteen ^ 
1224, nineteen; 1294, five; 1339, twenty-one; 1368, fiFfty- 
two4 1432, forty-nine; 1492, one month; 1512, .tw» 
jears^ 1521, six; 1 549 > one 4 1557, two:; 1362, two; 1627, 
two; 1666, one; >689,ten; 1702, eleven; 1744, four:; 1756, 
'«eveu ; 1778« <five ; and 1793« whieh terminated March 27, 
1802. 

Warsaw surrendered to the Prussians, 1794. 

Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, defeated at the battle of 
Barnet, April 14, 1441, and slain. 

Warwick-abbey destroyed by the Danes, 10 16. 

Wight, Isle of, taken by the French, July 13, 1377. 

Worms was tAken by the French, Oct. 15, 1794. 

Wurtsburg surrendered to the (French after 5 weeks siege, Jan. 
10, WOI. 

York city burnt by the Danes, 1-069 > again 1 179. 

Ypres sa'jr^jndered to the French under Moreau, June 17, 1794^ 
with 6000 men and 100 cannon, &c, 

Zurich was abandoned^ by the French, June 30, 1799. 

FINIS. 



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